高考英语高考英语阅读理解的解题方法与技巧PPT课件

-,1,英语阅读理解的解题方法与技巧,高三英语专题复习,宋海锋,-,2,理解主旨要义。理解文中具体信息,并从中获取相关信息根据上下文推测生词的词义。作出判断和推理。理解文章的基本结构。理解作者的意图和态度。,阅读理解考什么？,-,3,考题特点,-,4,1，题材丰富，体裁多样,文体:记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文。注重考查学生对说明文和议论文的理解。,题材：生活，文化，时事，历史，人物，社会，科技，艺术，健康等各个方面,-,5,2，词汇量大，要求高，活用词比比皆是,近几年高考英语阅读量在2000个词以上，并逐年增加。提高阅读速度是高考命题的一大趋势。,-,6,3，语篇结构较为复杂，长难句较多,作者在阐述问题时使用了多种语篇手段和修辞方法，其篇章和句子结构几乎囊括了英语语法中的所有语法现象。,-,7,4，加大了对整体语篇理解，概括，细节判断和推理能力的考查,设问方式集中在：主旨大意题细节理解题，分析推理题，词义猜测题。针对文章细节，注重考生推理判断能力的考查。,-,8,不同类型问题的解题方法与技巧,-,9,1.主旨大意类题型2.推测判断类题型3.事实细节类题型4.猜测词义类题型,-,10,1.主旨大意类题型,主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意。一般不易在文中直接找到答案。,-,11,1）常见提问方式,1）Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis_2）Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage？3）Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily_4）Thepassageismostly/mainlyabout_.5）Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage？6）Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis_7）Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto8）Thepassageismeantto.,-,12,2）解题方法,A.分析篇章结构，找出文章主题B.全面分析细节，准确概括大意C.抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心,-,13,A.分析篇章结构，找出文章主题,在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。还有些文章中心句在全文的最后。此类文章往往以列举事实开头，通过论证最后阐述核心观点。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。,-,14,Sample1Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaventeatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti（意大利面条）,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast-foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.,-,15,Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandprosperity.Otherssaythatcompetitionisbad;thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.Q:Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A.Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect.B.Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.C.Competitionisharmfultopersonalqualitydevelopment.D.Failuresarenecessaryexperienceincompetition.,B,-,16,1）主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,-,17,Sample2,Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.,-,18,OntheInternet,wecanreadnewsathomeandabroadandgetasmuchinformationaswecan.Wealsoenjoymusic,watchballmatchesonthenetandplaycomputergames.Withthehelpofthenet,wecandoshoppingevenwithoutleavingourhomes.TheInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdailylife.,Sample3,-,19,2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。,-,20,Sample4,Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.,-,21,（3）在短文中间,当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.,-,22,B.全面分析细节，准确概括大意,在阅读中一定要对文章中提供的信息进行全面的分析。既不能片面行事，亦不可随意扩大。在解题时一定要仔细分析文章的细节，找出共同点，然后才能做出准确的判断。,-,23,Lacrosse(曲棍球)isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.Q:Thepassageismainlyabout.A.HowtoPlayLacrosseB.LacrosseinCanadaC.TheHistoryofLacrosseD.LacrosseAPopularGameinCanada,D,-,24,C.抓住文章主线，归纳文章中心,有些文章像记叙文，主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要通过阅读全文，抓住关键字或主要论题来归纳中心思想。,-,25,例题1：(2008年全国高考安徽卷C篇)Themainpurposeofthetextis_.A.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWestB.toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshakingC.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWestD.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad答案与解析：选B。主旨大意题。本文没有明确的主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。明显的主题句。通读全文后可知，文章主要是给我们介绍了握手的一些具体事实。由此可知答案B正确。,-,26,例题2:(2008年全国高考山东卷A篇）Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.ExactcampuscrimestatisticsB.CrimesonoraroundcampusesC.EffectivesolutionstocampuscrimeD.Concernsaboutkidscampussafety答案与解析：选D。该篇文章没有明显的主题句，但通过对文章四段的主旨分析，很容易得出全文紧紧围绕“关注大学校园安全问题（Concernsaboutkidscampussafety）”。,-,27,2.推理判断类题型,要求考生纵观全文，在掌握全文提供的各项信息的基础上进行正确的逻辑推理，推断作者的意图；人物的动机、目的、性格特征；事件的前因后果；语言中的语气等。此类题属于深层理解题，难度最大。但要取得高分就必须抓好此类考题。,-,28,1）常见提问方式,1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat_.2)Fromthetextweknowthat_.3)Thestoryimpliesthat_.4)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillmostprobablybe_.5)Thewritersattitudetoward.is_.6)Theauthorimplied（suggested）that_.7)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat8)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？9)Withwhichofthefollowingdoestheauthoragree？,-,29,2）解题方法,A.利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理B.结合一般常识，分析提供信息C.注意表层意思，悟出深层含义,-,30,A.利用已知信息，进行逻辑推理,推理判断题的答案一般在文中不可能直接找到，但这并不意味着读者可以随意判断。解答此类题时必须充分利用文中所提供的信息进行合乎逻辑的推断。在做这类题时必须要注意两点：第一，要分清题目是问作者的观点还是读者的观点，二者不可混淆。第二，不要脱离原文凭自己意愿乱推测或只凭常识推测。所做出的答案一定要在文中直接或间接找到依据或理由。,-,31,Example1Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant，“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches(蟑螂)andtwospiders.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised.“Well，”repliedtheman，“ImmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”Q：Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintothehouse,itwas_.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsects,D,-,32,B.结合一般常识,分析提供信息,在对文章进行分析判断时，有时在文章所提供信息的基础上，读者还需要运用一般常识进行合理推断。,-,33,MONTREAL(Reuters)CrossingtheUS-Canadaborder(边界)togotochurchonaSundaycostaUScitizen$10,000forbreakingWashingtonsstrictnewsecurity(安全)rules.WelearnfromthetextthatRichardAlbertis_.A.anAmericanlivinginTownship15B.aCanadianlivinginaQuebecvillageC.aCanadianworkinginacustomsstationD.anAmericanworkinginaCanadianchurch,A,-,34,Albertwasfinedbecausehe_.A.failedtoobeytrafficrules.B.broketheAmericansecurityrules.C.workedinSt.Pamphilewithoutapass.D.damagedthegateofthecustomsoffice.,B,-,35,C.注意表层意思,悟出深层含义,在进行阅读判断时还要注意在语篇层面上进行深层的连贯性思考，要学会去伪存真、由表及里去推测作者的真正意图。考试中这类题目不多但是难度较大，极易失分。,-,36,Somepeopleareneverright.Theyneverhavegoodluck.Sothesepeoplealwayshaveproblems.Theyoftenbreakdishes.Theysometimesmissbusesandairplanes.Mr.Neffisdifferent.Heisalwaysright.Heseldomhasproblems.Henevermissesbusesorairplanes.Evenifhedoesmissthem，itisalwaysthefaultofthebusesorairplanes.Mr.Neffknowsalmosteverything.Heneversays，“Idontknow.”Q:WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthewritersattitudetoMr.Neff?A.HefindsMr.Neffhardtounderstand.B.HethinksMr.Neffwonderful.C.HefeelspityforMr.Neff.D.HedoesnotlikeMr.Neff.,-,37,3.细节类题型,考查学生找出阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章中主要事实的能力。细节题的考查每年高考中都有一定比例。一般难度较低，属于浅层理解题，得分率较高。,-,38,1）常见提问方式,以what,which,where等疑问词开头,后接短文具体内容提问；以fromthetext,accordingto开头,后接短文具体内容提问；以某个细节提问；以true,nottrue提问；就文中细节进行简单计算、排序、识图等提问。