英语常用修辞手法

,英语常用修辞手段,Rhetoric,Rhetoricisanancientbranchoflearning,foundedbytheGreekphilosopherAristotle(亚里士多德),soithasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyearsinEurope.Atfirstitdealtwiththewaysofpersuadingpeopleinconversationandspeech.Latertheemphasisgraduallyshiftedfromspeechtowriting.Generallyspeaking,rhetoricistheartofeffectivecommunicationbymeansoflanguage,ormoresimply,itistheartofexpressing,bywords,preciselywhatwemean.1,RhetoricandGrammarRhetoricbasesitselfongrammar,butitisnotgrammar.Grammardealswiththemutualrelationsofwordsinasentence,whilerhetoricdealswiththechoiceofwordsandthesentencestructuresincomposition.Theformerteachesuscorrectspeech;thelatterteachesusbetterspeech.Grammarispre-requisite(必要条件，前提)ofrhetoric.2,HowtostudyRhetoricThefirststepshouldbetolearntorecognizethemostcommonly-useddevicesofexpressionandanalyzethedifferenteffectstheyproduce.Tobeabletodothis,itwillnotbeenoughmerelytolistentoafewlecturesorreadsomebooksonrhetoric.Readinggoodauthorswithgreatcareisnecessary.Thestudyofrhetoricintheoryshouldpavethewayforitsapplicationinpractice.3,ChapterOne.Figureofspeech(修辞格；修辞手段),Thevalueoffigurativeword(修饰性词汇的价值)Wordsusedforwhattheysuggest,inasensenotexactlyliteral,arecalledfigurativeexpressions.Whenwecalladistinguishedpersonastar,theworldastage,orthemoonthelampofnight.Weusethewordsstar,stageandlampofnightnotintheirliteralsense,butwithafanciful(想象出来的)application.Suchlanguagemakesthethoughtmorevividandmorestriking,andthereforeattractsmoreofthereadersattention.4,Almosteverynotional(表意的)wordhasbothaliteralandafigurativesense.Theverbinventin“paperwasinventedinChina”and“Wattinventedthesteamengine”isusedliterally;in“Whentheteacherasktheboywhyhehadnotcometotheclassthedaybefore,heinventedanexcuse”,and“Jimofteninventsastorytoamusethechildren”.Itisusedinafigurativeorunusualsense.Whenastudentspeaksofhammeringaway(连续敲打;刻苦钻研)athisalgebra,orsaysthathehasjustsqueezed(挤；压)throughanexaminationinFrench,orthatadatehasslippedhis5,mind,heisusingafigureofspeech.Theexpressionsnotedareclearlymorevividthanifheweretosaythatheisstudyinghardathisalgebra,orthathewasbarelypassedtheexamination,orforgottenthedate.Thegeneralsenseisthesameineithercase,butthelanguageintheformerinstancesuggestsalivelierandmorepicturesqueconceptionofthefacts,andthereforeattractsandholdsthebearersattentionmorecertainly.Again,ifwesay“Imperialismisonitslastlegs”(奄奄一息；快要结束).Weintendtheexpressiononits(ones)lastlegstomeannearitsdeathorend.Suchafigurativeexpressionwillnot6,onlyexpresstheliteraltruthofwhatwesaid,butwill,byeffectivelanguage,createavividimageinthereadersmind.Figuresofspeechareofgreatuseiftheyarenotusedtoexcess(过度)andiftheyarenotfar-fetched(强词夺理的；牵强附会的).Itwouldbebadtastetomakeeverysentencefigurative.Everyfigureweusemustbenaturalandharmoniouswiththeideaitisintendedtosuggest.Itshouldnotbeincludedinthesentencejusttoshowonesabilitytouseit.Apoorfigureismuchworsethanagoodliteralexpression.7,Figuresofspeecharedifferentkindsoffigurativeexpressions.Theyareclassifiedunderthreemainheadings,excludingminorfigures.Inthischapterthemostimportantkindsoffiguresaregivenundereachheadingforreference.Atthepresentstageofourstudyweneednottrytoacquiretheskilltouseeveryoneofthem.Itisenoughthatacquaintancewiththemshouldhelpustoappreciategoodliteratureatpresentandtowritebettercompositionsinthefuture.8,.FigureofLikeness(相似修辞格),1.SimileSimileisanexpressionofcomparisonbetweentwodifferentthings.Itisusuallyintroducedby“as”or“like”andsometimesalsoby“asso”，“than”and“resemble”asthesigns(标志)ofcomparison.Thebestsimilesarethoseinwhichpersonsorthingsunlikeinmostrespectsarecomparedbecausetheyhaveonepointoflikenessinappearance,qualities,oractions,orintheeffectswhichtheyproduce.Anall-roundlikenessbetweentwothingswillnotofferagoodsimile,forthecomparisonisliteral,notfigurative.Tosayaweakoldmuleislikeadyinghorsedoesnotgiveoneanynewideaaboutthemule.Butwhenonesaysthat9,thecapitalistsystemislikeadyinghorse,oneisusingsimiletogoodeffect.MoreExamples:Thepartyislikethesun.Theboylookslikehisfather.Belowaresomeexamplesofsimile:1.OnNationalDayboysandgirlsareashappyascrickets(蟋蟀).2.Itisfourdegreesbelowzerothismorning.Thewindtearsthefleshlikeasaw,cutsitlikethebladeofknife,stabsitlikeapoisonousneedle,twistsitlikepliers(钳子)andburnsitlikefire.3.Asamanwhispers,sothebreezemakesalow,hissing(发嘶声)sound.10,4.Learningresemblesscaling(攀登)theheights.HerearesomesentencesfromJaneEyre:1.“Holdherarms,MissAbbot:Sheslikeamadcat.”2.Theyhadthrust(猛推)meuponastoolMyimpulse(冲动)wastorisefromitlikeaspring.3Iheardtherainstillbeatingcontinuouslyonthestaircase(楼梯)window,andthewindowhowlinginthegrove(小树林)behindthehall;Igrewbydegreescoldasastone,andthenmycouragesank.11,Heretheappearanceofagirlislikened(把比做)toaverymadcat;theactionofrisingatonesimpulse,toaspring;andtheeffectofcold,toastone.Suchfigurativesimilesproducedvivid,strongimagesinthereadersmind.Note:Thefollowingexpressionsintroducedby“like”and“as”arenotfigurative,butliteral.(1)Acatislikeatiger.(2)Acatisasfierceasatiger.12,练习,人们在说话、写作或文学作品中常使用一些修辞手段(StylisticDevicesorFiguresofSpeech)来说明问题，表示强调、渲染气氛、增加色彩等等，使表达形象化、使语言富有美感。修辞手段在语体学中称为修辞格。修辞手段多种多样，可借助语音、语法或词法几种方式。这里主要介绍一些常用的词法修辞手段。一.明喻Simile明喻表明本体（描述的对象）和喻体（用作比喻的事物）两种不同的事物之间的相似关系。