2016年6月英语四级考试真题及答案第1套

2016年6月英语四级真题第一套（文字版整理）PARTIWRITING（30MINUTES）DIRECTIONSFORTHISPART,YOUAREALLOWED30MINUTESTOWRITEALETTERTOEXPRESSYOURTHANKSTOYOURPARENTSORANYFAMILYMEMBERSUPONMAKINGMEMORABLEACHIEVEMENTYOUSHOULDWRITEATLEAST120WORDSBUTNOMORETHAN180WORDS。PARTLISTENINGCOMPREHENSION（25MINUTES）SECTIONADIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，YOUWILLHEARTHREENEWSREPORTS。ATTHEENDOFEACHNEWSREPORT，YOUWILLHEARTWOORTHREEQUESTIONS。BOTHTHENEWSREPORTANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCE。AFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION，YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA），B），C）ANDD）。THENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE。QUESTIONS1AND2AREBASEDONTHENEWSREPORTYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。1。A）THEINTERNATIONALLABORORGANIZATIONSKEYOBJECTIVE。B）THEBASICSOCIALPROTECTIONFORTHEMOSTVULNERABLE。C）RISINGUNEMPLOYMENTWORLDWIDE。D）GLOBALECONOMICRECOVERY。2。A）MANYCOUNTRIESHAVENOTTAKENMEASURESTOCREATEENOUGHJOBS。B）FEWCOUNTRIESKNOWHOWTOADDRESSTHECURRENTECONOMICCRISIS。C）FEWCOUNTRIESHAVEREALIZEDTHESERIOUSNESSOFTHECURRENTCRISIS。D）MANYCOUNTRIESNEEDSUPPORTTOIMPROVETHEIRPEOPLESLIVELIHOOD。QUESTIONS3AND4AREBASEDONTHENEWSREPORTYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。3。A）SERVESTANDARDIZEDFOODNATIONWIDE。B）PUTCALORIEINFORMATIONONTHEMENU。C）INCREASEPROTEINCONTENTINTHEFOOD。D）OFFERCONVENIENTFOODTOCUSTOMERS。4。A）THEYWILLBEFINED。B）THEYWILLBECLOSED。C）THEYWILLGETAWARNING。D）THEYWILLLOSECUSTOMERS。QUESTIONS5TO7AREBASEDONTHENEWSREPORTYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。5。A）INABILITYTOIMPLEMENTTHEIRBUSINESSPLANS。B）INABILITYTOKEEPTURNINGOUTNOVELPRODUCTS。C）LACKOFASUCCESSFULBUSINESSMODELOFTHEIROWN。D）FAILURETOINTEGRATEINNOVATIONINTOTHEIRBUSINESS。6。A）ITISTHESECRETTOBUSINESSSUCCESS。B）ITISTHECREATIONOFSOMETHINGNEW。C）ITISAMAGICTOOLTOBRINGBIGREWARDS。D）ITISANESSENTIALPARTOFBUSINESSCULTURE。7。A）ITSHARDWORKINGEMPLOYEES。B）ITSFLEXIBLEPROMOTIONSTRATEGY。C）ITSINNOVATIONCULTURE。D）ITSWILLINGNESSTOMAKEINVESTMENTS。SECTIONBDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，YOUWILLHEARTWOLONGCONVERSATIONS。ATTHEENDOFEACHCONVERSATIONSYOUWILLHEARFOURQUESTIONS。BOTHTHECONVERSATIONSANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCE。AFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION。YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA），B），C）ANDD）。THENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE。QUESTIONS8TO11AREBASEDONTHECONVERSATIONYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。8。A）HESGOTADDICTEDTOTECHNOLOGY。B）HEISNOTVERYGOODATSOCIALIZING。C）HEISCRAZYABOUTTEXTMESSAGING。D）HEDOESNOTTALKLONGONTHEPHONE。9。A）TALKBIG。B）TALKATLENGTH。C）GOSSIPALOT。D）FORGETHERSELF。10。A）HETHOUGHTITWASCOOL。B）HENEEDEDTHEPRACTICE。C）HEWANTEDTOSTAYCONNECTEDWITHTHEM。D）HEHADANURGENTMESSAGETOSEND。11。A）ITPOSESACHALLENGETOSENIORS。B）ITSAVESBOTHTIMEANDMONEY。C）ITISCHILDISHANDUNPROFESSIONAL。D）ITISCOOLANDCONVENIENT。QUESTIONS12TO15AREBASEDONTHECONVERSATIONYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。12。A）HEWANTSTOCHANGEHISJOBASSIGNMENT。B）HEISUNHAPPYWITHHISDEPARTMENTMANAGER。C）HETHINKSHEDESERVESEXTRAPAYFOROVERTIME。D）HEISOFTENSINGLEDOUTFORCRITICISMBYHISBOSS。13。A）HISWORKLOADWASMUCHTOOHEAVY。B）HISIMMEDIATEBOSSDIDNOTTRUSTHIM。C）HISCOLLEAGUESOFTENREFUSEDTOCOOPERATE。D）HISSALARYWASTOOLOWFORHISRESPONSIBILITY。14。A）HENEVERKNOWSHOWTOREFUSE。B）HEISALWAYSREADYTOHELPOTHERS。C）HISBOSSHASALOTOFTRUSTINHIM。D）HISBOSSHASNOSENSEOFFAIRNESS。15。A）PUTALLHISCOMPLAINTSINWRITING。B）WAITANDSEEWHATHAPPENSNEXT。C）LEARNTOSAYNOWHENNECESSARY。D）TALKTOHISBOSSINPERSONFIRST。SECTIONCDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，YOUWILLHEARTHREEPASSAGES。ATTHEENDOFEACHPASSAGE，YOUWILLHEARTHREEORFOURQUESTIONS。BOTHTHEPASSAGEANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCE。AFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION，YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA），B），C）ANDD）。THENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE。QUESTIONS16TO18AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。16。A）THEIMPORTANCEOFSLEEPTOAHEALTHYLIFE。B）REASONSFORAMERICANSDECLINEINSLEEP。C）SOMETIPSTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFSLEEP。D）DISEASESASSOCIATEDWITHLACKOFSLEEP。17。A）THEYAREMOREHEALTHCONSCIOUS。B）THEYARECHANGINGTHEIRLIVINGHABITS。C）THEYGETLESSANDLESSSLEEP。D）THEYKNOWTHEDANGERSOFLACKOFSLEEP。18。A）THEIRWEIGHTWILLGODOWN。B）THEIRMINDFUNCTIONWILLDETERIORATE。C）THEIRWORKEFFICIENCYWILLDECREASE。D）THEIRBLOODPRESSUREWILLRISE。QUESTIONS19TO21AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。19。A）HOWMUCHYOUCANAFFORDTOPAY。B）WHATCOURSEYOUAREGOINGTOCHOOSE。C）WHICHUNIVERSITYYOUAREGOINGTOAPPLYTO。D）WHENYOUAREGOINGTOSUBMITYOURAPPLICATION。20。A）THELISTOFCOURSESSTUDIED。B）THEFULLRECORDOFSCORES。