托福基础语法PPT幻灯片课件

三大从句,1,三大类从句,名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句形容词性从句定语从句副词性从句状语从句,2,名词性从句,名词可以做什么成分？主语，宾语，表语，同位语,3,两大类连接词,1.that+S+V+只起到引导作用不充当成分本身无词义省略？2.wh-what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether充当成分不能省略句子语序,4,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,规律：名词性从句的理解问题wh-/howwhat+S+V-SV的内容：whathesaidwhere+S+V-SV的地点：whereIstay,5,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,when+S+V-SV的时间：whenJackleftwhyS+V-SV的原因whyJennyrefusedForrest,6,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,how+S+V-SV的方式；S如何地VhowstudentsshouldbehavehowmuchS+V-SV的程度；S在多大程度上V；S有多么地VhowmuchIloveyou,7,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,whether+S+V-S是否VWhetherhecomestothepartyornotisnoneofmybusiness.,8,主语从句-that连接词,Thathesurvivedintheearthquakeisamiracle.Hesurvivedintheearthquake.Xisamiracle.ThatBilldivorcedJulietisnotsurprising.BilldivorcedJuliet.Xisnotsurprising.主语从句中的that连接词不能省略！,9,That引导的主语从句后置,避免头重脚轻+尾部焦点原则1.It+be+adj.+that-从句Itisnaturalthattheyshouldhavedifferentviews.Itwasobviousthatshedidnotwanttocome.Itisstrangethatheknowsnothingaboutit.,10,写作练习,如果一个社会想要进步，抛弃传统很必要。Itisimportantthatimportant/essential/vital/crucial/significant/进步makeprogress抛弃传统rejecttraditionsItisessentialthatasocietyshouldrejectitstraditions,ifitwantstomakeprogress.,11,That引导的主语从句后置,2.It+be+n.+that-从句Itisapitythathecannotswim.Itsawonderthatheisstillalive.Itwasadisappointmenttoyourmotherthatyoufailedtheexam.,12,写作练习,保护和推广自己国家的历史和文化遗产是年青一代不可避免的任务。Itisanunavoidabletaskthat保护和推广conserveandpromote国家的历史和文化遗产nationalhistoricalandculturalheritages年青一代younggenerationsItisanunavoidabletaskthattheyounggenerationsconserveandpromotetheirnationalhistoricalandculturalheritages.,13,That引导的主语从句后置,3.It+be+v-ed+that-从句规律：it后面跟动词的被动语态形式，再接that从句无主语，理解成“据。”ItissaidthattherehasbeenanearthquakeinIndia.Itisreportedthattheenemytroopshavecrossedtheborder.“人们”作主语，进行主动理解；或者直接砍掉，做肯定理解ItisbelievedthatJapaneseareweird.Itwasrumouredthathewassufferingfromakidneystone.ItmustbepointedoutthatEnglishisactuallynotdifficult.,14,写作练习,人们普遍认为国际旅游业促进了跨文化交流。Itiswidelyacceptedthat国际旅游业internationaltourism促进promote跨文化交流cross-culturalcommunicationItiswidelyacceptedthatinternationaltourismhaspromotedcross-culturalcommunication.,15,That引导的主语从句后置,4.It+vi.+that-从句；It+vt.+O+that-从句Ithappenedthatshewasnotinthatday.碰巧Itturnedoutthatsheusedtobeaman.结果是Itoccurredtomethatperhapsshewaslying.突然想起Itstruckmethatweoughttomakeanewplan.我忽然想起(strike),16,写作练习,父母和教育家认为，电视“成功”阻碍了孩子心理的发展。Itoccurstoparentsandeducatorsthatasuccessfuldestroyer心理的发展mentaldevelopmentItoccurstoparentsandeducatorsthatTVhasbeenasuccessfuldestroyerofchildrensmentaldevelopment.,17,主语从句特殊疑问词,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether不能用if,18,人们是否应该到了某一年龄就应该被强制退休是一个公众话题。atacertainagebeforcedtoretire公众话题publicfocusWhetherpeopleshouldbeforcedtoretireatacertainagehasbeenapubicfocus.,19,找到能够处理我们越来越多垃圾的地方是许多政府都非常头疼的一件事。