常用（as,like,seem,asif(asthough)）等喻词与另一种具有相同特点的事物加以相比，从而更生动、更形象地对该对象加以刻划，以增强行文的艺术表现力。明喻一般都可采用直译。13,1.Hisfacewasasgreyasashes.他的脸死灰一般白。2.Hesroundandsmoothandsharp.Hesmorelikeaspearthananythingelse.他又圆、又光、又尖，比其它任何东西都更象一支矛。3.Isawthemasterlookingabouthimasifhewishestoimpressuponhismindeverythingintheroom.我看到教师在环顾四周，仿佛要把教室里的每一件东西牢牢记在心里。4.Thehairsfelluponher,ripplingandshininglikeabrownwaterfall.头发披散在她身上，好象褐色的小瀑布，波汶起伏，光彩照人。14,5.Itlookslikeaterribletiger.它看起来象一只可怕的老虎。6.Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesunhadrisentohearhimcrow.他象一只自以为太阳升起来是为了听他唱歌的公鸡。7.Despairsettleddownlikeaheavycloud.绝望的情绪象一片乌云笼罩着人们的心。8.Itisafigurelikeaman.它象一个人的体型。9.Timeflieslikeanarrow.光阴似箭。10.Iwanderedlonelyasacloud.我象一朵浮云象独自漫游。15,除此，尚有很多可以直译的例子：aswhiteassnow雪一样的白asmerryasalark快乐得象云雀asbraveasalion狮子一般勇敢asbusyasabee忙得象只蜜蜂astimidasamouse胆小如鼠asslyasafox狡诈如狐狸asblackasacrow黑如乌鸦但是，有些明喻在直译成汉语时要做些调整，才符合汉语的表达习惯。例如：16,Themoonwasabove,coldandbeautiful,andthemusicremindedSoapyofthosedayswhenhislifecontainedsuchthingsasmothersandrosesandcleanthoughtsandcollars.一轮皎洁的寒月悬空高照，那悠扬的音乐使他回首往昔，诸如生活中的母爱、爱情、理想和体面的生活。再如：asbitteraswormwood苦似黄莲ashappyasacow快乐得象只百灵鸟asboldasbrass脸皮厚得象城墙asstupidasagoose笨得象猪17,2.Metaphor(暗喻),Ametaphorisanimpliedsimile.Itdiffersfromasimileinthatthecomparisonisimplied,notexpressed(直接表达地).Inotherwords,itcallsonethingbythenameofanother,ordescribesonethingwithsomedescriptivetermwhichgenerallygoeswithsomethingelse.Thistransference(转换)ispossibleanddesirableonlywhenthetwothingsinquestionhaveastrikinglikenessinaparticularaspect.“Theimperialistsandallreactionariesarepapertigers.”isametaphorknownthroughouttheworld.Reactionariesandpapertigersaretwoentirelydifferentthings,buttheyaresurprisinglyalikeinoneaspect:inappearancetheybothlookstrongandterrible,butinfacttheyareweakandcanbeeasilycrushed(压坏，打倒)ordefeated.18,Itoftenhappensthatonlyoneoftheobjectscomparedisnamed,theotherthingbeinglefttotheimagination.Intheexpression“Thenighthadathousandeyes.”Wethinkofthestarsasiftheyweretheeyesofahumanbeing,andthisproducesabeautifulpicture.Thecomparisoninmetaphormaybeimpliedintheuseofnouns,adjectivesorverbs.A.Nouns(1)Lifeisaleafofpaperwhite,whereoneachoneofusmaywrite.(2)Alltheworldsastage,andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.19,B.Adjectives(1)Therewasastormydiscussionatourlastmeeting.(2)Johnhaswongolden(veryvaluable)opinionsthroughhisjustice.C.Verbs(1)Abrightideasuddenlystruckme.(2)Crowdsofvillagerslined(stoodtherejustlikealine)thestreettowelcomethedistinguishedvisitor20,练习暗喻Metaphor,暗喻，又称隐喻，它结构不同于明喻，不需要as,like之类的比喻词，而是直接把比喻对象和比喻形象（即本体和喻体）联系起来，即“甲是乙”这种基本形式。暗喻是英语中最普通，最基本，也是最重要的修辞格。其含义含而不露，其含义需要想象，其产生的语言效果较之明喻也更强烈，更加深刻。