C）THEREFERENCESFROMTEACHERS。D）THEPERSONALSTATEMENT。21。A）SPECIFYWHATTHEYWOULDLIKETODOAFTERGRADUATION。B）DESCRIBEINDETAILHOWMUCHTHEYWOULDENJOYSTUDYING。C）INDICATETHEYHAVEREFLECTEDANDTHOUGHTABOUTTHESUBJECT。D）EMPHASIZETHATTHEYADMIRETHEPROFESSORSINTHEUNIVERSITY。QUESTIONS22TO25AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。22。A）ITWASEQUIPPEDWITHRUBBERTYRES。B）ITWASBUILTINTHELATE19THCENTURY。C）ITWASPURCHASEDBYTHEROYALFAMILY。D）ITWASDESIGNEDBYANENGLISHENGINEER。23。A）THEYCONSUMEDLOTSOFPETROL。B）THEYTOOKTWOPASSENGERSONLY。C）THEYWEREDIFFICULTTODRIVE。D）THEYOFTENBROKEDOWN。24。A）THEYWEREPRODUCEDONTHEASSEMBLYLINE。B）THEYWEREBUILTWITHLESSCOSTLYMATERIALS。C）THEYWEREMODELEDAFTERBRITISHCARS。D）THEYWEREMADEFORORDINARYUSE。25。A）ITMADENEWSALLOVERTHEWORLD。B）ITWASBUILTFORTHEROYALFAMILY。C）ITMARKEDANEWERAINMOTORTRAVEL。D）ITATTRACTEDLARGENUMBERSOFMOTORISTS。PARTIIIREADINGCOMPREHENSION（40MINUTES）SECTIONADIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，THEREISAPASSAGEWITHTENBLANKS。YOUAREREQUIREDTOSELECTONEWORDFOREACHBLANKFROMALISTOFCHOICESGIVENINAWORDBANKFOLLOWINGTHEPASSAGE。READTHEPASSAGETHROUGHCAREFULLYBEFOREMAKINGYOURCHOICES。EACHCHOICEINTHEBANKISIDENTIFIEDBYALETTER。PLEASEMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERFOREACHITEMONANSWERSHEET2WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE。YOUMAYNOTUSEANYOFTHEWORDSINTHEBANKMORETHANONCE。QUESTIONS26TO35AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD。PHYSICALACTIVITYDOESTHEBODYGOOD,ANDTHERESGROWINGEVIDENCETHATITHELPSTHEBRAINTOORESEARCHERSINTHENETHERLANDSREPORTTHATCHILDRENWHOGETMOREEXERCISE,WHETHERATSCHOOLORONTHEIROWN,（26）TOHAVEHIGHERGPASANDBETTERSCORESONSTANDARDIZEDTESTSINA（27）OF14STUDIESTHATLOOKEDATPHYSICALACTIVITYANDACADEMIC（28）,INVESTIGATORSFOUNDTHATTHEMORECHILDRENMOVED,THEBETTERTHEIRGRADESWEREINSCHOOL,（29）INTHEBASICSUBJECTSOFMATH,ENGLISHANDREADINGTHEDATAWILLCERTAINLYFUELTHEONGOINGDEBATEOVERWHETHERPHYSICALEDUCATIONCLASSESSHOULDBECUTASSCHOOLSSTRUGGLETO（30）ONSMALLERBUDGETSTHEARGUMENTSAGAINSTPHYSICALEDUCATIONHAVEINCLUDEDCONCERNSTHATGYMTIMEMAYBETAKINGAWAYFROMSTUDYTIMEWITHSTANDARDIZEDTESTSCORESINTHEUS（31）INRECENTYEARS,SOMEADMINISTRATORSBELIEVESTUDENTSNEEDTOSPENDMORETIMEINTHECLASSROOMINSTEADOFONTHEPLAYGROUNDBUTASTHESEFINDINGSSHOW,EXERCISEANDACADEMICSMAYNOTBE（32）EXCLUSIVEPHYSICALACTIVITYCANIMPROVEBLOOD（33）TOTHEBRAIN,FUELINGMEMORY,ATTENTIONANDCREATIVITY,WHICHARE（34）TOLEARNINGANDEXERCISERELEASESHORMONESTHATCANIMPROVE（35）ANDRELIEVESTRESS,WHICHCANALSOHELPLEARNINGSOWHILEITMAYSEEMASIFKIDSAREJUSTEXERCISINGTHEIRBODIESWHENTHEYRERUNNINGAROUND,THEYMAYACTUALLYBEEXERCISINGTHEIRBRAINSASWELL注意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A）ATTENDANCEB）CONSEQUENTLYC）CURRENTD）DEPRESSINGE）DROPPINGF）ESSENTIALG）FEASIBLEH）FLOWI）MOODJ）MUTUALLYK）PARTICULARLYL）PERFORMANCEM）REVIEWN）SURVIVEO）TENDSECTIONBDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION，YOUAREGOINGTOREADAPASSAGEWITHTENSTATEMENTSATTACHEDTOIT。EACHSTATEMENTCONTAINSINFORMATIONGIVENINONEOFTHEPARAGRAPHS。IDENTIFYTHEPARAGRAPHFROMWHICHTHEINFORMATIONISDERIVED。YOUMAYCHOOSEAPARAGRAPHMORETHANONCE。EACHPARAGRAPHISMARKEDWITHALETTER。ANSWERTHEQUESTIONSBYMARKINGTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET2。FINDINGTHERIGHTHOMEANDCONTENTMENT，TOOAWHENYOURELDERLYRELATIVENEEDSTOENTERSOMESORTOFLONGTERMCAREFACILITYAMOMENTFEWPARENTSORCHILDRENAPPROACHWITHOUTFEARWHATYOUWOULDLIKEISTOHAVEEVERYTHINGMADECLEAR。BDOESASSISTEDLIVINGREALLYMARKAGREATIMPROVEMENTOVERANURSINGHOME，ORHASTHEINDUSTRYSIMPLYHIREDBETTERINTERIORDESIGNERSARENURSINGHOMESASBADASPEOPLEFEAR，ORISTHATANOUTMODEDSTEREOTYPE（固定看法）CANDOINGONESHOMEWORKREALLYSTEERFAMILIESTOTHEBESTPLACESITISGENUINELYHARDTOKNOW。CIAMABOUTTOMAKETHINGSMORECOMPLICATEDBYSUGGESTINGTHATWHATKINDOFFACILITYANOLDERPERSONLIVESINMAYMATTERLESSTHANWEHAVEASSUMED。ANDTHATTHECHARACTERISTICSADULTCHILDRENLOOKFORWHENTHEYBEGINTHESEARCHARENOTNECESSARILYTHETHINGSTHATMAKEADIFFERENCETOTHEPEOPLEWHOAREGOINGTOMOVEIN。IAMNOTTALKINGABOUTTHEQUALITYOFCARE，LETMEHASTILYADD。NOBODYFLOURISHESINAGLOOMYENVIRONMENTWITHIRRESPONSIBLESTAFFANDAPOORSAFETYRECORD。BUTANACCUMULATINGBODYOFRESEARCHINDICATESTHATSOMEDISTINCTIONSBETWEENONETYPEOFELDERCAREANDANOTHERHAVELITTLEREALBEARINGONHOWWELLRESIDENTSDO。DTHEMOSTRECENTOFTHESESTUDIES，PUBLISHEDINTHEJOURNALOFAPPLIEDGERONTOLOGY，SURVEYED150CONNECTICUTRESIDENTSOFASSISTEDLIVING，NURSINGHOMESANDSMALLERRESIDENTIALCAREHOMES（KNOWNINSOMESTATESASBOARDANDCAREHOMESORADULTCAREHOMES）。RESEARCHERSFROMTHEUNIVERSITYOFCONNECTICUTHEALTHCENTERASKEDTHERESIDENTSALARGENUMBEROFQUESTIONSABOUTTHEIRQUALITYOFLIFE，EMOTIONALWELLBEINGANDSOCIALINTERACTION，ASWELLASABOUTTHEQUALITYOFTHEFACILITIES。E“WETHOUGHTWEWOULDSEEDIFFERENCESBASEDONTHEHOUSINGTYPES，”SAIDTHELEADAUTHOROFTHESTUDY，JULIEROBISON，ANASSOCIATEPROFESSOROFMEDICINEATTHEUNIVERSITY。