植物组织结构ppt课件

.,Structures,distributionandfunctioninTissuesofPlants第二节植物组织结构、分布与功能,Theplantbodyconsistsofintegratedstructurescalledorgans,(器官）suchasroots,stems,leaves,petalsetc.whichinturnaremadeoftissues.Concept:Tissuesarecellcomplexeswhicharesimilarinoriginandstructure,andareofsamefunctions.,.,Tissuesmaybesimple(consistingofonecelltypeonly)asparachyma(薄壁细胞）,collenchyma（厚角组织）orsclerenchyma(厚壁细胞）,orcomplex(consistingoftwoormorecelltypes)asinthecaseofepidermis（表皮）,xylem（木质部）andphloem（韧皮部）.,Simpletissue简单组织,Complextissues复合组织,.,PlantsconsistoffourbasickindsofTissuessystems:Meristematic分生组织Ground基本组织（薄壁与机械）Dermal保护组织Vascular输导组织ConductingtissueSecretorystructure分泌结构,Maturetissues成熟组织,.,1.Meristem分生组织,Aspecializedregionsofactivecelldivisioncalledmeristem,Including:按位置分：Apicalmeristem顶端分生组织Lateralmeristem侧生分生组织Intercalarymeristem居间分生组织,.,Accordingtheiroriginandcharacters按来源与性质分,including:promeristem原分生组织primarymeristem初生分生组织secondarymeristem次生分生组织,Apicalmeristems,.,Secondarymeristem次生分生组织,SecondarymeristemcellsarederivedfrommatureParenchymacells(薄壁组织细胞）.,.,.,2.Maturetissues成熟组织2.1.Parenchymacellshavethinprimarywalls薄壁组织Groundtissues（基本组织）aretypicallyparenchyma.ManyparenchymacellsareIsodiametric(等径的）.Atransversesection（横切面）ofcorn(Zeamays)internodeshowinggroundparenchymainwhichvascularbundlesareembedded.,.,Shownherearepotatotuber(Solanumsp.)parenchymacellsThecellsshowsmallintercellularspaces(细胞间隙）betweenthem.,Parenchyma薄壁组织,.,1)Absorptivetissue吸收组织,Epidermisandroothairsinroothairregion,.,2)Assimilatingtissue同化组织,Ingreenpartsofplant,.,3)Storagetissue储藏组织,.,4)Ventilaitingtissue通气组织,Inhydrophytes(水生植物）andwetlandplants（湿生植物）.,.,5)Transfercells传递细胞,.,1）Collenchymacellselongatedwithnon-Lignified（非木质化）,unevenlythickenedPrimarywalls.Angularcollenchymahasgreatestwallthickeningswherecellsmeetincorners.,2.2.Mechanicaltissues机械组织,Therearetwotypes:Collenchymaandsclerenchyma厚角组织厚壁组织,Petioleofcelery(Apiumsp.)芹菜叶柄切片.,.,Electronmicroscopyrevealsgreaterdetail.Thisisanotherviewoftheangularcollenchymafromthepetiole(叶柄）ofRumexconfertus（酸摸）,.,CrosssectionandverticalsectionofCollenchyma厚角细胞的横切与纵切面,.,1=primarywall,2=secondarywall,3=ramifiedpit,4=celllumen（细胞腔）,2）Sclerenchyma厚壁组织Brachysclereids（石细胞）andfibre（纤维）,Brachysclereidsareisodiametric(等径的）.Showramifiedpits(分枝状纹孔）,.,见,.,Fibre（纤维）：A.Phloemfibres（韧皮纤维）maybenolignified(非木质化）,andlongerCP=cytoplasm（细胞质）;EW=epicuticularwax（蜡质）;PW=primarycellwall,.,2)Periderm（周皮）-secondaryprotectivetissue（次生保护组织）,Phellem木栓层（厚壁细胞）Corkcambium木栓形成层(次生分生组织)Phelloderm栓内层（薄壁细胞）,.,DevelopmentofperidermandLenticelstructure周皮发育与皮孔结构,周皮发育（A）和皮孔（B）木栓形成层开始发生；2.表皮；3.木栓形成层；4.木栓层；5.栓内层；6.皮层薄壁细胞；7.补充细胞,.,phellemswithdifferentcharacters不同特点的木栓,.,2.4.Secretorystructure分泌结构,Concept:凡能产生分泌物质的有关细胞或特化的细胞组合，总称为分泌结构。