英语翻译基本理论PPT课件

-,1,LectureOne,Anintroduction,-,2,Contentsofthislecture,Abriefintroductiontothiscourse;2.Coursearrangement；3.Requirementsofthiscourse;4.Anintroductiontotranslation；,-,3,TranslationTheoryandPracticeisacourseforEnglishmajorofseniorones.ItdemandsyoutogoontrainingyourbasiclanguageskillsandlearnmoreaboutEnglishmajor.Meanwhile,itdemandsyougoonenlargingyourscopeofknowledgeandstrengtheningyoursensibilitytoculturaldifferencessoastoimproveyourabilitytotranslatebetweenEnglishandChinese.理论性；实践性,-,4,翻译是一项艰辛的劳动,Itisprobablythemostcomplextypeofeventsinthehistoryofthecosmos.(I.A.Richards,1953)Itisquitedemanding.Manypeopleholdthatexceptionaltranslatorsareborn,notmade.(e.g.Nida)Potentialtranslatorsmusthaveahighlevelofaptitudeforthecreativeuseoflanguage.,-,5,Itisnotaperipheraldiscipline,butwhatitinvolvesgoesbeyondtheboundaryofanyparticularbranchoflearning.Itisnotinter-lingualtransfer,butcross-culturaltransfer.(MarySnell-Hornby),-,6,Prerequisitesofatranslator,TheenhancementofourpoliticalconsciousnessThebettermentofourcommandoftherelevantlanguagesThebroadeningoftherangeandscopeofourgeneralknowledge.ByZhouEn-lai,-,7,Coursearrangement,IntroductionTranslationtheoryTranslationskillsandpracticeExercises,-,8,Requirements,1.Classattendance(Ifyourabsencegoestothreetimes,includingthethirdone,yourfinalmarkswillbedecreased.)2.Classperformance(Everyoneofyouwillbedemandedtotranslate/interpretintheclassandIwillrecordthem)3.Exam,-,9,Tosumup,Why(为何翻译？)What(何为翻译？)How(翻译何为？),-,10,BasicKnowledgeofTranslationTheory,TranslationTranslationcriteriaorprincipleTranslationstrategiesLiteraltranslationandliberaltranslationTerms,-,11,“洪荒造塔语言殊，从此人间要象胥”（马祖毅，2004：1）Translationexistsbecausemenspeakdifferentlanguages.(Steiner,2001:51)斯坦纳说：“翻译之所以存在，是人们讲不同的语言。”“正是因为语言不通，人们才产生要对话的欲望才产生翻译”（郑海凌，2000：5）,-,12,西欧所以能有今天的文明，用一个西方学者的话来说，这要“归功于翻译者”。（Kelly：1979：1）,-,13,五千年来，虽然经历了不少波折，走过了不少坎坷的道路，但是中华文化却一直没有消逝？“倘若拿河流来作比，中华文化这一条大河，有水满的时候，也有水少的时候，但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入的次数大大小小是颇多的。最大的有两次，一次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！”（林煌天，1997：季羡林序）,-,14,Thedefinitionintheolddays,翻译活动在中国由来己久，在礼纪.王制中就有记载：“中国、夷、蛮、戎、狄五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄踶，北方曰译。”（马祖毅，2004:2）在此后，翻译已经并正在经历着发展的高潮。,-,15,“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”贾公彦(618-907)唐朝“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”法云(960-1279)宋代TheBritishscholarDr.SamuelJohnsononcesaid:“Totranslateistochangeintoanotherlanguage,remainingthesense.”,-,16,Thecurrentdefinition(1),Translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesourcelanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.-NidaCatforddefinestranslationas“thereplacementoftexualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttexualmatererialinanotherlanguage(TL)”(1965:21),-,17,Agoodtranslationisonewhichhasthemeritoftheoriginalworkissocompletelytransfusedintoanotherlanguageastobeasdistinctlyapprehendedandasstronglyfeltbyanativeofthecountrytowhichthatlanguagebelongsasitisbythosewhospeakthelanguageoftheoriginalwork.-Tytler,-,18,Thecurrentdefinition(2),Thereplacementoftextualmaterialinonelanguage(SL)byequivalenttextualmaterialinanotherlanguage(TL)-Prof.HuangLongTranslatology翻译是把一种语言所承载的文化信息转换成另一种另一种语言的文化信息，它包括语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。