AREASONABLEASSUMPTIONDONTFAMILIESSTRUGGLETOAVOIDNURSINGHOMESANDSUFFERREALGUILTIFTHEYCANTFINTHEINITIALRESULTS，ASSISTEDLIVINGRESIDENTSDIDPAINTTHEMOSTPOSITIVEPICTURE。THEYWERELESSLIKELYTOREPORTSYMPTOMSOFDEPRESSIONTHANTHOSEINTHEOTHERFACILITIES，FORINSTANCE，ANDLESSLIKELYTOBEBOREDORLONELY。THEYSCOREDHIGHERONSOCIALINTERACTION。GBUTWHENTHERESEARCHERSPLUGGEDINANUMBEROFOTHERVARIABLES，SUCHDIFFERENCESDISAPPEARED。ITISNOTTHEHOUSINGTYPE，THEYFOUND，THATCREATESDIFFERENCESINRESIDENTSRESPONSES。“ITISTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESPECIFICENVIRONMENTTHEYAREIN，COMBINEDWITHTHEIROWNPERSONALCHARACTERISTICSHOWHEALTHYTHEYFEELTHEYARE，THEIRAGEANDMARITALSTATUS，”DR。ROBISONEXPLAINED。WHETHERRESIDENTSFELTINVOLVEDINTHEDECISIONTOMOVEANDHOWLONGTHEYHADLIVEDTHEREALSOPROVEDSIGNIFICANT。HANELDERLYPERSONWHODESCRIBESHERSELFASINPOORHEALTH，THEREFORE，MIGHTBENOLESSDEPRESSEDINASSISTEDLIVING（EVENIFHERCHILDRENPREFERREDIT）THANINANURSINGHOME。APERSONWHOBADINPUTINTOWHEREHEWOULDMOVEANDHASHADTIMETOADAPTTOITMIGHTDOASWELLINANURSINGHOMEASINASMALLRESIDENTIALCAREHOME，OTHERFACTORSBEINGEQUAL。ITISANINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEPERSONANDTHEPLACE，NOTTHESORTOFPLACEINITSELF，THATLEADSTOBETTERORWORSEEXPERIENCES。“YOUCANTJUSTSAY，LETSPUTTHISPERSONINARESIDENTIALCAREHOMEINSTEADOFANURSINGHOMESHEWILLBEMUCHBETTEROFF，”DR。ROBISONSAID。WHATMATTERS，SHEADDED，“ISACOMBINATIONOFWHATPEOPLEBRINGINWITHTHEM，ANDWHATTHEYFINDTHERE。”ISUCHFINDINGS，WHICHRUNCOUNTERTOCOMMONSENSE，HAVESURFACEDBEFORE。INAMULTISTATESTUDYOFASSISTEDLIVING，FORINSTANCE，UNIVERSITYOFNORTHCAROLINARESEARCHERSFOUNDTHATAHOSTOFVARIABLESTHEFACILITYSTYPE，SIZEORAGE；WHETHERACHAINOWNEDIT；HOWATTRACTIVETHENEIGHBORHOODWASHADNOSIGNIFICANTRELATIONSHIPTOHOWTHERESIDENTSFAREDINTERMSOFILLNESS，MENTALDECLINE，HOSPITALIZATIONSORMORTALITY。WHATMATTEREDMOSTWASTHERESIDENTSPHYSICALHEALTHANDMENTALSTATUS。WHATPEOPLEWERELIKEWHENTHEYCAMEINHADGREATERCONSEQUENCETHANWHATHAPPENEDONETHEYWERETHERE。JASIWASCONSIDERINGALLTHIS，APRESSRELEASEFROMARESPECTEDRESEARCHFIRMCROSSEDMYDESK，ANNOUNCINGTHATTHEFIVESTARRATINGSYSTEMTHATMEDICAREDEVELOPEDIN2008TOHELPFAMILIESCOMPARENURSINGHOMEQUALITYALSOHASLITTLERELATIONSHIPTOHOWSATISFIEDITSRESIDENTSORTHEIRFAMILYMEMBERSARE。ASAMATTEROFFACT，CONSUMERSEXPRESSEDHIGHERSATISFACTIONWITHTHEONESTARFACILITIES，THELOWESTRATED，THANWITHTHEFIVESTARONES。（MOREONTHISSTUDYANDTHESTARRATINGSWILLAPPEARINASUBSEQUENTPOST。）KBEFOREWECOLLECTIVELYTEAROURHAIROUTHOWAREWESUPPOSEDTOFINDOURWAYINALANDSCAPETHISCONFUSINGHEREISATHOUGHTFROMDR。