处理disposeofheadacheWherewecandisposeoftheincreasingrubbishisagreatheadachetomanygovernments.,20,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(1)mounting+n.mounting修饰的名词n.为抽象、不可数名词Eg.mountingprice/criticism/complaint/praise,21,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(2)ever+adj.比较级：TheEnglishexamisbecomingevermoredifficult.,22,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(3)increasing修饰可数名词：anincreasingnumberof+可数名词复数修饰不可数名词：anincreasingamountof+不可数名词修饰形容词：increasingly+adj.TheEnglishexamisbecomingincreasinglydifficult.,23,宾语从句,that类连接词Expertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered.不充当成分只起到连接作用可以省略,24,wh-连接词谓语动词的宾语Iwonderwhyhedeservedhiswell-paidposition.介词的宾语Thatwilldependonwhereweshallgo.不定式的宾语Armedwithatorch,thevicarwentupintotheclocktowertoseewhatwasgoingon.,25,宾语从句特殊疑问词,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether可以用if,26,说到教育，大部分人认为其是终生的学习。WhenitcomestothemajorityofalifetimestudyWhenitcomestoeducation,themajorityofpeoplebelievethatitisalifetimestudy.,27,他们声称，通过补习，孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识。补习extrastudies声称claim,maintainobtain,gainpracticalskillsusefulknowledgeByextrastudies,theymaintainedthattheirchildrenareabletoobtainmanykindsofpracticalskillsandusefulknowledge.,28,一项调查显示，许多农民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。show/demonstratefarmerlaborers/ruralemigrantsAninvestigationshowsthatmanyruralemigrantsconsiderthatworkingatcitiescanprovidethemwithnotonlyahighsalarybutalsotheopportunitytolearnnewskills.,29,我想知道，这个做法是否经得起推敲。经得起推敲bearcloseranalysisIwonderwhether/ifthispracticecanbearcloseranalysis.,30,表语从句,that类连接词Thetruthisthathelacksthedecisivenesstobealeader.WhatIdislikeaboutthedealisthatitisreallydishonest.不充当成分只起到连接作用不可以省略,31,表语从句wh-类连接词,what,who,whom,which,where,when,why,how,whether不能用if,32,Thekingsconcerniswhowillsucceedtohisthrone.Thequestionputforwardbytheconsultantiswhatthemanagementistodowiththeworkersstrike.,33,其中一个争论的问题是一个人是否应选择舒适的衣服，而不管是不是时尚。Oneofthequestionsunderdebate不管regardlessofOneofthequestionsunderdebateiswhetherapersonshouldchoosecomfortableclothes,regardlessoffashion.,34,被一些人忽视的是，国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史带来灾难性的影响。Whatsomepeoplefailtosee灾难性的disastrousimpactWhatsomepeoplefailtoseeisthatinternationaltourismmaybringaboutadisastrousimpactonourenvironmentandlocalhistory.,35,同位语从句,很多（抽象）名词后可以跟that引导的从句，说明其具体内容，这样的从句就是同位语从句。Thereisnodoubtthathewasanexcellentscholar.Hewasconsciousofthefactthatshedidnotapproveofwhathewasdoing.Wereceivedamessagethathewouldbeabsent.,36,同位语从句举例,Wehaveproofthatthismancommittedthecrime.Ihaveexpressedtheopinionthatshecanact.Ihadtheimpressionthatshechoseherwordswithcare.,37,后面经常跟同位语从句的名词,doubt,fact,message,proof,opinion,hopes,impression,evidence,idea,belief,feeling,conclusion,rumour,report,possibility,guarantee,thought,assurance,news,story,order,etc.,38,毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。