设计一个可以定位概要PPT课件

-,1,Chapter1,Introduction,2020/5/1,2,Thestoryofthesummerproject,設計一個可以定位，描述以及辨認環境中所有物體及它們彼此間距離與關係的裝置，同時，這個裝置還要能不受路上的障礙物影響，從一個定點移動到另一個定點加分題如果可以讓這個裝置產生意識經驗（如一般人看到某個場景時的感受），就可以加分,2020/5/1,3,警告：這是個很困難的問題，即使世界頂尖的電腦科學家都還無法解決這個問題1966,MarvinMinsky將發展一個電腦視覺系統當作暑假作業，assign給一個大學部同學做HISTORYofAI戳破了一般人認為知覺是很簡單的歷程的想法1982,DMarr根據對腦的知識，發展出一套視覺消息處理的模式19911994,DavidvanEssen發現恆河猴皮質區域有一半以上為視覺區（32個），且彼此密切相連結,2020/5/1,4,提示人與其他生物對這個問題都有很好的解決方案：他們運用兩個富含感光物質的球狀偵測器來感光，頭的兩側還有兩個具有可擺動纖毛的偵測器，皮膚有各種形狀的壓力偵測器，還有化學偵測器來偵測氣體與固體的氣味偵測器所察覺的刺激還需要一個複雜的電腦加以分析，人類所使用的電腦是一個具有十億個神經單元的裝置，我們雖然知道它們彼此有密切聯繫，但還有很多未知之處next,2020/5/1,5,MODERNHISTORYofAI(before1966),/AITopics/bbhist.html1956JohnMcCarthycoinedthetermartificialintelligenceasthetopicoftheDartmouthConference,thefirstconferencedevotedtothesubject.DemonstrationofthefirstrunningAIprogram,theLogicTheorist(LT)writtenbyAllenNewell,J.C.ShawandHerbertSimon(CarnegieInstituteofTechnology,nowCarnegieMellonUniversity).1957TheGeneralProblemSolver(GPS)demonstratedbyNewell,Shaw&Simon.1952-62ArthurSamuel(IBM)wrotethefirstgame-playingprogram,forcheckers,2020/5/1,6,1962Firstindustrialrobotcompany,Unimation,founded.1963ThomasEvansprogram,ANALOGY,writtenaspartofhisPhDworkatMIT,demonstratedthatcomputerscansolvethesameanalogyproblemsasaregivenonIQtests.1964DannyBobrowsdissertationatMIT(tech.report#1fromMITsAIgroup,ProjectMAC),showsthatcomputerscanunderstandnaturallanguagewellenoughtosolvealgebrawordproblemscorrectly.,2020/5/1,7,1965J.AlanRobinsoninventedamechanicalproofprocedure,theResolutionMethod,whichallowedprogramstoworkefficientlywithformallogicasarepresentationlanguage.JosephWeizenbaum(MIT)builtELIZA,aninteractiveprogramthatcarriesonadialogueinEnglishonanytopic.ItwasapopulartoyatAIcentersontheARPA-netwhenaversionthatsimulatedthedialogueofapsychotherapistwasprogrammed.,2020/5/1,8,知覺是一個歷程,2020/5/1,9,刺激遠端刺激(Distalstimulus)vs.近端刺激(Proximalstimulus)物體本身vs.物體在接受器上的影像環境刺激(environmentalstimulus)vs.注意刺激(attendedstimulus)vs.受器上的刺激(stimulusonthereceptor),2020/5/1,10,Figure1.2(a)Wetakethewoodsasthestartingpointforourdescriptionoftheperceptualprocess.Everythinginthewoodsistheenvironmentalstimulus.(b)Ellenfocusesonthemoth,whichbecomestheattendedstimulus.,2020/5/1,11,轉導(transduction)：一種能量的形式轉變成另一種能量的形式神經處理(Neuralprocessing),Figure1.3(a)Transductionoccurswhenthereceptorscreateelectricalenergyinresponsetothelight.(b)Tranmissionoccursasoneneuronactivatesthenextone.(c)Thiselectricalenergyisprocessedthroughnetworksofneurons.,2020/5/1,12,Transmissionvs.Processing,13,Figure1.5(a)Ellenhasconsciousperceptionofthemoth.(b)Sherecognizesthemoth.(c)Shetakesactionbywalkingtowardthetreetogetabetterview.,2020/5/1,14,知覺歷程(cont.),知覺：看到物體具有意識的感官經驗辨認(Recognition):將物體分門別類，赋予意義eg.失認症行動(Action)：知覺的結果，但也會創造新的知覺知覺在演化上的功能可能不在獲得知覺經驗本身,而是在協助動物獵捕,避免被獵捕,控制運動方向etc.(Goodale,1995)知識(knowledge):將儲存在記憶中的知識用在知覺與辨認由上而下(top-down)或以知識為基礎（knowledge-based）vs.