（曹明伦）,-,19,翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼）,-,20,Insummary,Translationistheinformationtransferringbetweentwolanguagesandtheculturalcommunicationbetweentwolanguagefamilies.Translationisarenderingfromonelanguageintoanother.Translationisanart,abilingualart,acraft,askill,anoperationandcommunication.Translationisarepresentationorrecreationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.,-,21,BasicpointsinTranslation,1.Binaryoppositioneg:Synchronicperspective-Diachronicperspectiveprescriptive-descriptiveLiteraltranslation-Liberaltranslation,-,22,2.DifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternTranslationStudies:各自产生于各具特色的中国和西方文化中华民族与西方民族的思维方式不同，差距很大。中国译论：产生于中国文化，是主观印象式的理论。特点：个性的，联想发挥式的，不乏真知灼见，言简意赅，但缺乏系统性和可操作性。西方译论：客观分析式的理论。科学的、客观的、系统的、往往具有自身的体系性，具有与之相关的一系列术语，可操作性强。,-,23,ClassificationofTranslation,a)Intermsoflanguages1.Translationfromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguages2.Translationfromforeignlanguagesintonativelanguagesb)Intermsofmode1.oralinterpretation2.writtentranslation3.machinetranslation,-,24,C).SLandTL:Interlingualtranslation,Intralingualtranslation,Intersemiotictranslationd).Intermsofdisposal(处理方式)1.full-texttranslation（全文翻译)2.abridged/adaptedtranslation（摘译/辑译)译写？,-,25,e)Intermsofmaterialstobetranslated1.Materialsforscienceandtechnology2.translationofliteraryworkssuchasnovels,stories,prose,poetry,dramaetc.3.translationofmaterialsinpoliticalfieldsuchastreatisesonsocialproblems,reports,speechesetc.4.translationofpracticalwritingssuchasofficialdocuments,contractsandagreement,notices,receipts,etc.,-,26,TranslationCriteriaorPrinciple,TytlerstranslationcriteriaYanfustranslationcriteriaOtherstranslationcriteria,-,27,Tytlers,EssayonthePrinciplesofTranslation,1790Atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal;Atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.,-,28,YanFus,Faithfulness,ExpressivenessandElegance“Faithfulness”meansthefullandcompleteconveyingoftheoriginalcontentofthought;“Expressiveness”demandsthattheversionshouldbeclearandflowingwithoutanygrammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogicandsense;“Elegance”referstotheuseofclassicalChinesebeforetheHanDynasty.,-,29,Otherstranslationprinciples(1),LuXuns:Ratherbefaithful(inthought)thansmooth(inlanguage)inoppositiontoLiangShi-qiustranslationprinciplein1930s.FuLeis:TLshouldbesimilartoSLbothinFormandinSpirit.LiuZhongdes:faithfulness,expressivenessandcloseness.faithfulness:tobefaithfultothecontentoftheoriginal;expressiveness:tobeasexpressiveandsmoothastheoriginal;closeness:tobeasclosetotheoriginalstyleaspossible.(信、达、切)LiangShiqiusandZhaoJingshens:“Itsbettertohaveasmoothversionthanafaithfulone.”中国传统译伦四大支柱：案本-求信-神似-化境,-,30,Otherstranslationprinciples(2),EugeneA.Nidas:DynamicequivalenceorFunctionalequivalenceorEquivalent-effecttheory.Thetranslatoristoproduceasnearlypossiblethesameeffectonhisreadersaswasproducedonthereadersoftheoriginal.,-,31,Otherstranslationprinciples(3),PeterNewmarks:SemantictranslationandCommunicativetranslation.Semantictranslation:Thetranslatorattempts,withinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsoftheTL,toproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheauthor.Semantictranslationfocusesprimarilyuponthesemanticcontentofthesourcetext.Communicativetranslation:ThetranslatorattemptstoproducethesameeffectontheTLreadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders.Communicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.,-,32,Translationcriteria,FaithfulnessandsmoothnessFaithfulnessreferstothatcontentandstyleofTLshouldbefaithfultotheSL.Smoothnessrequiresthatversionshouldbeclearanddistinct,flowingandeasytoreadwithoutsignsofthemechanicalword-for-wordtranslation,ofobscurelanguage,ofgrammaticalmistakes,confusedstructureandlogic.,-,33,Translationstrategies:foreignizationanddomestication,Foreignization:IfthetranslatorspreferenceisplacedonpreservingthelanguageandculturaldifferencesoftheSourceText,wecallthiskindofapproachesoritstranslationforeignizingorforeignization.