其译法有两种：一为直译，以保持与原文的神似，即“貌离”而“神合”。例如：1.Thesocietywashiscollege.社会是他的大学。2.Theboyisonlyskinandbone.这孩子瘦得皮包骨头。3.Theyarebirdsoffeather.他们是一丘之貉。21,4.Heissaidtobearoughdiamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。5.Alltheworldsastage.世界是个大舞台。6hecalledthem“bloodtransfusion”.他称之为“大输血”。7.Hiscontemptuouseyespassedoverher,andoveralltheotherrats.他用他那蔑视的目光掠过她身上，掠过其他所有的耗子。8.Allreactionariesarepapertigers.一切反动派对都是纸老虎。9.(Theladyis)Ahumanchrysanthemum,sir,believeme.先生，说真的，（她）称得上菊花般的美人。10.Iwasdowninthecellarofsociety,downinthesubterraneandepthsofmisery我生活在社会的底层，灾难的深渊中。22,11.Ifdreamsdie,lifeisabroken-wingedbirdthatcannotfly.如果没有理想，生活就象是伤了翅膀的小鸟不能飞翔。12.Hereceiveditwithasmile,andthenashelookedatthenote,hissmilefroze.他面带微笑接过字条，可是当他看着字条时，笑容呆滞了。（froze由“冻结”转义作“楞住”。）23,13.Itisregrettablethatourappealremainedadeadletter.遗憾的是，我们当时的呼吁石沉大海。（deadletter由“死信”转义作“石沉大海”）14.Becauseofhisone-manstyleofoperationKissingerhadbecomeakindofbottleneckinhisownNSCsystem.由于基辛格于独断专行，他已是国家安全委员会工作中的一种障碍。（bottleneck“瓶颈”应意译为“障碍”）下面再看暗喻中其他一些比喻方式：静物动化法：有时为了使描写生动一些，把本来用于表现动物活动的词用来描述静止的状态，这种修辞现象称为静物动化法。如24,15.Onthetablelaysomedog-earedbooks.桌上躺着几本折了角的书。16.Thetreesstoodgreeneraftertherain.雨后的树木更加葱翠。转位修饰法：有些习惯上用来修饰甲事物事词（多为形容词）转用来修饰乙事物，这种修饰法称为转位修饰法。如：17.Aboveushungasullensky.天色阴沉沉的。18.Hewasleftoutsideinthepitilesscold.他被拒之门外，门外寒气逼人。19.Everythingsmiledonhim.一切都朝他微笑。（他心情很好）25,3.Personification拟人,Personificationisafigureofspeechwhichrepresentsaninanimate(无生命的)object,ananimal,oranabstractideaasapersonascapableofthought,feelingandspeech.Thisfigureaddsdignity(庄重),animation(生机，活泼)andforce(力度)tostyle.Therearethreechiefkindsofpersonification:A.Thatproducedbytheuseofadjectivesorpronouns.Inthisformofpersonification,thequalitiesoflivingbeingsareattributed(把归于)toinanimatethings.(1)Lookatthesmilingmoon.Howbrightsheis!(2)Thethirstysoildrankintherain.(3)Themoonpoursherlight.26,B.Thatproducedbytheuseofverbs.Hereinanimatethingsorabstractideasarerepresentedashavinglife.(1)Thewindhowledlastnight.(2)Theflowersnoddedtoherasshepassed.(3)AstrangecitysleepsunderthehotItaliansun.C.Thatproducedbytheuseofnouns.Herepersonalnounsareusedinconnectionwithimpersonalones.(1)theangerofthetempest(暴风雨)(2)thesmileofspring(3)thewhisperofleaves27,Thefigureiseasilyconfusedwithmetaphor.Whenwespeakofastonyheart,weuseametaphor,forwemakeanimpliedcomparisonbetweentheheartandthehardstone.Ifwesay,“Theverystonecriedout.”Weusepersonification,forthecomparisonisnotthatofapersontothestone（把人比作石头）,butthatofthestonetotheperson.Moreexamples:1.Lowspiritsaremytrueandfaithfulcompanions;theygetupwithme,gotobedwithme,makejourneysandreturnasIdo.