PHILIPSLOANE，AGERIATRICIAN（老年病学专家）ATTHEUNIVERSITYOFNORTHCAROLINA“INAWAY，THATCOULDBELIBERATINGFORFAMILIES。”LOFCOURSE，SONSANDDAUGHTERSWANTTOVISITTHEFACILITIES，TALKTOTHEADMINISTRATORSANDRESIDENTSANDOTHERFAMILIES，ANDDOEVERYTHINGPOSSIBLETOFULFILLTHEIRDUTIES。BUTPERHAPSTHEYDONTHAVETOTURNTHEMSELVESINTOPRIVATEINVESTIGATORSORCONGRESSIONALSUBCOMMITTEES。“FAMILIESCANLOOKABITMOREFORWHERETHERESIDENTSAREGOINGTOBEHAPPY，”DR。SLOANESAID。ANDINVOLVINGTHEFUTURERESIDENTINTHEPROCESSCANBEVERYIMPORTANT。MWEALLHAVEOUROWNIDEASABOUTWHATWOULDBRINGOURPARENTSHAPPINESS。THEYHAVETHEIRIDEAS，TOO。AFRIENDRECENTLYTOOKHERMOTHERTOVISITANEXPENSIVEASSISTEDLIVING/NURSINGHOMENEARMYTOWN。IHAVESEENTHISPLACEITISELEGANT，INSIDEANDOUT。BUTNOBODYGREETEDTHEDAUGHTERANDMOTHERWHENTHEYARRIVED，THOUGHTHEVISITHADBEENPLANNED；NOBODYINTRODUCEDTHEMTOTHEOTHERRESIDENTS。WHENTHEYHADLUNCHINTHEDININGROOM，THEYSATALONEATATABLE。NTHEDAUGHTERFEAREDHERMOTHERWOULDBEIGNOREDTHERE，ANDSOSHEDECIDEDTOMOVEHERINTOAMOREWELCOMINGFACILITY。BASEDONWHATISEMERGINGFROMSOMEOFTHISRESEARCH，THATMIGHTHAVEBEENASRATIONALAWAYASANYTOREACHADECISION。36。MANYPEOPLEFEELGUILTYWHENTHEYCANNOTFINDAPLACEOTHERTHANANURSINGHOMEFORTHEIRPARENTS。37THOUGHITHELPSFORCHILDRENTOINVESTIGATECAREFACILITIES，INVOLVINGTHEIRPARENTSINTHEDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSMAYPROVEVERYIMPORTANT。38ITISREALLYDIFFICULTTOTELLIFASSISTEDLIVINGISBETTERTHANANURSINGHOME。39HOWARESIDENTFEELSDEPENDSONANINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEMSELVESANDTHECAREFACILITYTHEYLIVEIN。40THEAUTHORTHINKSHERFRIENDMADEARATIONALDECISIONINCHOOSINGAMOREHOSPITABLEPLACEOVERANAPPARENTLYELEGANTASSISTEDLIVINGHOME。41THESYSTEMMEDICAREDEVELOPEDTORATENURSINGHOMEQUALITYISOFLITTLEHELPTOFINDINGASATISFACTORYPLACE。42ATFIRSTTHERESEARCHERSOFTHEMOSTRECENTSTUDYFOUNDRESIDENTSINASSISTEDLIVINGFACILITIESGAVEHIGHERSCORESONSOCIALINTERACTION。43WHATKINDOFCAREFACILITYOLDPEOPLELIVEINMAYBELESSIMPORTANTTHANWETHINK。44THEFINDINGSOFTHELATESTRESEARCHWERESIMILARTOANEARLIERMULTISTATESTUDYOFASSISTEDLIVING。45ARESIDENTSSATISFACTIONWITHACAREFACILITYHASMUCHTODOWITHWHETHERTHEYHADPARTICIPATEDINTHEDECISIONTOMOVEINANDHOWLONGTHEYHADSTAYEDTHERE。SECTIONCDIRECTIONSTHEREARE2PASSAGESINTHISSECTION。EACHPASSAGEISFOLLOWEDBYSOMEQUESTIONSORUNFINISHEDSTATEMENTS。FOREACHOFTHEMTHEREAREFOURCHOICESMARKEDA），B），C）ANDD）。