国际贸易名词解释.doc

对外贸易依存度：反映一国对外贸易与该国国民经济之间关系的重要指标，它一般表现为一国的对外贸易额与该国的国民生产总值或国内生产总值之比Degree of Dependence upon Foreign Trade: It is the ratio between Trade Value and GDP. It shows the importance of foreign trade to the domestic economy in a nation.贸易结构：某一时期贸易的构成情况。货物贸易和服务贸易的构成情况（广义）。各种商品的构成情况（狭义）Composition of Trade：It provides information on the percentage of goods and services in the trade.贸易额：以金额表示的贸易总值Value of Trade：It provides the total value on export and import to a nation or the total value on export to the world. It is accounted on the basic of instant price.贸易量：用于货物贸易规模的统计。以数量、重量、长度、面积、体积来表示进出口商品的多少。Quantum of Trade: It provides the total value on export and import to a nation or the total value on export to the world. But It is accounted on the basic of price index.贸易所得：一国的行业间相对劳动生产率不同会在不同的产品生产中进行专业化分工，并且把产品与其他国家进行贸易而获得利益，这就是一国的贸易所得。Gains from trade：different industries may carry through professional specialization in producing different commodities based on relative productivity, and trade them with other countries to gain profits.绝对优势：生产某种商品的机会成本低，或者反过来说，生产某种商品的劳动生产率最高。Absolute advantage: The greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity.比较优势：一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该产品的机会成本Comparative advantage：Even if one nation is less efficient than the other nation in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.One country producing a commodity in a lower opportunity cost than the other country is called it has a comparative advantage in this commodity.要素密集度：产品中生产要素的投入比例。Factor intensity: It refers to the production of one unit of a product used a combination of factors of production ratio.要素丰裕度：一个国家所拥有的经济资源的相对丰富性相对供给量。Factor abundance: It is a measure of a country owned by the relative abundance of economic resources, or resources of a country relative supply贸易条件：一国出口商品的国际市场价格Px与该国进口商品的国际市场价格Pm的比率。Terms of Trade: In economics, the ratio of export price (PX) in international market and price of imported goods (PM) in international market is called the countrys terms of trade 斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理：某一商品相对价格的上升，将导致该商品密集使用的生产要素的实际价格或报酬提高，而另一种生产要素的实际价格或报酬下降。Stolper-Samuelson Theorem:：the relative price of a commodity increase, will accordingly let the return of factors of production intensively used increase , but other decline.产业内贸易:各国之间及进口有出口同一类产品Intra-industry trade: International trade in the differentiated products of the same industry or broad product group.产业间贸易：各国之间的贸易主要是不同产品之间的贸易。Inter-industry trade: International trade in the differentiated products of the difference industry or broad product group.罗伯津斯基定理:一个国家只生产两种产品，在商品相对价格固定不变的前提下，某一生产要素的增长将导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，使密集使用其他要素的部门的生产下降。Rybczyski Theorem: Postulates that at constant commodity prices, an increase in the endowment of one factor will increase the output of the commodity in that factor and will reduce the output of the other commodity.荷兰病：一个行业的增长扩张导致其他行业的萎缩Dutch disease：In economics, the Dutch disease is a concept that explains the apparent relationship between the increase in exploitation of natural resources and a decline in the manufacturing sector.福利恶化型增长：出口商品生产能力的提高对贸易条件和国内经济可能产生不利影响Immiserizing growth：It is the situation where a nations terms of trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is worse off after growth than before, even if growth without trade tends to improve the nations welfare.自由贸易政策：国家取消对进出口贸易和服务贸易的限制和障碍，取消对本国进出口贸易和服务贸易的各种特权和优待，使商品自由进出口，服务贸易自由经营.Free Trade Policy: Under free trade policy, the government would not intervene in foreign trade. The country will trade freely with other countries according to their comparative advantages保护贸易政策：国家广泛利用各种措施对进口和经营领域与范围进行限制，保护本国的产品和服务在本国市场上免受外国产品和服务的竞争，并对本国出口的产品和服务给予优待与补贴。Restrict Trade Policy: Under restrictive trade policy, government would take number of different actions , including taxes on some international transactions, subsidies for other transactions, legal limits on the value or volume of particular imports, and many other measures to protect the trade.反补贴税：对直接或间接的接受任何补贴的外国进口商品所征收的一种进口附加税。Counter-vailling duties（CVD）: is a kind of additional tax imposed on foreign imports that directly or indirectly accept any subsidy反倾销税：对实行倾销的进口商品所征收的一种进口附加税。Anti-dumping duties：is a kind of additional tax imposed on dumping commodities.最佳关税：大国征收关税能影响国际价格，从而使出口国承担部分关税，并改善本国的贸易条件。Optimal tariff：is the tariff rate that maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.有效保护率：征收关税后受保护行业的每单位最终产品附加价值增加的百分比。Effective rate of Protection: is calculated on the increase in domestic value added, or processing, offered by tariff protection. It is important to the producers because it indicates how much protection is actually provided to the domestic processing and import-competing commodity.关税结构：对原料进口几乎完全免税，对半制成品征收适度关税，但对制成品，特别是劳动密集型的制成品征收较高关税。Tariff structure: It is to point to one country tariff of all kinds of goods tariff rate the relationship between high and low.非关税壁垒：除关税以外一切限制进口的措施Non-tariff barriers：all measures to restrict imports except tariff.技术性贸易壁垒：进口国通过颁布法律、技术法规和认证制度等方式，对外国进口商品实施技术、卫生检疫、商品包装和标签等标准，从而提高产品技术要求，增加进口难度，最终达到限制外国商品进入、保护国内市场的目的。Technical Barriers to Trade: Having many different technical regulations and product standards to make life difficult for producers and exporters. If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be used as an excuse for protectionism.出口补贴：一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增强其在国外市场的竞争力，在出口某商品是给予出口厂商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇。Export Subsidy：direct payment (or the granting of tax relief and subsidized loans)to the nations exporters or potential exporters and foreign buyers to stimulate the nations exports.出口信贷：出口国为了鼓励商品出口，加强商品的竞争能力，通过银行对本国出口厂商或外国进口厂商提供的贷款。Export Credit：low-interest loans to the nations exporters or foreign buyers through the bank to stimulate the nations exports.贸易创造：由于关税同盟的建立而使一个成员方的部分国内高成本产出被来自其他成员方低成本产出的进口所取代而增加的收益。Trade creation: the benefits increased because the high-costs outputs decreased in one nation replaced by its low-costs members for the establishment of custom union.贸易转移：由于关税同盟的建立使原来由同盟外的低成本国家提供的产品转由同盟内的高成本成员提供而造成的损失。Trade diversion: the loss caused by the change that products imported from low-costs non-members to high-costs members because of custom union.关税同盟：成员方之间互相取消了关税和非关税壁垒，实现了商品的自由流通，对非成员方则建立共同对外的关税和非关税壁垒。Custom union：Removes all barriers to trade among members to achieve the free flow of commodities, and all nations retain the same barriers on trade with non-members.自由贸易区：成员方之间互相取消了关税和非关税壁垒，实现了商品的自由流通，但对非成员方保留各自对外的关税和非关税壁垒。Free trade area：Removes all barriers to trade among members to achieve the free flow of commodities, but each nation retains its own barriers on trade with non-members.1.Draw a map and then explain immiserizing growth ManufacturesBrazilC1C0 Lower price for coffee due to higher supply S0S1Initial price ratio CoffeeThe following conditions are necessary in order