（Thepersonificationgivesadelicatelyhumorouseffect.）2.Thecloudbringsfreshshowersforthethirstyflowers.28,练习拟人法Personification,拟人是把物（包括动物，物体，思想或抽象概念等）拟作人，使其具有人的外表，个性，情感或动作，拟人可以通过形容词，动词或名词表现出来，拟人法和静物动化法很相似。例如：1.Thewindsighedinthetreetops.微风吹过树顶好象有人在叹息。2.InNovemberpneumoniacametothatpartofthecity.十一月，肺炎来到了那个城区。3.Thegreystonecouldtellterriblestoriesofviolenceandinjustice.那灰色的石头能讲述出无数有关暴力和不义的可怕故事。29,4.HistorywillneverforgetthatitwasherethatThomasMorewasfalselyaccusedandcondemned.历史不会忘记，正是在这里，托马斯.蔓尔，伟大的人文主义者被诬告，被判刑。5.Thesteelyetemperedglanceonye.他们铸的剑在把你们看管。6.elementalforcesspeakinginavoiceoffinality.大自然的威胁力在用决定性的语气说话了。7.Istoodawhilewherenaturesmilestoviewtherocksandstreams.大自然望着岩石和小溪微笑，我站在那里停息片刻。8.Kingofthejungle,thelionstrodeacrosstheplain.狮子，林中之王，漫步越过平原。30,9.Thethirstycropsdrinksintherain.干渴的作物吮吸着雨水。10.Nothingcouldcalmtheangerofthestorm.没有什么能使风暴停下来。这里顺便提及与拟人法相反的拟物法，即把人当作一般动物去描写。例如：1.Heisabookworm.他是个书呆子。2.Sheissheddingcrocodiletears.她这是鳄鱼掉泪假慈悲。3.Thespyhadbeendoggingherfortwodays.那密探已跟踪她两天了。31,FiguresofAssociation联想修辞格,1.Metonymy换喻（转喻或借代）Metonymymeansachangeofname.Itissomewhatlikemetaphor,butitliesinasingleword,whereasmetaphorisusuallymoreextended(意义延伸).Metonymyisfoundeduponlikeness.ThethingspokenofandthethingmeantarealikeinsomerespectMetonymyisfoundeduponrelation.Thethingspokenofandthethingmeantmaybewhollyunlike,buttherelationbetweenthemissuchthatthementionofonesuggeststheother.Thereareseveralkindsofmetonymy.Thefollowingarethecommonones.32,A.Thecontainerforthethingcontained.(用容器表示里边装的东西)(1)Themotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle(=herbaby).(2)Thekettle(=thewaterinthekettle)boils.B.Thesymbolforthepersonorthingsymbolized.(1)Thebench(=judges)gaveahearingtothebar(=lawyers)(2)Hesucceededtothecrown(=becamethesovereignruler)in1848.33,C.Theinstrumentororganfortheagent.(1)Thepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword.(=Thosewhousethepenhavemoreinfluencethanthosewhousethesword.)(2)Giveeverymanyourear,butfewyourvoice.(多听少说)D.Acauseforaneffect.(1)HereadsShakespeare(=theworksofShakespeare)E.Aneffectforacause.(1)Afteradaystravelingwetookarestundertheshade(=tree)34,练习换喻Metonymy,换喻又称转喻或借代。它反映两个密切相关的现实关系，即换一个说法来表现一个事物。换喻与明喻或暗喻不同，不需要两个事物相比，而是表示甲乙两事物在某点上的联系，即提到甲事物就会使人联想到乙事物。换喻可以使表达多样化，使形象具体、生动。例如：1.fromthecradletothegrave从生到死（摇篮cradle表示孩提，坟墓grave表示死亡）2.Thatshowtheterm“catspaw”hascomeintouse.这就是“catspaw”这一术语如何得以使用的。(“catspaw”指“被他人利用为工具的人”。)35,3.Downcamethelongbrownwaves.棕色的波浪(指头发)披落下来。4.Greyhairshouldberespected.老年人应得到尊敬。5.Thekettleboils.壶开了。(kettle=thewaterinthekettle)6.Thepenhasmoreinfluencethanthesword.笔杆子比枪杆子厉害。