YOUSHOULDDECIDEONTHEBESTCHOICEANDMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET2WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE。PASSAGEONEQUESTIONS46TO50AREBASEDONTHEFOLLOWINGPASSAGE。ASARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE（AI）BECOMESINCREASINGLYSOPHISTICATED，THEREAREGROWINGCONCERNSTHATROBOTSCOULDBECOMEATHREAT。THISDANGERCANBEAVOIDED，ACCORDINGTOCOMPUTERSCIENCEPROFESSORSTUARTRUSSELL，IFWEFIGUREOUTHOWTOTURNHUMANVALUESINTOAPROGRAMMABLECODE。RUSSELLARGUESTHATASROBOTSTAKEONMORECOMPLICATEDTASKS，ITSNECESSARYTOTRANSLATEOURMORALSINTOAILANGUAGE。FOREXAMPLE，IFAROBOTDOESCHORESAROUNDTHEHOUSE，YOUWOULDNTWANTITTOPUTTHEPETCATINTHEOVENTOMAKEDINNERFORTHEHUNGRYCHILDREN。“YOUWOULDWANTTHATROBOTPRELOADEDWITHAGOODSETOFVALUES，”SAIDRUSSELL。SOMEROBOTSAREALREADYPROGRAMMEDWITHBASICHUMANVALUES。FOREXAMPLE，MOBILEROBOTSHAVEBEENPROGRAMMEDTOKEEPACOMFORTABLEDISTANCEFROMHUMANS。OBVIOUSLYTHEREARECULTURALDIFFERENCES，BUTIFYOUWERETALKINGTOANOTHERPERSONANDTHEYCAMEUPCLOSEINYOURPERSONALSPACE，YOUWOULDNTTHINKTHATSTHEKINDOFTHINGAPROPERLYBROUGHTUPPERSONWOULDDO。ITWILLBEPOSSIBLETOCREATEMORESOPHISTICATEDMORALMACHINES，IFONLYWECANFINDAWAYTOSETOUTHUMANVALUESASCLEARRULES。ROBOTSCOULDALSOLEARNVALUESFROMDRAWINGPATTERNSFROMLARGESETSOFDATAONHUMANBEHAVIOR。THEYAREDANGEROUSONLYIFPROGRAMMERSARECARELESS。THEBIGGESTCONCERNWITHROBOTSGOINGAGAINSTHUMANVALUESISTHATHUMANBEINGSFAILTOSOSUFFICIENTTESTINGANDTHEYVEPRODUCEDASYSTEMTHATWILLBREAKSOMEKINDOFTABOO（禁忌）。ONESIMPLECHECKWOULDBETOPROGRAMAROBOTTOCHECKTHECORRECTCOURSEOFACTIONWITHAHUMANWHENPRESENTEDWITHANUNUSUALSITUATION。IFTHEROBOTISUNSUREWHETHERANANIMALISSUITABLEFORTHEMICROWAVE，ITHASTHEOPPORTUNITYTOSTOP，SENDOUTBEEPS（嘟嘟声），ANDASKFORDIRECTIONSFROMAHUMAN。IFWEHUMANSARENTQUITESUREABOUTADECISION，WEGOANDASKSOMEBODYELSE。THEMOSTDIFFICULTSTEPINPROGRAMMINGVALUESWILLBEDECIDINGEXACTLYWHATWEBELIEVEINMORAL，ANDHOWTOCREATEASETOFETHICALRULES。BUTIFWECOMEUPWITHANANSWER，ROBOTSCOULDBEGOODFORHUMANITY。46WHATDOESTHEAUTHORSAYABOUTTHETHREATOFROBOTSA）ITMAYCONSTITUTEACHALLENGETOCOMPUTERPROGRANMERS。B）ITACCOMPANIESALLMACHINERYINVOLVINGHIGHTECHNOLOGY。C）ITCANBEAVOIDEDIFHUMANVALUESARETRANSLATEDINTOTHEIRLANGUAGE。D）ITHASBECOMEANINEVITABLEPERILASTECHNOLOGYGETSMORESOPHISTICATED。47WHATWOULDWETHINKOFAPERSONWHOINVADESOURPERSONALSPACEACCORDINGTOTHEAUTHORA）THEYAREAGGRESSIVE。B）THEYAREOUTGOING。C）THEYAREIGNORANT。D）THEYAREILLBRED。48HOWDOROBOTSLEARNHUMANVALUESA）BYINTERACTINGWITHHUMANSINEVERYDAYLIFESITUATIONS。