法律英语第十课 侵权法

01.05.2020,.,1,LessonTen,TortLaw,01.05.2020,.,2,Punishmentisjusticefortheunjust.AugustineBritishwriter惩罚是对正义的伸张。英国作家奥古斯丁,01.05.2020,.,3,Background,TortThebreachofadutythatresultsinaninjuryforwhichthereisaremedyatlaw./Tortsincludeallnegligencecasesaswellasintentionalwrongswhichresultinharm.,01.05.2020,.,4,Tortlaw,州法律,判例法,联邦侵权索赔法,01.05.2020,.,5,FederalTortclaimsAct,Astatutewhichremovedthepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoclaimimmunityfromalawsuitfordamagesduetonegligentorintentionalinjurybyafederalemployeeinthescopeofhis/herworkforthegovernment.,01.05.2020,.,6,Tort,Remedy-damages,01.05.2020,.,7,Part1:Introduction,1.Automobileaccidents,01.05.2020,.,8,Manycircumstances,Theplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律的考虑。,儿童受伤,01.05.2020,.,9,Apermanentdisabilityoflossofalimb,Compensationanddamages补偿费和损害赔偿金,Actualloss实际损害Intangibledamage无形损害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪审团的人性反应,01.05.2020,.,10,Americanlawpermits,theparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiffsrecovery(contingentfee)美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金）Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。,01.05.2020,.,11,Atortaction侵权诉讼,Alengthyproceeding诉讼程序时间长Largeexpenseshonorariaforexperts代价大（专家证人的酬金）Averylargeverdict（inexcessof$100000）判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）,01.05.2020,.,12,2.Tortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlap,Aninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.,Conversion非法占有财产Personalinjury人身伤害,Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身伤害Breachofwarranty违背保证诺言,Recoveryofintangibledamage,01.05.2020,.,13,3.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，inlimitedformalsochildren（however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechildsagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise）,在有限的情况下儿童亦然（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责），butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。,01.05.2020,.,14,TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.,FederalTortclaimsAct（FTCA）,01.05.2020,.,15,4.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为的伤害。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator(wrongfuldeathaction)继承人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗嘱人因故意或疏忽侵权造成的死亡（非正常死亡之诉）提出损害赔偿要求。,01.05.2020,.,16,“dram-shopacts”小酒店法令,Apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasorhasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasorsintoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔请求。,01.05.2020,.,17,“dram-shopacts”,DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving,01.05.2020,.,18,Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵权行为,Battery殴打Assault侵犯他人身体Conversionofproperty非法侵占财产Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占动产、不动产Defamation诽谤Invasionofprivacy侵犯隐私权Productsliability产品质量责任,01.05.2020,.,19,Part3:LiabilityforNegligence过失侵权的责任,Negligentact,Injury,01.05.2020,.,20,Apersonisnegligent,ifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare”and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman”.如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”，没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样行事。,01.05.2020,.,21,要考虑到,Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵权者的特别专业资质,Architect,Differentcriteria,Constructionworker,01.05.2020,.,22,Dutyofcare,Restrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必须对特定的原告负有照看义务Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是对广大公众负有照看义务,（某人）对侵犯财产者的照看义务比对被邀请客人的照看义务小,01.05.2020,.,23,Gueststatutes宾客法规,Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicletowardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照看责任。,01.05.2020,.,24,Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.,01.05.2020,.,25,Noclaimforcompensation不能要求赔偿,Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同过失hasassumedtherisk预计到有危险,01.05.2020,.,26,Contributorynegligence共同过失,adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligencecontributedtotheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident.,01.05.2020,.,27,Comparativenegligence比较过失,共同过失辩护的严格性已经因为一些州采用了“比较过失”原则而得到减弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.要求确定当事各方的各自疏忽程度，并由此确定补偿金。,01.05.2020,.,28,Comparativenegligence,Aruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident.,01.05.2020,.,29,Comparativenegligence,Theruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery.,01.05.2020,.,30,Thedoctrineoflastclearchance,Eventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“lastclearchance”topreventthedamage.有共同过失的原告如果能证明被告“有最后明显机会”避免伤害，那么该原告就可以获得赔偿。,01.05.2020,.,31,Lastclearchance最后明显机会,Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredpersonsowncontributorynegligence.,01.05.2020,.,32,Theextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligence,Inconsistent,01.05.2020,.,33,Part4:Tortlawreform,A.StrictLiability严格赔偿责任Strictliabilityisalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,regardlessofanyfaultontheirpart.,01.05.2020,.,34,Forinstance,Themaintenanceofdangerousanimals饲养危险的动物Defamation诽谤Arebuttablepresumption可反驳的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原则,01.05.2020,.,35,Strictliability,Deducedfaultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.从事情或行为本身的特性可以推断出存在过错或过失,01.05.2020,.,36,productliability,Dangerousproducts危险的产品Theproductionitself产品本身、Itspackage包装InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.对使用者或消费者及其财产造成过度危险,01.05.2020,.,37,“defective”,Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.“缺陷”是指产品未达到一般消费者关于该产品安全性能的合理期望标准。,01.05.2020,.,38,b.“No-fault”,Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一个改革努力试图寻求对过失侵权普通索赔要求的更公正的解决方案。,automobileaccidents,01.05.2020,.,39,ProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyOConnell,Seektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw试图消除侵权法中的过错原则；Toawardcompensationwithoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保险原则，在不要过错证明的情况下给予赔偿。,01.05.2020,.,40,No-fault,TrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpractice,Grantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffault,01.05.2020,.,41,Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商的责任有限Requirearelativelylesserinsurancepremiumtocovertherisk只要就风险承担比较少的保险费,No-fault的优点,01.05.2020,.,42,Theinjuredpersonwillbeinabetterposition受伤害的人处于比较有利的位置，Hewillbeentitledtoreceiveimmediatecompensationforhisactuallosswithoutlengthylitigationordifficultproofoffault.他无须进行漫长的诉讼或艰难的过失举证就有权立即获得实际损失的补偿。,No-fault的优点,01.05.2020,.,43,主要专业词汇,TortLawFeder