ThereisnodoubtthatThereisnodoubtthattheincreaseindemandleadstotheriseinprices.,39,当今的年轻人以自我为中心、对人冷漠和不顾及他人这样的事实，在很大程度上是孩童时期父母对他们过分纵容的结果。self-centeredindifferenceinconsiderateThefactthatyoungpeoplenowadaysareself-centered，indifferentandinconsiderateislargelytheoutcomeofparentaloverindulgence.,40,没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。Noonecandenytheessentialfactthatthetrafficproblemoverthelastyearshasattractedwidepublicconcernallovertheworld.,41,定语从句,在句子中作为定语，修饰一个名词或代词“的人”“的东西”先行词连接词关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as关系副词：when,where,why,被修饰的名词或者代词,42,关系代词引导的定语从句(1),1.who,whom,that代替人Youngpeoplewhoabusetheiragedparentsshouldbecondemned.Youngpeopleshouldbecondemned.Youngpeopleabusetheiragedparents.Youngpeople,abusingtheiragedparentsshouldbecondemned.,43,养宠物能够把孩子变成具有同情心的人。Petraising同情心caringmindturnintoPetraisingcanturnchildrenintocitizenswhohaveacaringmind.,44,先行词作宾语,Thegirlswhoheemploysarealwayscomplainingabouttheirpay.Thegirlsarealwayscomplainingabouttheirpay.Heemploysthegirls.,45,先行词作宾语,ThemanwithwhomIwastravellingdidnotspeakEnglish.ThemandidnotspeakEnglish.Iwastravellingwiththeman.,46,医生对病人说谎，病人可能活得更长。enjoyalongerlifewhitelieApatientmayenjoyalongerlife.Doctorstellwhiteliestoapatient.Apatienttowhomdoctorstellwhiteliesmayenjoyalongerlife.,47,关系代词引导的定语从句(2),2.whose,在定语从句中作定语,可以指人，也可以指物Youngsterswhosemindsarecorruptedbypornographiccontentsarehighlylikelytogoastray.Hesawahousewhosewindowwereallbroken.,48,医生会进退两难，如果他的病人身患癌症。beinadilemmagetcancerAdoctorwhosepatientgetscancerwillbeinadilemma.,49,关系代词引导的定语从句(3),3.which,that代替物Itisavirtuouscoursetoprovidethepoorwithgoodjobsthatallowthemtosupporttheirfamilies.,50,广告上出现的具有欺骗性的、误导性的内容受到猛烈批评。cheatingandmisleadingadsandcommercialsCheatingandmisleadingmaterials,whichappearinadsandcommercials,havebeenstronglycriticized.,51,关系副词引导的定语从句,1.引导一个定语从句2.在从句中的成分状语where地点状语when时间状语why原因状语3.关系副词=prep.+关系代词,52,Thisisthehotelwherewestayedlastsummer.Westayedinthehotellastsummer.where=inwhich,53,Thereareoccasionswhenonemustlie.Thereareoccasions.Onemustlieonoccasion.when=onwhichThereareoccasionsonwhichonemustlie.,54,Canyoutellmethereasonwhyyouaresounhappy?why=forwhichCanyoutellmethereasonforwhichyouaresounhappy?,55,这就是富国拒绝帮助穷国的理由。Thisisthereasonwhy;forwhichThisisthereasonwhyrichcountriesrefusetoaidtheirpoorcounterparts.,56,限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,ThebeautyoverthereisYHsgirlfriendwhodressesinred.ThebeautyoverthereisYHsgirlfriend,whodressesinred.规律：非限定性定语从句，理解成插入语，或者直接删除；限定性要翻译理解成明确的定语。,57,名词后that引导的从句,名词后面跟随that引导的从句时，一般有两种可能：（1）that引起定语从句，该名词是先行词，在后面的句子中充当成分，通常是主语或宾语；（2）that引起同位语从句，解释说明该名词的具体内容。,58,名词后that从句的判断标准,判断标准有两个：第一，看名词。如果that前面的名词是具体名词，那么that从句通常是定语从句；如果that前面的名词是抽象名词，那么that从句通常是同位语从句。,59,名词后that从句的判断标准,第二，看从句。如果从句中缺少成分，一定是定语从句，而that在从句中充当的就是那个缺少的成分，通常是主语或者宾语；如果从句内容完整，一般是同位语从句，that在从句中没有词意，只起到引导作用。,60,名词后that从句的判断标准,第三，看先行词和从句的关系同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。,61,状语从句,状语从句状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。