B）BYFOLLOWINGTHEDAILYROUTINESOFCIVILIZEDHUMANBEINGS。C）BYPICKINGUPPATTERNSFROMMASSIVEDATAONHUMANBEHAVIOR。D）BYIMITATINGTHEBEHAVIOROFPROPERTYBROUGHTUPHUMANBEINGS。49WHATWILLAWELLPROGRAMMEDROBOTDOWHENFACINGANUNUSUALSITUATIONA）KEEPADISTANCEFROMPOSSIBLEDANGERS。B）STOPTOSEEKADVICEFROMAHUMANBEING。C）TRIGGERITSBUILTINALARMSYSTEMATONCE。D）DOSUFFICIENTTESTINGBEFORETAKINGACTION。50WHATISMOSTDIFFICULTTODOWHENWETURNHUMANVALUESINTOAPROGRAMMABLECODEA）DETERMINEWHATISMORALANDETHICAL。B）DESIGNSOMELARGESCALEEXPERIMENTS。C）SETRULESFORMANMACHINEINTERACTION。D）DEVELOPAMORESOPHISTICATEDPROGRAM。PASSAGETWOQUESTIONS51TO55AREBASEDONTHEFOLLOWINGPASSAGE。WHYDOSOMEPEOPLELIVETOBEOLDERTHANOTHERSYOUKNOWTHESTANDARDEXPLANATIONSKEEPINGAMODERATEDIET，ENGAGINGINREGULAREXERCISE，ETC。BUTWHATEFFECTDOESYOURPERSONALITYHAVEONYOURLONGEVITY（长寿）DOSOMEKINDSOFPERSONALITIESLEADTOLONGERLIVESANEWSTUDYINTHEJOURNALOFTHEAMERICANGERIATRICSSOCIETYLOOKEDATTHISQUESTIONBYEXAMININGTHEPERSONALITYCHARACTERISTICSOF246CHILDRENOFPEOPLEWHOHADLIVEDTOBEATLEAST100。THESTUDYSHOWSTHATTHOSELIVINGTHELONGESTAREMOREOUTGOING，MOREACTIVEANDLESSNEUROTIC（神经质的）THANOTHERPEOPLE。LONGLIVINGWOMENAREALSOMORELIKELYTOBESYMPATHETICANDCOOPERATIVETHANWOMENWITHANORMALLIFESPAN。THESEFINDINGSAREINAGREEMENTWITHWHATYOUWOULDEXPECTFROMTHEEVOLUTIONARYTHEORYTHOSEWHOLIKETOMAKEFRIENDSANDHELPOTHERSCANGATHERENOUGHRESOURCESTOMAKEITTHROUGHTOUGHTIMES。INTERESTINGLY，HOWEVER，OTHERCHARACTERISTICSTHATYOUMIGHTCONSIDERADVANTAGEOUSHADNOIMPACTONWHETHERSTUDYPARTICIPANTSWERELIKELYTOLIVELONGER。THOSEWHOWEREMORESELFDISCIPLINED，FORINSTANCE，WERENOMORELIKELYTOLIVETOBEVERYOLD。ALSO，BEINGOPENTONEWIDEASHADNORELATIONSHIPTOLONGLIFE，WHICHMIGHTEXPLAINALLTHOSEBADTEMPEREDOLDPEOPLEWHOAREFIXEDINTHEIRWAYS。WHETHERYOUCANSUCCESSFULLYCHANGEYOURPERSONALITYASANADULTISTHESUBJECTOFALONGSTANDINGPSYCHOLOGICALDEBATE。BUTTHENEWPAPERSUGGESTSTHATIFYOUWANTLONGLIFE，YOUSHOULDSTRIVETOBEASOUTGOINGASPOSSIBLE。UNFORTUNATELY，ANOTHERRECENTSTUDYSHOWSTHATYOURMOTHERSPERSONALITYMAYALSOHELPDETERMINEYOURLONGEVITY。THATSTUDYLOOKEDATNEARLY28，000NORWEGIANMOTHERSANDFOUNDTHATTHOSEMOMSWHOWEREMOREANXIOUS，DEPRESSEDANDANGRYWEREMORELIKELYTOFEEDTHEIRKIDSUNHEALTHYDIETS。PATTERNSOFCHILDHOODEATINGCANBEHARDTOBREAKWHENWEREADULTS，WHICHMAYMEANTHATKIDSOFDEPRESSEDMOMSENDUPDYINGYOUNGER。PERSONALITYISNTDESTINY（命运），ANDEVERYONEKNOWSTHATINDIVIDUALSCANLEARNTOCHANGE。BUTBOTHSTUDIESSHOWTHATLONGLIFEISNTJUSTAMATTEROFYOURPHYSICALHEALT