(thepen=thewriter,thesword=thesoldier)7.Sergeant,itcomesintoyourheadsometimes,inspiteofyourbeltandyourtunic警官，尽管你是警察，有时你还是会这么想的(由皮带和警服转指穿戴之人，即警察)36,8.Thestairwayoftimeiseverechoingwiththewoodenshoegoingup,thepolishedbootdescending.时代的阶梯一直在发出回响，穿木鞋的人步步登高，穿皮鞋的人逐渐下降。(Thestairwayoftime实指history,thewoodenshoe代表劳动人民，thepolishedboot指常穿擦得铮亮的皮鞋的富人)9.HiseyesmockedyoungJolyon.他嘲笑地望着小乔里恩。10.TheyserveChinesedishes.他们供应中餐。(用容器代所盛东西)37,11.HaveyoureadShakespeare?你读过莎士比亚的作品吗?(作家代表其作品)12.Hehasanearformusic.他有音乐欣赏力。(器官代替其功能)13.Hispresent,isnomorethanPandorasbox.他的礼品是潘多拉的盒子只能给人带来灾害。14.WhiteHouse美国政府(用地点指代住在里面的人或机关)38,2.Synecdoche提喻,Synecdocheisafigurewhichconsistschieflyinputtingapartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Inthisfigurethewordusedsaysmoreorlessthanwemean.Therearesixkindsofsynecdoche:A.Apartforthewhole(1)Howtoearndailybreadbymypenwastheproblem.(bread=thenecessariesoflife)B.Thewholeforthepart(1)ChinadefeatedJapan.(China=theChineseplayers,Japan=theJapaneseplayers)39,C.Anindividualforaclass(1)ShanghaiistheNewYorkofChina.(theNewYork=thebusiestcity)D.Theconcretefortheabstract(1)Itwasthecircumstancesthatdevelopedthepoetinhim.(thepoet=poetictalent)E.Theabstractfortheconcrete40,(1)Hehasdonememanykindnesses.(kindnesses=kindthings善行，好事)F.Thematerialforthethingmade(1)Thejudgehasputthecriminaliniron.(iron=ironchains)Note:Metonymyandsynecdocheareessentiallythesameinprinciple,andthereforethedistinctionbetweenthesetwofiguresisnowregardedasoflittlepracticalvalue.41,练习提喻法Synecdoche,提喻和换喻有相同之处，都是不直说某一事物的名称，但两者并不相同：换喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系，主要借助于密切的关系与联想;而提喻是借助事物本身所呈现的各种对应现象来表现，借助于部分相似。提喻总是用局部代替整体，或以整体代替部分。例如用roof表示整个house，用thearmy表示某一个soldier，又称举隅法。例如：42,1.Manyhandsmakelightwork.人多好干活。2.Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。3.HeisanotherLeiFeng.他是又一个雷锋式的人。4.Shedidsomesewingtoearnherbread.她做些针线活挣饭吃。5.Twoheadsarebetterthanone.两人智慧胜一人。6.Heisagoodfarmhand.他是一个好农家把式。7.“Howaboutthevolleyballmatch?”“Chinawon.”“排球赛如何？”“中国队赢了”。43,3.Hyperbole夸张,Inhyperbole,thingsarerepresentedasgreaterorless,betterorworse,thantheyreallyare.Youmaysaytoyourfriend,“Ihaventseenyouforages.”whileinfactitwasonlytwoweeksagothatyouparted.Suchauseofexaggeratedtermscangainartisticemphasis.Forexample:1.Imthehappiestmanintheworld.2.Thesunhasroastedhim,thecoldfrozenhim3.TheverynameofMr.Grossetseemedtobringupathousandmemories(浮想连翩，思绪万千).44,练习夸张Hyperbole,夸张就是夸大其词或言过其实，是修辞的一种手段，其目的是在于对某种事物或情况的强调，给人以深刻的印象，同是增强语言艺术的感染力，但这不等于有失真实或不要真实，而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。这种修辞多用于口语和文学作品，在要求准确的科技文章中不用。例如：1.Icanwaitallmylife,sir.我可以等一辈子，先生。2.GermangunsandGermanplanesraineddownbombs,shells,andbulletsuntilthelittleboatsseemedtobemovingthroughaseaoffire.