全新版大学英语第二册Unit1.ppt

,BR_main,EnglishSongTeachYourChildren,AboutEducation,Warm-upQuestions,BR_EnglishSong,EnglishSongTeachYourChildren,TeachYourChildren,QuestionsandAnswers,IntroductoryRemarks,Crosby,StillsandNash,BR_AboutEducation,AboutEducation,ASurvey,APracticalExperiment,EducationintheWest,BR_IntroductoryRemarks,“Waysoflearning”isthetopicofthisunit.Itisalsothetopicofthesongyouareabouttolistento,calledTeachYourChildrensungbyCrosby,StillsandNash.,IntroductoryRemarks,BR_IntroductoryRemarks2,BR_TeachYourChildren1,TeachYourChildren,Directions:Listentothesongandfillintheblankswithwhatyouhear.,You,whoareMustthatyoucanliveby.Andso,becomeyourself,Becauseisjustagoodbye.Teachyourchildrenwell,Theirfathershelldidslowlygoby.AndfeedthemTheonetheypicks,theoneyoullknowby.,ontheroad,_,haveacode,_,thepast,_,onyourdreams,_,BR_TeachYourChildren2,Dontyoueveraskthemwhy,iftheytoldyou,youwillcry,Sojustlookatthemandsighandknowtheyloveyou.Andyou,oftenderyears,Cantthatyoureldersgrewby.Andsopleasehelpthemwithyouryouth,Theybeforetheycandie.Teachyourparentswell,Theirchildrenshellwillslowlygoby.AndfeedthemTheonetheypicks,theoneyoullknowby.,knowthefears,_,seekthetruth,_,onyourdreams,_,BR_TeachYourChildren3,Dontyoueveraskthemwhy,iftheytoldyou,youwillcry,Sojustlookatthemandsighandknowtheyloveyou.,BR_QuestionsandAnswers,QuestionsandAnswers,1.Whatisacodethatyoucanliveby?,Asetofrulestoguideyouontheroadoflife.,2.Isthesongonlyabouthowparentsshouldteachtheirchildren?,No.Thefirstpartofthesongisabouthowparentscanteachtheirchildrenthroughsharingwiththemtheirdreams.Andinthesecondpart,wearetoldthatchildrenalsohavesomethingtoteachtheirparentshelpthemwithyouryouth.,3.Doyouknowanythingaboutthesingers?,BR_Crosby,StillsandNash1,Crosby,StillsandNash,ThemusicalpartnershipofDavidCrosby(b.Aug.14,1941),StephenStills(b.Jan.3,1945),andGrahamNash(b.Feb.2,1942),wasnotonlyoneofthemostsuccessfultouringandrecordingactsofthelate1960s,1970s,andearly1980swiththecolorful,contrastingnatureofthememberscharactersandtheirconnectiontothepoliticalandculturalupheavals(动荡，剧变)ofthetimeitwastheonlyAmerican-basedbandtoapproachtheoverallsocietal(社会的)impactoftheBeatles.Theresultingtrio(三人组)wascharacterizedbyauniquevocalblendandamusicalapproachthatrangedfromfolktopoptohardrock.,BR_Crosby,StillsandNash2,CSNs(initialsofCrosby,StillsandNash)debutalbum(首张唱片),releasedin1969,wasperfectlyintune(合拍)withthetimes,andthegroupwasaninstanthit.,Song-list:,TeachYourChildrenSouthernmanOhioWoodstock,BR_ASurvey,ASurvey,Doyouagreewiththefollowingstatements?,.,Playisthebestwaytolearn.Childrendeveloplifeskillsbestthroughformalprograms.Childrenarenaturallycurious,inspired,motivatedlearners,butsometimestheenjoymentoflearningcangetlostinthepressureto“succeed”informaleducation.Parentsarethemostimportantinstructorstothechildren,sotheyshouldgiveasmuchguidanceaspossible.,BR_APracticalExperiment1,Angelaisgivenahulahoopwithinstructionsonhowtouseit.Jonathanisgivenahulahoopbutnoinstructions.Whatkindofoutcomesdoyouexpect?,APracticalExperiment