（SLculture-orientedstrategy）Domestication:themethodorpracticeofadaptingthetranslationtothenormsandvaluesoftheTargetLanguageandcultureiscalleddomesticatingordomestication.（TLculture-orientedstrategy）,-,34,Examples(1),谋事在人，成事在天。（曹：95）Manproposes,Heavendisposes.(Yang:90)Manproposes,Goddisposes.(Hawkes:152),-,35,Examples(2),Unlessyouveanaceupyoursleeve,wearedished.除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。除非你手中藏有王牌，否则我们是输定了。,-,36,Examples(3),AmongWolvesonemusthowl.入乡随俗在狼群中你就得嗥Gotolawforasheep,youloseacow.捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。（归）为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。（异）,-,37,Twobasictranslationmethods,LiteralTranslationmeansword-for-wordtranslation.Ittakessentencesasitsbasicunitsandthewholetextintoconsiderationatthesametimeinthecourseoftranslation.Itstrivestoreproduceboththeideologicalcontentandthestyleoftheentireliteraryworkandretainasmuchaspossiblethefiguresofspeech.LiberalTranslationisalsocalledFreeTranslation.Itisasupplementarymeanstomainlyconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternorfiguresofspeech.,-,38,Examples(1),Tokilltwobirdswithonestone.一石二鸟一箭双雕，一举两得,-,39,Examples(2),Theworstwheelofacartcreaksmost.最坏的车轮最会嘎吱响。才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最忙；能猫不叫，叫猫不能。,-,40,Examples(3),树倒猢狲散Whenthetreefalls,themonkeysscatter.Membersrunawaywhenthefamilyfalls./Ratsleaveasinkingship.,-,41,Terms(1),Polysemy:Onewordhasvariouspartsofspeechandvariousmeaning.Firthsaid:“Eachwordwhenusedinanewcontextisanewword.”Examples,-,42,Examples(1),Iwantmymartinidry.TherearestillsomedrystatesintheUnitedStates.Sheprefersdrybread.,-,43,我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。在美国尚有几洲禁酒。她喜欢无奶油的面包。,-,44,Examples(2),Thecowsaredry.Hegaveusadrylectureyesterday.Iamsurewhathepresentedwasadryfact.,-,45,这些母牛缺奶。昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。我相信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实。,-,46,Terms(2),Commendatoryandderogatorywords:Commendatorywordmeansapraisingword,orawordingoodsense.Derogatorywordmeansawordtolessenorimpairthepowerorauthorityorawordinbadsense.Examples,-,47,Examples(1),Manypeoplethinkthatheisoneofthemostambitiouspoliticiansofourtimes.很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。Althoughheisveryyoung,heisveryambitiousinhisresearchwork.他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。,-,48,Example(2),Theyincitedhimtogointofurtherinvestigation.他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。Theplottersincitedthesoldierstoriseagainsttheirofficers.阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。,-,49,Terms(3),Diction:Itmeansproperchoiceofwordsintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Examples,-,50,Examples(1),Wecanmakeoutthemeaningofthewordfromthecontext.我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。WeshouldsettlethedisputesinthecontextoftheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence.我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。,-,51,Examples(2),ItisinthiscontextthatthetragedyofSaharawasborn.撒哈拉沙悲剧正在这种情况下发生。WemustoperatewithinthecontextoftheOlympianSpirit.我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。,-,52,Examples(3),Inthiscontext,IvetocallyourattentiontothefactthatthepeacefultrendintheIndo-ChinaPeninsulaisessentialtopeaceintheworld.就此而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。,-,53,Examples(4),Thetraditionalpatternofclassroomexperienceatthecollegelevelbringstheprofessorandagroupof20to30studentstogetherfora45-to-50minuteclasssessiontwoorthreetimesaweek.Themostcommonmodeofinstructionisthelecture.