德军的飞机大炮雨点般仍然狂轰滥炸，小船象在一片火海中穿行。45,3.Havealittlecompassiononmynerves.Youtearthemtopieces.稍许体谅一下我的神经吧！你简直要叫我的神经胀裂了。4.Shewasscaredtodeath.她吓得要死。5.Oh,myoldfriend,Ihaventseenyouforages.啊呀！我的老朋友，我好长时间没见到你了。“forages”只是强调时间长，其意是“foralongtime”。6.Idgivetheworldtoseeher.只要能见到她，我愿放弃整个世界。(这个句子只是强调了渴望相见的迫切心情，并不是真要放弃一切。)46,7.Thankyouathousandtimes.万分感谢。“thousandtimes”是对的“verymuch”的强调。8.Oneortheotherisforeverintheway.你们总是有人挡在路上。“forever”是对“always”的强调。9.Hewontgivehisbookstoyouevenforathousanddollars.你就是给他一千块钱，他也不会把书给你。10.Ihavetoldyoufiftytimes.我对你讲过无数次了。fifty只强调次数多(manytimes)，并不是“五十次”的意思。47,4.Apostrophe顿呼语,Apostropheisadirectaddresstotheabsentasiftheywerepresent,tothedeadasiftheywereliving,ortoinanimatethingsorideasasiftheyhadlife.Itthereforeincludespersonificationbesidespossessingthepeculiarproperty（特殊性质）ofaddress.（1）Youmoon,haveyoudonesomethingwronginheaventhatGodhashiddenyourface?（2）Wind!Kindlyariseandhelpourvesseltomovequickly!48,5.Vision幻想,Visionisafigurebywhichthewriterorspeakerdescribesthepast,absentorimaginaryscenesasiftheywereactuallypassingbeforetheeyes.Bythisfigurethewriterorspeakeralwaysusesthehistoricpresenttenseforrhetoricalpurpose.Inapostrophewespeaktotheabsentortheinanimate;invisionwerepresentourselvesasseeingtheabsentortheimaginary.Visionisfrequentlycombinedwithpersonificationandapostrophe.(1)Iseebeforemetheslaughteredheapsofcitizens,lyingunburiedinthemidstoftheirruinedcountry.(2)Iseeaworldwithoutaslave.Manatlastisfree.49,6.TransferredEpithet修饰转换,Thetransferredepithetisaqualifyingadjectivetransferredfromapersontoathingorfromonethingtoanother.Thisfigureisaweakformofpersonification.(1)Thepatientlayallnightonhissleeplesspillow(枕头).(i.e.thesleeplesspatient)(2)Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry.(i.e.Thisisthemarketwherethethingsaresoldatthecheapestprices.)50,.FigureofContrast1.(Antithesis),Antithesisisanoppositionorcontrastofwordsorideasinthesentence.Itisemphasizedbycontrastingonethingwithanother,ashealthwithsickness,warwithpeace,richeswithpoverty.Inthisfigure,verbsshouldbecontrastedwithverbs,adjectiveswithadjectives,nounswithnouns,etc.Oftenthereisadoubleorevenatriplecontrastinthesamesentence.51,1.Flatterybringfriends;truthbringsfoes(仇人).2.Knowledgemakeshumble;ignorancemakesproud.3.Onedayisworthtwotomorrow.4.Toreadwithoutreflectionisliketoeatwithoutdigestion.5.Falsefriendsareworsethanopenenemies.6.Nobees,nohoney;nowork,nomoney.52,练习对偶Antithesis,对偶法是一种在结构上前后对称，在语义上前后对应的修辞格式，一般具有声韵和谐，言简意赅之效果。对偶法与矛盾修饰法不同：对偶旨在显示前后两部分的平行对立，矛盾修饰法旨在突出主从两部分的矛盾统一。1.Socowedwastheircondition,andsohardtheirexperienceofwhatsucha