两步移动搜索法案例

MedicalGeography:HealthCareAccessibilityandImplications,FahuiWangFredB.KniffenProfessorofGeographyLouisianaStateUniversityJune17,2010CNU,Contents,TheissueofaccessGIS-basedaccessibilitymeasuresOptimizationtowardsequalaccessApplicationinhealthcareaccessPHSAdesignationandlate-stagecancerConcludingcomments,AccessMatters!,Convenienceofaccesstoactivitiesjob,school,healthcare,park,publicservice,shoppingAccessdefines“location”SpatialWhereyouareNonspatialWhoyouareSocialjusticeandpublicpolicy,Measurement,Howscarcearetheservices?Supplyvs.Demand(ratio)Howfararedemandsfromsupplies?DistanceRoadnetworkTransportationmeans,Primitivemeasures,Distance(time)fromsupplySimplypotentialmodelSupply-demandratiowithinanareaFCAwitharadius/boxFCAwithatraveltimerange,FromS/DRatiotoFCA,SimplyS/DRatioFCAwithaRadiusImprovementsWithin-unitvariationCross-borderLimitationsStraight-lineS-Dbeyondradius,2-stepfloatingcatchmentarea:2SFCA,ScaleavailabilityateachsupplylocationSumupaccessiblesuppliesaroundeachdemandlocation,2SFCARecap,1a.Foreachsupplylocationj,selectalldemandlocationskwithinatraveltimerangefromj(catchmentCj).1b.ComputethesupplytodemandratiowithinCj:2a.Foreachdemandlocationi,searchallsupplylocationsjwithinthetraveltimerangefromi(catchmentZi).2b.Sumupthesupplytodemandratiosatthesesupplylocations:,Generalizing“distancedecay”,asacontinuousfunctionapowerorexponentialfunctionaGaussianfunctionasadiscretevariabledichotomousasin2SFCAmultipleasinE2SFCAahybridapproachakerneldensityfunctionathree-zoneapproach,Generalizing“distancedecay”,Validation,Modelingactualsupply-demandinteractionsIndividualtravelbehaviorAggregatedtravelpattern,Optimization,TowardsequalaccessibilityFormulatedasaplanningproblemminimizingaccessibilitygapsamongdemandlocationsbyadjustingtheamountsofsuppliesatgivensupplylocations.,AQuadraticProgrammingApproach,Subjectto,where,Valueofoptimization,EmphasizingtheequalityissueIdentifyingover-andunder-capacityofsupplyGuidingplanningandpublicpolicyinclosingthegap,ApplicationinHealthcareAccess:HPSAdesignation,U.S.ranksbehindinhealthperformancedeepdisparitiesinaccesstocareandhealthoutcomesFederalprograms:MUP&HPSAsCallsforbettermeasureofaccessibility,Non-spatial,SocioeconomicDisadvantages(Factor1),Socio-culturalBarriers(Factor2),HighHealthcareNeeds(Factor3),Female-headedhouseholds(%),Populationinpoverty(%),Nonwhiteminorities(%),Householdsw/ovehicles(%),Homeownership(%),Householdswithlinguisticisolation(%),Householdswith1personperroom(%),Populationw/ohigh-schooldiploma(%),Medianincome($),HighneedsPopulation(%),Consolidatingnonspatialvariables,IntegratingSpatialandNonspatialFactors,GeographicAreaPrimaryIndicator(spatialaccessibilityscore)1/3500PrimaryIndicator(spatialaccessibilityscore)1/3000ANDsecondaryindicator(factor3)1standarddeviationabovemeanPopulationGroupPrimaryIndicator(factor1)1standarddeviationabovemeanPrimaryIndicator(factor1)standarddeviationabovemeanandsecondaryindicator(factor2)1standarddeviationabovemean,Applicationinhealthcareaccess(vs.late-stagecancer),Riskbreakdowns,CultureKnowledge(Dis)advantageHealthinsurance,AccesstoprimarycareAvailabilityandaccessibilityofscreeningservicesQualityofhealthcare,Multilevelapproach,Socio-economicdisadvantageSocialnetworksandinstitutionsLocalresources,PERSON,PLACE,Rural-urbancontinuum,ChicagoChicagosuburbsOthermetroareasLargetown(10-50k)Rural,MultilevelModelCoefficients,Findings,EffectsofindividualattributesOlderagelinkedtoreducedriskBlackslinkedtohigherriskEffectsofcontextualvariablesIncome&primarycareaccess:significantinbreastandlungcancerOthers:marginallyornotsignificantEffectsofurban-rurallocation,“urbandisadvantage”?,Publicpolicyimplication,Concludingremarks,RiseofComputationalSocialSciences(CSS)andSpatially-integr