,62,状语从句,种类：时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句,63,1、时间状语从句,常见引导词：when,while,as,before,aftersince,untilassoonas;hardlywhen;scarcelywhen,64,当有许多方法可以代替动物实验的时候，就没有必要在动物身上进行试验了。alternativesItisunnecessaryto.Itisunnecessarytoconductexperimentsonanimalswhenthereareanumberofalternatives.,65,一旦食物链断裂，整个生态系统就会永久被改变。foodchain/webecosystemAssoonasthefoodchainisbroken,thewholeecosystemcouldbeforeverchanged.,66,2.地点状语从句,where,wherever有人类的地方，野生动物都被迫离开。Wildanimalsareforcedtoleavewhereverthereishumanity.,67,3、原因状语从句,该从句表示原因,作原因状语,引导词包括:because,as,since,nowthat,considering(that),68,because因为,有目标的人取得成功，因为他们方向明确。Peoplewithgoalssucceedbecausetheyknowwheretheyaregoing.,69,as/since/for因为,Asyouwerentthere,Ileftamessage.Iwillseektobalancecareerandfamilysincebothareimportanttome.Iwilllaughforthisisthegreatsecretoflonglife.,70,nowthat因为.既然,可以和since换用Nowthatyouvepassedthetestyoucandriveonyourown.Nowthatyoumentionit,Idoremembertheincident.,71,considering(that)考虑到,考虑到计划还没有实施，会议取消了。实施carryoutTheconferencewascancelledconsideringthattheplanhasnotbeencarriedout.,72,4、结果状语从句,该从句表示结果，作结果状语，引导词包括：sothat,suchthat,73,so/suchthat如此以至于,Youthissowonderfulthatitisacrimetowasteit.Mostpeoplepursuepleasurewithsuchbreathlesshastethattheyhurrypastit.,74,5、条件状语从句,该从句表示条件，作条件状语，引导词包括：if,unless,incase,aslongas(solongas)assumingsuppose(supposing),provided(providing),75,if如果,Justimaginehowhorribletheworldwouldbe，ifhumansaretheonlycreatureintheworld.,76,unless除非，如果不,在意义上，相当于ifnot要记住：如果没有百分之百的把握就不要承诺任何事情。Dontpromiseanythingunlessyouare100percentsure.,77,incase假如,要记住：假如你失败了，不要气馁。要继续努力。Incaseyoufail,dontbediscouraged.Keeptrying.,78,as/solongas只要，如果,要记住：只要一息尚存，我就要坚持。Solongasthereisbreathinme,Ishallpersist.,79,suppose(supposing)假如,和if同义Suppose(supposing)youmakesomemistakes,itisnottheendoftheworld.,80,provided(providing)假如,和if同义Providedthatyouhavethemoneyinyouraccount,youcanwithdrawupto$1000aday.,81,6、目的状语从句,该从句表示目的，作目的状语，引导词包括：sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfearthat,82,inorderthat/sothat,Heleftearlyinorderthatheshould/would/might/arriveontime.,83,lest,incase,forfearthat,以防，以免Imustconcentrateonaction,lest/incase/forfearthatIwitherindespair.我们必须专注于行动，以免在绝望中消沉下去。,84,7、让步状语从句,该句表示让步关系，作让步状语，引导词包括：although,though,whileevenif,eventhough,nomatter(what,who,which,when,where,how)whatever,whoever,whichever,whenever,wherever,however,85,although/though/while尽管,虽然,although语气较重尽管世界充满苦难，但苦难总是能够克服。Althoughtheworldisfullofsufferings,theycanalwaysbeovercome.尽管胜利并不重要，但努力去获胜却很重要。Whilewinningisnoteverything,tryingtowiniseverything.,86,although/though即使,有时可以作evenif解释Iwouldnotmarryyoualthough/thoughyouwerethelastmanonearth.,87,evenif/eventhough即使，纵然,Evenifyoutakeataxi,youllstillmissyourtrain.Eventhoughyouapologize,shewillmaynotforgiveyou.,88,nomatter,what,who,which,how,when,where=whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,whereverWhereveryougo,whateveryoudo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.Righ