,Twochildrenaregivenhulahoops,atoytheyareunfamiliarwith.,Angelalearnstokeepthehulahoopinmotionbymovingherbodyincertainways.Jonathanexploresthehoopanddiscoversitsbigenoughtostepthrough.Hethenbalancesthehoopbetweentwoobjectsandpracticeskickingaballthroughthehoop.Howdoyoucommentonthesetwooutcomes?,BR_APracticalExperiment2,APracticalExperiment,Twochildrenaregivenhulahoops,atoytheyareunfamiliarwith.,Bothoutcomesaregood.Angelalearnsausefulplayskill.Jonathanuseshishoopinadifferent,butequallyplayfulway.Whichonedoyouthinkisbetterindevelopingthechildrenscreativity?,BR_APracticalExperiment3,APracticalExperiment,Twochildrenaregivenhulahoops,atoytheyareunfamiliarwith.,BR_APracticalExperiment4,APracticalExperiment,Twochildrenaregivenhulahoops,atoytheyareunfamiliarwith.,Angela,becauseshefollowedthedirectionsgiven,willhaveaskillshecanuseanytimeshewantstomoveherbodyinthatspecificway.Theoutcomeislimitedtohavingfolloweddirectionsandmasteredaparticularskill.,Jonathan,ontheotherhand,hadtheexperienceofexploringanddiscoveringanitemhewasunfamiliarwith.Heusedwhathelearnedaboutthiscircular-shapedobjecttosolveaproblemofhisownandincorporated(结合)thehulahoopasaninnovativesolutiontohelp,BR_APracticalExperiment5,himdosomethingthathewantedtodokickaballthroughatarget.Jonathanlearnedhecouldusehisownobservationandexplorationtolearnaboutnewobjects.Whatconclusioncanyoudrawfromthisexperiment?,BR_EducationintheWest1,Muchofthecurrentdebateovereducationsurroundstheextenttowhichlearningshouldbeteacher-basedorstudent-based.Whichofthetwoshoulddecidewhatshouldbelearned,howitshouldbelearned,andwhenitshouldbelearned?ComparingWesternandAsianmethodsoflearningitisgenerallytruethatWesternmethodsaremorestudent-centered,expectingstudentstodiscoverthingsforthemselvesratherthanrelyingontheirteacherstotellthem.Anextremeversionofthestudent-centeredapproachcanbeseenatSummerhill,aschoolinEnglandestablishedbytheeducationalistA.S.Neill.There,EducationintheWest,BR_EducationintheWest2,childrenhavecompletefreedomtodecidewhattheyaregoingtolearnandwhichlessonstheywillattend.Iftheywishtheyneednotattendanyatall.MainstreameducationinEnglandisfarmorestrict,demandingthatchildrenattendlessonsandfollowanationalcurriculum.Thiscurriculumandtheimportanceofachievinggoodexamresultstendtoreinforceamoreteacher-centeredapproach,asbothteachersandstudentsfindthepressureoftimeleaveslessopportunityforanexploratoryapproachtolearning.,BR_Warm-upQuestions1,Warm-upQuestions,1.2.3.,Ifyoufindatwo-year-oldboyistryingtoputakeyintoabox,willyouhelphimimmediately?Canyourecallhowyourparentstaughtyouinyourchildhood?Didtheyliketoteachyoubyholdingyourhand?Whichwaydidyoupreferwhenyouwereintroublewithoneofyourtoysinyourchildhood,turningtoyourparentsforhelp,orexploringbyyourselves?,GR_main,Scanning,PartDivisionoftheText,FurtherUnderstanding,GR_FurtherUnderstanding,FurtherUnderstanding,QuestionsandAnswers,MultipleChoice,QuestionsandAnswers,GR_Scanning1,Scanning,ScanTextAanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.,1.Benjaminwasworriedthathecouldntputthekeyintothebox.,F,Benjaminwasnotbotheredatall.,(),2.IntheChinesestaffsopinion,theparentsshouldguideBenjamintoinsertthekey.,T,(),GR_Scanning2,3.TheauthorandhiswifedidntcarewhetherBenjaminsucceededininsertingthekeyintotheslot.,T,(),4.FortheWesterners,learningshouldtakeplacebycontinualcarefulshapingandmolding.,F,TheChinesethinkthatlearningshouldtakeplacebycontinualcarefulshapingandmolding.,(),5.Chineseteachersholdtheopinionthatskillsshouldbeacquiredasearlyaspossible,whileAmericaneducatorsthinkthatcreativityshouldbeacquiredearly.,T,(),GR_PartDivisionoftheText1,PartDivisionoftheText,Parts,Para(s).,MainIdeas,1,15,2,613,Thetextbeginswithananecdote.,TheauthorsthoughtsaremainlyaboutdifferentapproachestolearninginChinaandtheWest.,3,14,Theauthorwindsupthetextwithasuggestionintheformofaquestion.,GR_QuestionsandAnswers1,QuestionsandAnswers,1.HowdoestheauthorintroducethetopicinTextA?,Inthistext,theauthorintroducesthetopicbythekey-slotanecdote(轶事).,Thereareseveralwaystointroduceatheme.,1.Statingthetopicdirectly.2.Posingaquestion.3.Quotingafamoussaying.4.Relatingananecdoteoranincident.,GR_QuestionsandAnswers2,2.SumupthecontrastbetweentheattitudeofthecoupleandthatofthehotelstafftowardBenjaminseffortsininsertingthekeyintotheslot.,Thecouple:lethimexploreandenjoyhimself.Thehotelstaff:heldhishandandtaughthimhowtoinsertthekeycorrectly.,ContrastandcomparisonAcontrastbringsoutthedifferencesbetweentwoormorethingsofthesamekind,whileacomparisonthesimilaritiesbetweenthem.,GR_QuestionsandAnswers1,QuestionsandAnswers,1.ReadthefirstsentenceofbothPara6andPara7,anddecidewhatmethodofcomparisonandcontrastisusedhere.,One-side-at-a-timemethod.,Comparisonandcontrastcanbeorganizedintwomajorways:1.One-side-at-a-timemethod:examineonesubjectthoroughlyandthenstarttheother.2.Point-by-pointmethod:examinetwosubjectsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint.,GR_QuestionsandAnswers2,2.SumupthecontrastbetweenChineseandWesternwaystolearntofulfillatask.,TheChinese:showachildhowtodosomething,orteachbyholdinghishand.TheWesterners:teachachildtorelyonhimselfforsolutionstoproblems.,3.ReadfromPara11toPara13.Whichmethodofcomparisonandcontrastisusedhere?,Point-by-pointmethod.,GR_QuestionsandAnswers3,4.Thefollowingaretwotypesofattitudestowardcreativityandbasicskills.WhichonebelongstotheChineseandwhichonebelongstotheWesterners?,TheChinese.,B)puttingmoreemphasisonfosteringcreativityinyoungchildren,thinkingthatskillscanbepickeduplater.,A)givingprioritytodevelopingskillsatanearlyage,believingthatcreativitycanbepromotedovertime.,TheWesterners,GR_MultipleChoice1,Therearemanywaystoconcludeanessay.Howdoestheauthorendthistext?,A)Restatingthemainpointspreviouslymentioned.,B)Proposingasolution.,C)Quotingfromsomebookorperson.,D)Predictingfuturedevelopments.,MultipleChoice,E)makingasuggestionintheformofaquestion.,GR_MultipleChoice1A,Therearemanywaystoconcludeanessay.Howdoestheauthorendthistext?,A)Restatingthemainpointspreviouslymentioned.,B)Proposingasolution