由一位教授和二三十名学生每周会晤两三次，每次授课时间45分钟到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。最普遍的教学方式是讲课。,-,54,Terms(4),Repetition:Intranslationwearerequiredtorepeatwordsoverandoveragainforclearness,forthesakeofemphasisandforattractiveness(vividness).Examples,-,55,Examples,Bigfamilieshadtheirowndifficulties.大家庭有大家庭的难处。Ignoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。,-,56,Terms(5),Amplification:Itmeanssupplyingnecessarywordsinourtranslationworksoastomaketheversioncorrectandclear.Wordsthussuppliedmustbeindispensableeithersyntacticallyorsemantically.Examples,-,57,Examples(1),Thenumberofchildrenbeingexcludedintheareaisgettingoutofhand.该地区学生被开除的现象已到了无法控制的地步。“AccordingtoDr.John,”hesaid,“thepatientslifeisstillindanger.Thefirstaidmustberenderedassoonaspossible.”“根据约翰大夫的诊断，”他说，“这位患者的生命仍然处于危险之中，必须尽快采取急救措施。”,-,58,Examples(2),Thenalittleoverdecadeago,ProfessorsHoyle,Bondi,andGold,workingatCambridge,proposedanentirelydifferentscheme.然而三十多年前，剑桥大学的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不同的学说。,-,59,Terms(6),Omission:Intheprocessoftranslationwemaymakeproperomissionofsomeindividualwordsinaccordancewiththecorrespondinglawsinherentinthetwolanguagesconcernedinordertoretainandbetterexpresstheoriginalmeaning.Examples,-,60,Examples,HewhohasneverreachedtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.不到长城非好汉。Asthetemperatureincreases,thevolumeofwaterbecomesgreater.温度增高，水的体积就会增大。,-,61,Terms(7),Conversion:Itmeansthatintranslationawordinonelanguagebelongingtoacertainpartofspeechisnotnecessarilytobeturnedintooneofthesamepartofspeechinanotherlanguage.Examples,-,62,Examples,Theturningpointofmylifewasmydecisiontogiveupapromisingbusinesscareerandstudymusic.我生活的转折点是我决定不做发迹有望的商人而专攻音乐。AglancethroughhisofficewindowoffersapanoramicviewoftheWashingtonMonumentandtheLincolnMemorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。,-,63,Terms(8),Inversion:Byinversionintranslationwemeanthattheconstituentelementsofasentencearearrangedinwaydifferentfromthegeneralrulesofwordorderofthelanguageinquestion.Examples,-,64,Examples,Itsgoodyouvesoconsiderate.你想得这样周到很好。Formerlyaworkerhimself,hewasnowanengineer.他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。Sendusamessageincaseyouhaveanydifficulty.万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。,-,65,Terms(9),Negation:Itmeansintranslationsomewords,phrasesorsentenceswithnegativeexpressioninSLmaybetransformedintoaffirmativeexpressioninTL.Viceversa,someaffirmativeexpressioninSLmaybetransformedintonegativeexpressioninTL,tomaketheversionclearerandmoreexplicit.Examples,-,66,Examples,Iwrotethreebooksinthefirsttwoyears,arecordneverreachedbefore.我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的记录。Themachineisfarfrombeingcomplicated.这部机器一点也不复杂。Dontlosetimeincleaningthismachine.赶快把这部机器擦好。,-,67,Terms(10),Division:Itmeansthenecessarysplittingofalongsentenceintoshorterones.Examples,-,68,Examples,TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.我访问了一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。Aftersingingaconcertinthiscity,hesaidhewantedtogreethisadmirersbackstageashealwaysdoes.他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。音乐会结束以后，他提出要向往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。,-,69,Changeofthevoice,theactiveandthepassiveE-C:theactivevoiceC-E:thepassivevoiceesp.inEST(EnglishforScienceandTechnology)Examples,-,70,Examples,Thehappymancannotbeharried.吉人自有天相。Heissaidtobethemostrespectedteacherinourdepartment.据说他是我们系上最受尊敬的老师。,-,71,Homework1,1.AWorldBankreportreleasedatthetimeoftheconference,whichendedon10November,in