,-,39,2）解题方法,细节类题型的共同特点是：就文中某一个事实或细节提问。要求考生在文中找出相关的事实或细节。此类题型的解题方法是“三步定位法”：1)我们先通过题干信息来选择定位词(关键词)，2)返回原文，查找这个词在文中哪句话中出现，3)题目的答案一般就包含在这句话中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到.,-,40,Scientistssaywereallbornwithasenseofdirection,butitisnotproperlyunderstoodhowitworks.Onetheoryisthatpeoplewithagoodsenseofdirectionhavesimplyworkedharderatdevelopingit.（2008上海卷A）Scientistsbelievethat_.A.somebabiesarebornwithasenseofdirection.B.peoplelearnasenseofdirectionastheygrowolderC.peopleneverlosetheirsenseofdirectionD.everybodypossessesasenseofdirectionfrombirth,D,-,41,“Childrenasyoungassevenhavetheabilitytofindtheirwayaround,”saysJimMartland,ResearchDirectoroftheproject.Whatistrueofseven-year-oldchildrenaccordingtothepassage?A.TheyneverhaveasenseofdirectionwithoutmapsB.TheyshouldneverbeallowedoutaloneiftheylackasenseofdirectionC.TheyhaveasenseofdirectionandcanfindtheirwayaroundD.Theycandevelopagoodsenseofdirectioniftheyaredrivenaroundinacar.,C,-,42,Simplifythewayoffindingyourdirectionbyusinglinessuchasstreetsinatown,streams,orwallsinthecountrysidetoguideyou.Accordingtothepassage,thebestwaytofindyourwayaroundisto_.A.askpolicemenfordirections.B.usewalls,streams,andstreetstoguideyourselfC.rememberyourroutebylookingoutforstepsandstairsD.countthenumberoflandmarksthatyousee,B,-,43,在做细节题时一定要具有迅速获取有效信息的能力。按考试说明规定做阅读题的时间是35分钟，但在考试中一般学生做阅读题都超过了这一规定时间。问题在于考生阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的阅读技巧。,-,44,有些阅读材料如新闻报道，故事，应用文体等在阅读时不必逐字逐句去理解，可先进行快速略读（skim）领会文章大概意思，再看题目，然后根据题目要求再扫读（scan）文章，获取相关信息。与题目无关的内容完全不必费时去理会。,-,45,4.猜测词义类题型,在阅读中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年高考中均有此类题目。有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。,-,46,1）Theunderlinedword（phrase）inthepassagemeans_2）Thewordit（them）inthefirstparagraphrefersto_3）Theunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraphmeans_4）Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph？,1)词义猜测题题的提问方式,-,47,1）从文章,段落,句子的结构去推测词义。2）借助作者对词义的解释。3）从上下文的对比中猜到词义。4）运用常识进行判断。5）利用例证猜词6)根据复述或同等关系猜测词义,2）解题方法,-,48,1）从文章,段落,句子的结构去推测词义,“Nocrimewhatsoever?”commentsMahoneytoday.“Ijustdontbuyit.”Norshouldhe:in1999theU.S.Departmentofeducationhadreportsofnearly400,000seriouscrimesonoraroundourcampuses.Q:Theunderlinedword“buy”inthethirdparagraphmeans_.A.mindB.admitC.believeD.expect,C,-,49,2）借助作者对词义的解释。,例题1：Wrestlingisthegamewhichisplayedbytwostrongpeople;oneplayertriedtogettheotherdownonthefloor.例题2：Scientistsgrowlargequantitiesofcommonmould(霉菌)sothattheycangetpenicillin(盘尼西林(青霉素)fromitinordertomakeantibiotics,thatis,substancesthatkillgerms(细菌).,抗生素,摔跤,-,50,Somefamilynamesweremadebyaddingsomethingtothefathersname.English-speakingpeopleaddedsorson.TheJohnsonsaredescendantsofJohn;（2010江苏）Theunderlinedword“descendants”inthelastparagraphmeansapersons_.A.latergenerationsB.friendsandrelativesC.colleaguesandpartnersD.latersponsors,A,-,51,3）从上下文的对比中猜到词义,Theplantisoftenprunedsothatitremainsonly60to90centimetershigh.Pruningisimportantbecauseitencouragesthegrowthoftendershoots,oryoungleaves.Itisfromtheseshootsthatthebestteaisgot.(08江西)Q:Theunderlinedword“pruning”meansAregularcuttingoftheplantsBfrequentwateringCregularuseofchemicalsD