.,C)Quotingfromsomebookorperson.,D)Predictingfuturedevelopments.,MultipleChoice,E)makingasuggestionintheformofaquestion.,A,GR_MultipleChoice1B,Therearemanywaystoconcludeanessay.Howdoestheauthorendthistext?,A)Restatingthemainpointspreviouslymentioned.,B)Proposingasolution.,C)Quotingfromsomebookorperson.,D)Predictingfuturedevelopments.,MultipleChoice,E)makingasuggestionintheformofaquestion.,B,GR_MultipleChoice1C,Therearemanywaystoconcludeanessay.Howdoestheauthorendthistext?,A)Restatingthemainpointspreviouslymentioned.,B)Proposingasolution.,C)Quotingfromsomebookorperson.,D)Predictingfuturedevelopments.,MultipleChoice,E)makingasuggestionintheformofaquestion.,C,Therearemanywaystoconcludeanessay.Howdoestheauthorendthistext?,A)Restatingthemainpointspreviouslymentioned.,B)Proposingasolution.,C)Quotingfromsomebookorperson.,D)Predictingfuturedevelopments.,MultipleChoice,E)makingasuggestionintheformofaquestion.,GR_MultipleChoice1D,MultipleChoice,D,GR_MultipleChoice1E,Therearemanywaystoconcludeanessay.Howdoestheauthorendthistext?,A)Restatingthemainpointspreviouslymentioned.,B)Proposingasolution.,C)Quotingfromsomebookorperson.,D)Predictingfuturedevelopments.,MultipleChoice,E)makingasuggestionintheformofaquestion.,E,Foramonthinthespringof1987,mywifeEllenandIlivedinthebustlingeasternChinesecityofNanjingwithour18-month-oldsonBenjaminwhilestudying,artseducationinChinesekindergartensandelementaryschools.ButoneofthemosttellinglessonsEllenandIgotinthedifferencebetweenChineseandAmericanideasofeducationcamenotintheclassroombutinthelobbyoftheJinlingHotelwherewestayedinNanjing.,DR_Text1,LEARNING,CHINESE-STYLE,RussellBaker,ageandincompleteunderstandingoftheneedtopositionthekeyjustso,hewouldusuallyfail.Benjaminwasnotbotheredintheleast.Heprobablygotasmuchpleasureoutofthesoundsthekeymadeashedidthosefewtimeswhenthekeyactuallyfounditswayintotheslot.,DR_Text2,Thekeytoourroomwasattachedtoalargeplasticblockwiththeroomnumberonit.Whenleavingthehotel,aguestwasencouragedtoturninthekey,eitherbyhandingittoanattendantorbydroppingitthroughaslotintoabox.,Becausethekeyslotwasnarrow,thekeyhadtobepositionedcarefullytofitintoit.Benjaminlovedtocarrythekeyaround,shakingitvigorously.Healsolikedtotrytoplaceitintotheslot.Becauseofhistender,DR_Text3,NowbothEllenandIwereperfectlyhappytoallowBenjamintobangthekeynearthekeyslot.Hisexploratorybehaviorseemedharmlessenough.ButIsoonobservedaninterestingphenomenon.Any,ChinesestaffmembernearbywouldcomeovertowatchBenjaminand,notinghislackofinitialsuccess,attempttoassist.HeorshewouldholdontoBenjaminshandand,gentlybutfirmly,guideitdirectlytowardtheslot,repositionitasnecessary,andhelphimtoinsertit.The“teacher”wouldthensmilesomewhatexpectantlyatEllenorme,asifawaitingathankyouandonoccasionwouldfrownslightly,asifconsideringustobeneglectingourparentalduties.,IsoonrealizedthatthisincidentwasdirectlyrelevanttoourassignedtasksinChina:toinvestigatethewaysofearlychildhoodeducation(especiallyinthearts),andtothrowlightonChineseattitudestowardcreativity.