语用学-合作原则

LanguageinUse语用学：合作原则,马靖香majingxiang1979,Contents:,1,2,3,ViolationofCP,ExercisesandHomework,TheCooperativePrinciple,Meaningsof“Meaning”“含义”的含义是什么呢？,Discussion:Warming-upQuestion,Conceptualmeaning-associativemeaningLiteralmeaning-pragmaticmeaningConnotativemeaning-denotativemeaning,Yes!Therearealotofmeanings.But,whatdoyoumeannow?,TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则),CP的提出：byHerbertPaulGrice,1975,“LogicandConversation”,TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则)Grice(1975):在所有的语言交际活动中，为了达到一定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契，一种双方都遵守的原则，即合作原则。,说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是语言合作的结果。,TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则),2.ContentsofCP(合作原则的内容),Quality质,Quantity量,Relation相关,Manner方式,TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则),1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired.2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.,Quantity量,不多说，也不少说。,TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则),Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue:1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.,Quality质,说真话,TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则),Berelevant.话题要相关。,Relation相关,说话要相关，贴切。,TheCooperativePrinciple(合作原则),Beperspicuous,andspecifically:1)avoidobscurityofexpression.避免晦涩2)avoidambiguity.避免歧义3)bebrief.简单明了4)beorderly.井井有条,Manner方式,Inshort:,Sub-consciouslyorevenunconsciously,whenwespeak,wegenerallyhavesomethingliketheCPinourmind.说话者在无意识地遵守着合作原则。Wewilltrytosaythingswhicharetrue,relevant,aswellasinformativeenough,andinaclearmanner.,Thatis:,Humanbeingstrytospeaksincerely,relevantlyandclearly,whileprovidingsufficientinformation.说话者试图真诚地、贴切地、清楚地表达足够的信息，交流才得以顺利进行。,But:,Theviewmaydescribeaphilosophersparadise,butnooneactuallyspeakslikethatthewholetime.但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。,ViolationofCP,ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)A:Wouldyoumindtellingmeyouraddress?(您介意告诉我您的住址吗？)B:SomewhereInthesouthofHandan.(我住在邯郸的南边。),ViolationofCP,ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)2.A:WhereisJohn?(约翰在哪呢？)B:Hesgonetothelibrary.Hesaidsowhenheleft.(他去图书馆了。他走时是这么说的。),ViolationofCP,ViolationofQuantity(量的违反)3.Boysareboys！男孩毕竟是男孩！4.Wariswar.战争就是战争。,ViolationofCP,ViolationofQuality(质的违反)1.Sheismadeofiron.她是铁娘子。2.“用了xx产品，今年20，明年18。”3.“皇上万岁万岁万万岁！”,ViolationofCP,ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)(一个宴会上)1.A:Youknow?ProfessorLiswifeisabald.(知道吗？李教授的妻子是个光头。)B:Oh!Whataniceday!Isntit?(哦，今天的天气可真不错，是吧？),ViolationofCP,ViolationofRelation(相关性的违反)2.A:Howshertermpaper?(她学期论文写得怎样？)B:Herhandwritingisquitebeautiful!(她书法不错！),ViolationofCP,ViolationofManner(方式的违反)theneedy(需要者)-thepoor(穷人)Indifficulties(有困难)-indebt(负债)todie(死)-topassaway(离开了)togotoanotherworld(去了另一个世界),Exercises（练习1）,Internetlanguage（网络语言）顶！Supporting!,Exercises（练习2）,Internetlanguage（网络语