由下而上(bottom-up)或以資料為基礎（data-based）的歷程,2020/5/1,15,Figure1.6Perceptionisdeterminedbyaninteractionbetweenbottom-upprocessing,whichstartswiththeimageofthereceptors,andtop-downprocessing,whichbringstheobserversknowledgeintoplay.Inthisexample,(a)theimageofthemothonEllensretinainitiatesbottom-upprocessing,and(b)herpriorknowledgeofmothscontributestotop-downprocessing.,2020/5/1,16,Figure1.5,page8Rat-man,Copyright2002WadsworthGroup.WadsworthisanimprintoftheWadsworthGroup,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Adaptedfrom“TheRoleofFrequencyinDevelopingPerceptualSets,”byB.R.BugelskiandD.A.Alampay,1961,CanadianJournalofPsychology,15,205-211.Copyright1961bytheCanadianPsychologicalAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.,2020/5/1,17,Figure1.7,page10Rat-man,Copyright2002WadsworthGroup.WadsworthisanimprintoftheWadsworthGroup,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Adaptedfrom“TheRoleofFrequencyinDevelopingPerceptualSets,”byB.R.BugelskiandD.A.Alampay,1961,CanadianJournalofPsychology,15,205-211.Copyright1961bytheCanadianPsychologicalAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.,2020/5/1,18,Figure1.9,page12Rat-man,Copyright2002WadsworthGroup.WadsworthisanimprintoftheWadsworthGroup,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Adaptedfrom“TheRoleofFrequencyinDevelopingPerceptualSets,”byB.R.BugelskiandD.A.Alampay,1961,CanadianJournalofPsychology,15,205-211.Copyright1961bytheCanadianPsychologicalAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.,2020/5/1,19,Figure1.7,page10Rat-man,Copyright2002WadsworthGroup.WadsworthisanimprintoftheWadsworthGroup,adivisionofThomsonLearning,Adaptedfrom“TheRoleofFrequencyinDevelopingPerceptualSets,”byB.R.BugelskiandD.A.Alampay,1961,CanadianJournalofPsychology,15,205-211.Copyright1961bytheCanadianPsychologicalAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.,2020/5/1,20,歷史及科學的根源,哲學亞里斯多德(384-322BC)：所有外在環境的知識是透過感官經驗而獲得五種感官:視、聽、味、嗅、觸經驗主義（十七世紀早期洛克(1632-1704)：心智的內涵是感覺經驗的總和。Berkeley(1685-1753)Ifatreefallsintheforestbutnooneisaroundtohearit,doesitmakeasound?,2020/5/1,21,物理/生理學在十八世紀，感覺/知覺的問題與生理學及物理學的問題不容易被區隔。直到十九世紀早期，光學的研究仍與視知覺研究混為一談何以產生知覺經驗是物理學的初始問題,而光線就是用以解釋視覺的一個概念ThomasYoung(1773-1829):物理學家，色彩知覺,2020/5/1,22,SirIsaacNewton(1642-1727)物理學家，色彩知覺HermannvonHelmholtz(1821-1894)生理學家，色彩知覺ErnstMach(1838-1916)物理學家，視覺對比WilhemWundt(1832-1920)醫學與生理學Sensationandperceptionasinterdisciplinaryscience,2020/5/1,23,知覺研究,分析層次(levelofanalysis)心理物理(psychophysics)層次知覺與環境物理刺激的關係生理學(physiology)層次刺激與生理歷程關係知覺與生理歷程關係,認知因子(知識，期待),2020/5/1,24,PP-心理物理學（psychophysics）PH1,PH2生理學（physiology）,2020/5/1,25,2020/5/1,26,知覺要如何測量？,對於刺激的知覺反應有幾種方式描述今天中午，學校餐廳有很多人用現象學方法（phenomenologicalmethod）知覺研究的開始辨認-那個拿著涼麵的人是小玉刺激辨認分類作業,2020/5/1,27,偵測感受到幾乎無法察覺的刺激層面，嗅出教室中一絲新油漆的味道絕對閾(absolutethreshold)偵測刺激所需的最小刺激能量GustavFechner在19世紀發展出多種古典心理物理學方法,有三種測量絕對閾的方式極限法(methodoflimits)上升/下降系列取交叉點的平均值CDROMdemo調整法(methodofadjustment)固定刺激法(methodofconstantstimuli),2020/5/1,28,Figure1.10Theresultsofanexperimenttodeterminethethresholdusingthemethodoflimits.Thedashedlinesindicatethecrossoverpointforeachsequenceofstimuli.Thethreshold-theaverageofthecrossovervalues-is98.5inthisexperiment.,2020/5/1,29,Figure1.11Resultsofahypotheticalexperiment