《中级微观经济学》pr8e-ch01ly

*of18,Copyright2013PearsonEducation,Inc.MicroeconomicsPindyck/Rubinfeld,8e.,1.1TheThemesofMicroeconomics1.2WhatIsaMarket?1.3RealversusNominalPrices1.4WhyStudyMicroeconomics?,CHAPTER1,Preparedby:FernandoQuijano,Illustrator,绪论Preliminaries1.1微观经济学的主题1.2什么是市场1.3实际价格和名义价格1.4为什么要学习微观经济学?,CHAPTEROUTLINE,microeconomicsBranchofeconomicsthatdealswiththebehaviorofindividualeconomicunitsconsumers,firms,workers,andinvestorsaswellasthemarketsthattheseunitscomprise.微观经济学研究经济个体的行为，这些个体包括：消费者、工人、投资者、土地所有者、企业-事实上，微观经济学的研究对象包括了任何参与经济运行的个人和法人。,macroeconomicsBranchofeconomicsthatdealswithaggregateeconomicvariables,suchasthelevelandgrowthrateofnationaloutput,interestrates,unemployment,andinflation.宏观经济学研究经济总量，如：国民产出的水平和增长率、利率、失业和通货膨胀。LY:只见森林与不见树木。不是简单相加。一生的幸福不是过好每一天，吃的苦中苦，方为人上人！,CONSUMERSConsumershavelimitedincomes,whichcanbespentonawidevarietyofgoodsandservices,orsavedforthefuture.(noinvestment)消费者的收入是有限的，它可以用来购买许多商品和服务，也可以储蓄待下一期再消费。,TheThemesofMicroeconomics,1.1,Trade-Offs,WORKERSWorkersalsofaceconstraintsandmaketrade-offs.First,peoplemustdecidewhetherandwhentoentertheworkforce.Second,workersfacetrade-offsintheirchoiceofemployment.Finally,workersmustsometimesdecidehowmanyhoursperweektheywishtowork,therebytradingofflaborforleisure.工人经常要面临各种约束并在约束下做出各种权衡取舍。首先，他们必须决定是否进入劳动力市场以及什么时候进入该市场。其次，工人在就业的时候要面临权衡取舍。最后，工人还得不时权衡取舍他们所愿意的每周工作时间，这里是工作时间和闲暇时间的权衡取舍。,FIRMSFirmsalsofacelimitsintermsofthekindsofproductsthattheycanproduce,andtheresourcesavailabletoproducethem.企业在其所能够生产的产品种类，所能利用的生产要素方面，同样面临着各种约束和限制,TheThemesofMicroeconomics,1.1,Trade-Offs,Microeconomicsdescribeshowpricesaredetermined.Inacentrallyplannedeconomy,pricesaresetbythegovernment.Inamarketeconomy,pricesaredeterminedbytheinteractionsofconsumers,workers,andfirms.Theseinteractionsoccurinmarketscollectionsofbuyersandsellersthattogetherdeterminethepriceofagood.微观经济学描述了价格的决定机制。在一个中央计划经济中，价格是由政府制定的。在一个市场经济中，价格是由消费者、工人和企业之间的交互作用所决定的。这些交互作用在市场中产生-市场是买方和卖方的集合体，他们一起决定某种商品的价格。,PricesandMarkets,TheoriesandModels,Ineconomics,explanationandpredictionarebasedontheories.Theoriesaredevelopedtoexplainobservedphenomenaintermsofasetofbasicrulesandassumptions.Amodelisamathematicalrepresentation,basedoneconomictheory,ofafirm,amarket,orsomeotherentity.经济学中的解释和预测都需要以理论为基础，理论依靠一系列基本原理和假设来解释观察到的现象。模型就是一个依赖于经济学理论的数学陈述，模型的对象可以是企业、市场或者其他实体。,PositiveversusNormativeAnalysis,positiveanalysisAnalysisdescribingrelationshipsofcauseandeffect.实证分析-描述因果关系,normativeanalysisAnalysisexaminingquestionsofwhatoughttobe.规范分析-什么才是应该的？LY:positiveanalysis：empiricalandthereticalanalysis,marketCollectionofbuyersandsellersthat,throughtheiractualorpotentialinteractions,determinethepriceofaproductorsetofproducts.买方和卖方的集合，通过他们实际或潜在的相互作用来决定一种或多种商品的价格。,marketdefinitionDeterminationofthebuyers,sellers,andrangeofproductsthatshouldbeincludedinaparticularmarket.确定一个具体的市场应包括哪些买方和卖方。,arbitragePracticeofbuyingatalowpriceatonelocationandsellingatahigherpriceinanother.人们在一个地方低价买进，然后在另一个地方高价卖出。,WhatIsaMarket?,1.2,CompetitiveversusNoncompetitiveMarkets,perfectlycompetitivemarketMarketwithmanybuyersandsellers,sothatnosinglebuyerorsellerhasasignificantimpactonprice.完全竞争市场存在许多买方和卖方，所以任何买方和卖方对价格都没有显著的影响力。,Manyothermarketsarecompetitiveenoughtobetreatedasiftheywereperfectlycompetitive.Othermarketscontainingasmallnumbero