AndsobeforelongIbegantointroducethekey-slotanecdoteintomydiscussionswithChineseeducators.TWODIFFERENTWAYSTOLEARNWithafewexceptionsmyChinesecolleaguesdisplayedthesameattitudeasthestaffattheJinlingHotel.Sinceadultsknowhowtoplacethekeyinthekeyslot,whichistheultimatepurposeofapproachingtheslot,andsincethechildisneitheroldenoughnorcleverenoughtorealizethedesiredactiononhisown,whatpossiblegainisachievedbyhavinghimstruggle?,DR_Text4,Hemaywellgetfrustratedandangrycertainlynotadesirableoutcome.Whynotshowhimwhattodo?Hewillbehappy,hewilllearnhowtoaccomplishthetasksooner,andthenhecanproceedtomorecomplexactivities,likeopeningthedoororaskingforthekeybothofwhichaccomplishmentscan(andshould)induecoursebemodeledforhimaswell.Welistenedtosuchexplanationssympatheticallyandexplainedthat,firstofall,wedidnotmuchcarewhetherBenjaminsucceededininsertingthekeyintotheslot.Hewashavingagoodtimeandwasexploring,twoactivitiesthatdidmattertous.Butthecriticalpointwasthat,intheprocess,weweretryingtoteachBenjaminthatonecansolveaproblemeffectivelybyoneself.,DR_Text5,DR_Text6,Suchself-relianceisaprincipalvalueofchildrearinginmiddle-classAmerica.Solongasthechildisshownexactlyhowtodosomethingwhetheritbeplacingakeyinakeyslot,drawingahenormakingup,foramisdeedheislesslikelytofigureouthimselfhowtoaccomplishsuchatask.And,moregenerally,heislesslikelytoviewlifeasAmericansdoasaseriesofsituationsinwhichonehastolearntothinkforoneself,tosolveproblemsononesownandeventodiscovernewproblemsforwhichcreativesolutionsarewanted.,TEACHINGBYHOLDINGHISHANDInretrospect,itbecamecleartomethatthisincidentwasindeedkeyandkeyinmorethanonesense.Itpointedtoimportantdifferencesintheeducationalandartisticpracticesinourtwocountries.Whenourwell-intentionedChineseobserverscametoBenjaminsrescue,theydidnotsimplypushhishanddownclumsilyoruncertainly,asImighthavedone.Instead,theyguidedhimwithextremefacilityandgentlenessinpreciselythedesireddirection.IcametorealizethattheseChinesewerenotjustmoldingandshapingBenjaminsperformanceinanyoldmanner:InthebestChinesetradition,theywerebazheshoujiao“teachingbyholdinghishand”somuchsothathewouldhappilycomebackformore.,DR_Text7,DR_Text8,Theideathatlearningshouldtakeplacebycontinualcarefulshapingandmoldingappliesequallytothearts.Watchingchildrenatworkinaclassroomsetting,wewereastonishedbytheirfacility.Childrenasyoungas5or6were,paintingflowers,fishandanimalswiththeskillandconfidenceofanadult;calligraphers9and10yearsoldwereproducingworksthatcouldhavebeendisplayedinamuseum.Inavisittothehomesoftwooftheyoungartists,welearnedfromtheirparentsthattheyworkedonperfectingtheircraftforseveralhoursaday.,CREATIVITYFIRST?Intermsofattitudestocreativitythereseemstobeareversalofpriorities:youngWesternersmakingtheirboldestdeparturesfirstandthengraduallymasteringthetradition;andyoungChinesebeingalmostinseparablefromthetradition,but,overtime,possiblyevolvingtoapointequallyoriginal.OnewayofsummarizingtheAmericanpositionistostatethatwevalueoriginalityandindependencemorethantheChinesedo.Thecontrastbetweenourtwoculturescanalsobeseenintermsofthefearswebothharbor.Chineseteachersarefearfulthatifskillsarenotacquiredearly,theymayneverbeacquired;thereis,ontheotherhand,nocomparablehurrytopromotecreativity.,DR_Text9,Americaneducatorsfearthatunlesscreativityhasbeenacquiredearly,itmayneveremerge;ontheotherhand,skillscanbepickeduplater.However,Idonotwanttooverstatemycase.ThereisenormouscreativitytobefoundinChinesescientific,technologicalandartisticinnovationspastandpresent.AndthereisadangerofexaggeratingcreativebreakthroughsintheWest.Whenanyinnovationisexaminedclosely,itsrelianceonpreviousachievementsisalltooapparent(the“Standingontheshouldersofgiants”phenomenon).,DR_Text10,DR_Text11,ButassumingthatthecontrastIhavedevelopedisvalid,andthatthefosteringofskillsandcreativityarebothworthwhilegoals,theimportantquestionbecomesthis:Canwegather,fromtheChineseandAmericanextremes,asuperiorwaytoapproacheducation,perhapsstrikingabetterbalancebetweenthepolesofcreativityandbasicskills?,DR_Sentence1_Becauseof,Paraphrasethesentence.,Becausehewassoyounganddidntquiteknowthatheshouldpositionthekeycarefullytofitintothenarrowkeyslot,hewouldusuallyfail.,Becauseofhistenderageandincompleteunderstandingoftheneedtopositionthekeyjustso,hewouldusuallyfail.,DR_Sentence2_Benjaminwas,Paraphrasethesentence.,Benjaminwasnotbotheredatall.,Benjaminwasnotbothered,TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.,本杰明一点也不在意。,DR_Sentence3_andto,Paraphrasethispartofthesentence.,AndtohelpexplainChineseattitudestowardcreativity.,andtothrowlightonChineseattitudestowardcreativity.,DR_Sentence4_sincethechild,Whatdoesthedesiredactionreferto?,Positioningthekeycarefullytofitintotheslot.,sincethechildisneitheroldenoughnorcleverenoughtorealizethedesiredactiononhisown,whatpossiblegainisachievedbyhavinghimstruggle?,Inyouropinion,whatpossiblegaincanbeachievedbyhavingBenjaminstruggle?,Open-ended.,DR_Sentence5_Hemaywell,Paraphrasethesentence.,Heislikelytogetfrustratedandangry.,Youuse“maywell”whenyouaresayingwhatyouthinkislikelytohappen.,Hemaywellgetfrustratedandangry.,DR_Sentence6_Hewashaving,Whatdothetwoactivitiesreferto?,Havingagoodtimeandexploring.,Hewashavingagoodtimeandwasexploring,twoactivitiesthatdidmattertous.,Paraphrasetwo“activitiesthatdidmattertous”.,Towactivitiesthatwereimportanttous.,DR_Sentence7_whetheritbe,Analyzethestructureofthesentence.,Thesubjunctivemoodisusedhere.,Whetherhebepresentorabsent,weshallhavetodoourpart.,whetheritbeplacingakeyinakeyslot,drawingahenormakingupforamisdeed,Paraphrasethesentence.,Nomatterwhetheritisplacingakeyinakeyslot,drawingahenormakingupforsomemistakes.,DR_Sentence8_youngWesterners,Whatdoesmakingtheirboldestdeparturesmean?,Doingsth.differentfromanestablishedruleortradition.,youngWesternersmakingtheirboldestdeparturesfirstandthengraduallymasteringthetradition,TranslatethispartintoChinese.,西方的年轻人先是大胆创新，然后逐渐深谙传统。,DR_Sentence9_Butassuming,Canyouanalyzethestructureofthissentence?,ButassumingthatthecontrastIhavedevelopedisvalid,andthatthefosteringofs