这些物质聚积在细胞内、胞间隙或腔道中，或通过一定的细胞组成的分泌结构排出体外，这种现象称为分泌现象。许多分泌物具重要经济价值，如橡胶、生漆、芳香油、蜜汁等。,.,Theararetwokindsofstructures.根据分泌物质是分泌到体外还是体内，可分为外分泌结构和内分泌结构。1)外分泌结构(externalsecretorystructure)主要分布在植物体表，如腺毛、腺鳞、蜜腺、排水器等。,.,2）内分泌结构(internalsecretorystructure)其分泌物积聚于植物体的细胞内、胞间隙、囊腔或管道内。常见的有分泌细胞、分泌腔或分泌道和乳汁管。,Secretorycells,.,Secretorycavity(分泌腔)andsecretorycanal(分泌道),.,Laticifers(乳汁管),.,2.5Conductingtissue（输导组织）,1）Vessels（导管）composedofvesselelementsonlyappearinangiosperm.导管由导管分子组成，仅存在于被子植物中。A.Developmentalprocess(发育过程）,.,B.Differenttypesofvessels(不同类型的导管）,Primitive原始-evolutionary进化,.,Varioussecondarythickenings&pittingsinvesselelements导管分子的各种次生加厚,ScalariformpitsinLaurelianovaezealandiaeasseenwithSEM.,环纹annular,网纹reticular,.,C.VariationofperforationPlatesonendwall端壁上穿孔板的变化,梯纹穿孔Scalariformperforation属复穿孔,Simpleperforation单穿孔,.,D.侵填体(tylosis)：突入导管内生长的囊泡状结构，含有单宁、晶体、树脂和色素等物质，能增强抗腐力，防止病菌侵害，增强木材的坚实度和耐水性。,.,2）Tracheids(管胞)appearinangiosperm,gymnospermandfern.管胞存在于被子植物，裸子植物和蕨类植物,A.管胞是一种细长、两头尖、孔径小的输导分子；也进行次生加厚，但端壁不形成穿孔。,Developmentoftracheids管胞的发育,.,Structureofpit纹孔的结构,Simplepits,Borderedpits,B.管胞侧壁上的纹孔,.,C.Differenttypesoftracheids(不同类型的管胞）,.,导管与管胞,管胞,导管,.,Conductivepathwayofvesselsandtracheids导管与管胞输导途径示意,纹孔与纹孔对,穿孔板,穿孔板,.,3）SievetubeElements&CompanionCells筛管与伴胞,.,A.DevelopmentofSieveElements&CompanionCells筛管与伴胞的发育,A.正在分裂的筛管分子母细胞；B.筛管和伴胞已形成，P蛋白体形成；C.细胞核解体、液泡膜破裂，P蛋白体分散在细胞质中，靠细胞壁排列；D.成熟的筛管分子缺乏细胞壁和液泡，有开放的筛孔。1，胞间联丝2伴胞；3.液泡；4.胼胝体；5.P-蛋白体；6.解体细胞核；7.形成穿孔；8.分散的P-蛋白体；9.开放的筛孔,.,具有筛孔的筛板,具有筛孔的筛域,伴胞,筛孔,筛板,B.StructureofSieveElements筛管的结构,.,筛管纵切面示联络索,筛管横切面示筛板,.,4）筛胞：蕨类和裸子植物的韧皮部；细胞长梭形，侧壁上有分化不完善的筛孔；运输有机养分。,C.光合产物从细脉进入筛管的示意图,Movementofphotosynthatesintosievetubeelementofminorvein,.,Therearetwotypesofvascular,withinwhichsubstancesmove-usuallyinoppositedirections,xylemandphloem木质部和韧皮部.Xylemservesaswaterconductingtissue(ascendingtransport)（木质部是输导水的组织）phloemservesasthepathwayforphotosynthatemovement(descendingandascendingtransport).（韧皮部是运输光合产物的系统）,2.6VascularTissues维管组织,.,Componentsofxylem木质部组成成分,A.Vessels（导管）composedofvesselelementsonlyappearinangiosperm.导管由导管分子组成，仅存在于被子植物中。,B.Tracheids(管胞)appearinangiosperm,gymnospermandfern.管胞存在于被子植物，裸子植物和蕨类植物,.,3.ParenchymainXylem木薄壁细胞4.Fibersinxylem木纤维,Tiliaamericana椴树根的次生结构,.,A.SievetubeElements&CompanionCells筛管与伴胞,ComponentsofPhloem韧皮部组成成分,.,3.ParenchymainPhloem韧皮薄壁细胞4.FibersinPhloem韧皮纤维,.,Xylemandphloemconsistofvascular(conducting)elements（维管分子）,andoftenalsocontainparenchyma（薄壁组织）,sclerenchyma（厚壁组织）,andsecretorytissues（分泌组织）.,Phloem韧皮部,parenchyma（薄壁细胞）,sclerenchyma（厚壁组织）,Vesselelement（导管分子）,.,Open&closedvascularbundles无限与有限维管束,closedvascularbundlesOpenvascularbundlessp.inZeamaysinRanunculus玉米的有限维管束.毛茛的无限维管束,Vascularcambium维管