




已阅读5页,还剩111页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
第1页共116页2017年6月大学英语六级真题试卷及答案(一)PARTIWRITING30MINUTES请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分,之后将进行听力考试DIRECTIONSSUPPOSEYOUAREASKEDTOGIVEADVICEONWHETHERTOATTENDAVOCATIONALCOLLEGEORAUNIVERSITY,WRITEANESSAYTOSTATEYOUROPINIONYOUAREREQUIREDTOWRITEATLEAST150WORDSBUTNOMORETHAN200WORDSPARTIILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION30MINUTESSECTIONADIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,YOUWILLHEARTWOLONGCONVERSATIONSATTHEENDOFEACHCONVERSATION,YOUWILLHEARFOURQUESTIONSBOTHTHECONVERSATIONANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCEAFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION,YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA,B,CANDDTHENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE注意此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。QUESTIONS1TO4AREBASEDONTHECONVERSATIONYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD1AHEWOULDFEELINSULTEDBHEWOULDFEELVERYSADCHEWOULDBEEMBARRASSEDDHEWOULDBEDISAPPOINTED2ATHEYAREWORTHYOFAPRIZEBTHEYAREOFLITTLEVALUECTHEYMAKEGOODREADINGDTHEYNEEDIMPROVEMENT3AHESELDOMWRITESABOOKSTRAIGHTTHROUGHBHEWRITESSEVERALBOOKSSIMULTANEOUSLYCHEDRAWSONHISREALLIFEEXPERIENCESDHEOFTENTURNSTOHISWIFEFORHELP第2页共116页4AWRITINGABOOKISJUSTLIKEWATCHINGAFOOTBALLMATCHBWRITERSACTUALLYWORKEVERYBITASHARDASFOOTBALLERSCHELIKESWATCHINGAFOOTBALLMATCHAFTERFINISHINGABOOKDUNLIKEAFOOTBALLMATCH,THEREISNOENDTOWRITINGABOOKQUESTIONS5TO8AREBASEDONTHECONVERSATIONYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD5AACHIEVEMENTSOFBLACKMALEATHLETESINCOLLEGEBFINANCIALASSISTANCETOBLACKATHLETESINCOLLEGECHIGHCOLLEGEDROPOUTRATESAMONGBLACKATHLETESDUNDERGRADUATEENROLLMENTSOFBLACKATHLETES6ATHEYDISPLAYGREATTALENTINEVERYKINDOFGAMEBTHEYAREBETTERATSPORTSTHANATACADEMICWORKCTHEYHAVEDIFFICULTYFINDINGMONEYTOCOMPLETETHEIRSTUDIESDTHEYMAKEMONEYFORTHECOLLEGEBUTOFTENFAILTOEARNADEGREE7AABOUT15BAROUND40CSLIGHTLYOVER50DAPPROXIMATELY708ACOACHESLACKTHEINCENTIVETOGRADUATETHEMBCOLLEGEDEGREESDONOTCOUNTMUCHTOTHEMCTHEYHAVELITTLEINTERESTINACADEMICWORKDSCHOOLSDONOTDEEMITASERIOUSPROBLEMSECTIONBDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,YOUWILLHEARTWOPASSAGESATTHEENDOFEACHPASSAGE,YOUWILLHEARTHREEORFOURQUESTIONSBOTHTHEPASSAGEANDTHEQUESTIONSWILLBESPOKENONLYONCEAFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION,YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA,B,CANDDTHENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTRE第3页共116页QUESTIONS9TO12AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD9AMARKETINGSTRATEGIESBHOLIDAYSHOPPINGCSHOPPINGMALLSDONLINESTORES10AABOUT50OFHOLIDAYSHOPPERSBABOUT2030OFHOLIDAYSHOPPERSCABOUT136MILLIONDABOUT1838MILLION11ATHEYHAVEFEWERCUSTOMERSBTHEYFINDITHARDTOSURVIVECTHEYARETHRIVINGONCEMOREDTHEYAPPEALTOELDERLYCUSTOMERS12ABETTERQUALITYOFCONSUMERGOODSBHIGHEREMPLOYMENTANDWAGESCGREATERVARIETIESOFCOMMODITIESDPEOPLEHAVINGMORELEISURETIMEQUESTIONS13TO15AREBASEDONTHEPASSAGEYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD13ATHEYARENEWSPECIESOFBIGINSECTSBTHEYAREOVERPRESCRIBEDANTIBIOTICSCTHEYARELIFETHREATENINGDISEASESDTHEYAREANTIBIOTICRESISTANTBACTERIA14AANTIBIOTICSARENOWINSHORTSUPPLYBMANYINFECTIONSARENOLONGERCURABLECLARGEAMOUNTSOFTAXMONEYAREWASTEDDROUTINEOPERATIONSHAVEBECOMECOMPLEX15AFACILITIESBEXPERTISECMONEYDPUBLICITYSECTIONC第4页共116页DIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,YOUWILLHEARTHREERECORDINGSOFLECTURESORTALKSFOLLOWEDBYTHREEORFOURQUESTIONSTHERECORDINGSWILLBEPLAYEDONLYONCEAFTERYOUHEARAQUESTION,YOUMUSTCHOOSETHEBESTANSWERFROMTHEFOURCHOICESMARKEDA,B,CANDDTHENMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET1WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTREQUESTIONS16TO18AREBASEDONTHERECORDINGYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD16AITISACCESSIBLEONLYTOTHETALENTEDBITIMPROVESSTUDENTSABILITYTOTHINKCITSTARTSALIFELONGLEARNINGPROCESSDITGIVESBIRTHTOMANYEMINENTSCHOLARS17ATHEYENCOURAGEACADEMICDEMOCRACYBTHEYPROMOTEGLOBALIZATIONCTHEYUPHOLDTHEPRESIDENTSAUTHORITYDTHEYPROTECTSTUDENTSRIGHTS18AHISTHIRSTFORKNOWLEDGEBHISEAGERNESSTOFINDAJOBCHISCONTEMPTFORAUTHORITYDHISPOTENTIALFORLEADERSHIPQUESTIONS19TO22AREBASEDONTHERECORDINGYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD19AFEWPEOPLEKNOWHOWTORETRIEVEINFORMATIONPROPERLYBPEOPLECANENHANCETHEIRMEMORYWITHAFEWTRICKSCMOSTPEOPLEHAVEARATHERPOORLONGTERMMEMORYDPEOPLETENDTOUNDERESTIMATETHEIRMENTALPOWERS20ATHEYPRESENTTHESTATESINASURPRISINGLYDIFFERENTORDERBTHEYINCLUDEMOREORLESSTHESAMENUMBEROFSTATESCTHEYAREEXACTLYTHESAMEASISSHOWNINTHEATLAS第5页共116页DTHEYCONTAINNAMESOFTHEMOSTFAMILIARSTATES21AFOCUSINGONWHATISLIKELYTOBETESTEDBHAVINGAGOODSLEEPTHENIGHTBEFORECREVIEWINGYOURLESSONSWHERETHEEXAMISTOLAKEPLACEDMAKINGSENSIBLEDECISIONSWHILECHOOSINGYOURANSWERS22ADISCOVERWHENYOUCANLEARNBESTBCHANGEYOURTIMEOFSTUDYDAILYCGIVEYOURSELFADOUBLEBONUSAFTERWARDSDFOLLOWTHEEXAMPLEOFAMARATHONRUNNERQUESTIONS23TO25AREBASEDONTHERECORDINGYOUHAVEJUSTHEARD23AHEISAPOLITICIANBHEISABUSINESSMANCHEISASOCIOLOGISTDHEISAECONOMIST24AINSLUMSBINAFRICACINPREINDUSTRIALSOCIETIESDINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES25ATHEYHAVENOACCESSTOHEALTHCARE,LETALONEENTERTAINMENTORRECREATIONBTHEIRINCOMEISLESSTHAN50OFTHENATIONALAVERAGEFAMILYINCOMECTHEYWORKEXTRAHOURSTOHAVETHEIRBASICNEEDSMETDTHEIRCHILDRENCANNOTAFFORDTOGOTOPRIVATESCHOOLSPARTREADINGCOMPREHENSION40MINUTESSECTIONADIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,THEREISAPASSAGEWITHTENBLANKSYOUAREREQUIREDTOSELECTONEWORDFOREACHBLANKFROMALISTOFCHOICESGIVENINAWORDBANKFOLLOWINGTHEPASSAGEREADTHEPASSAGETHROUGHCAREFULLYBEFOREMAKINGYOURCHOICES,EACHCHOICEINTHEBANKISIDENTIFIEDBYALETTERPLEASEMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERFOREACHITEMONANSWERSHEET2WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTREYOUMAYNOTUSEANYOFTHEWORDSINTHEBANKMORETHANONCEQUESTIONS26TO35AREBASEDONTHEFOLLOWINGPASSAGEAFTERBECOMINGPRESIDENTOFPURDUEUNIVERSITYIN2013,MITCHDANIELSASKEDTHEFACULTYTOPROVETHATTHEIRSTUDENTSHAVEACTUALLYACHIEVEDONEOFHIGHEREDUCATIONSMOSTIMPORTANTGOALSCRITICALTHINKING第6页共116页SKILLSTWOYEARSBEFORE,ANATIONWIDESTUDYOFCOLLEGEGRADUATESHADSHOWNTHATMORETHANATHIRDHADMADENO26_GAINSINSUCHMENTALABILITIESDURINGTHEIRSCHOOLYEARSMRDANIELSNEEDEDTO27_THEHIGHCOSTOFATTENDINGPURDUETOITSSTUDENTSANDTHEIRFAMILIESAFTERALL,THEPERCENTAGEOFAMERICANSWHOSAYACOLLEGEDEGREEIS“VERYIMPORTANT”HASFALLEN28_INTHELAST56YEARSPURDUENOWHASAPILOTTESTTOASSESSSTUDENTSCRITICALTHINKINGSKILLSYETLIKEMANYCOLLEGETEACHERSAROUNDTHEUS,THEFACULTYREMAIN29_THATTHEIRWORKASEDUCATORSCANBEMEASUREDBYA“LEARNING30_”SUCHASAGRADUATESABILITYTOINVESTIGATEANDREASONHOWEVER,THEPROFESSORSNEEDNOTWORRYSOMUCHTHERESULTSOFARECENTEXPERIMENTSHOWEDTHATPROFESSORSCANUSE31_METRICSTOMEASUREHOWWELLSTUDENTSDOINTHREEKEYAREASCRITICALTHINKING,WRITTENCOMMUNICATION,ANDQUANTITATIVELITERACYDESPITETHESUCCESSOFTHEEXPERIMENT,THEACTUALRESULTSAREWORRISOME,ANDMOSTLY32_EARLIERSTUDIESTHEORGANIZERSOFTHEEXPERIMENTCONCLUDEDTHATFARFEWERSTUDENTSWEREACHIEVINGATHIGHLEVELSONCRITICALTHINKINGTHANTHEYWEREDOINGFORWRITTENCOMMUNICATIONORQUANTITATIVELITERACYANDTHATCONCLUSIONISBASEDONLYONSTUDENTSNEARINGGRADUATIONAMERICANUNIVERSITIES,DESPITETHEIRGLOBAL33_FOREXCELLENCEINTEACHING,HAVEONLYBEGUNTODEMONSTRATEWHATTHEYCANPRODUCEINREALWORLDLEARNINGKNOWLEDGEBASEDDEGREESARESTILLIMPORTANT,BUTEMPLOYERSARE34_ADVANCEDTHINKINGSKILLSFROMCOLLEGEGRADUATESIFTHEINTELLECTUALWORTHOFACOLLEGEDEGREECANBE35_MEASURED,MOREPEOPLEWILLSEEKHIGHEREDUCATIONANDCOMEOUTBETTERTHINKERS注意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。AACCURATELYBCONFIRMCDEMANDINGDDOUBTFULEDRASTICALLYFJUSTIFYGMONOPOLIZEDHOUTCOMEIPREDOMINANCEJPRESUMINGKREPUTATIONLSIGNIFICANTMSIGNIFYNSIMULTANEOUSLYOSTANDARDIZEDSECTIONBDIRECTIONSINTHISSECTION,YOUAREGOINGTOREADAPASSAGEWITHTENSTATEMENTSATTACHEDTOITEACHSTATEMENTCONTAINSINFORMATIONGIVENINONEOFTHEPARAGRAPHSIDENTIFYTHEPARAGRAPHFROMWHICHTHE第7页共116页INFORMATIONISDERIVEDYOUMAYCHOOSEAPARAGRAPHMORETHANONCEEACHPARAGRAPHISMARKEDWITHALETTERANSWERTHEQUESTIONSBYMARKINGTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET2THEPRICEOFOILANDTHEPRICEOFCARBONAFOSSILFUELPRICESARELIKELYTOSTAY“LOWFORLONG”NOTWITHSTANDINGIMPORTANTRECENTPROGRESSINDEVELOPINGRENEWABLEFUELSOURCES,LOWFOSSILFUELPRICESCOULDDISCOURAGEFURTHERINNOVATIONIN,ANDADOPTIONOF,CLEANERENERGYTECHNOLOGIESTHERESULTWOULDBEHIGHEREMISSIONSOFCARBONDIOXIDEANDOTHERGREENHOUSEGASESBPOLICYMAKERSSHOULDNOTALLOWLOWENERGYPRICESTODERAILTHECLEANENERGYTRANSITIONACTIONTORESTOREAPPROPRIATEPRICEINCENTIVES,NOTABLYTHROUGHCORRECTIVECARBONPRICING,ISURGENTLYNEEDEDTOLOWERTHERISKOFIRREVERSIBLEANDPOTENTIALLYDEVASTATINGEFFECTSOFCLIMATECHANGETHATAPPROACHALSOOFFERSFISCALBENEFITSCOILPRICESHAVEDROPPEDBYOVER60SINCEJUNE2014ACOMMONLYHELDVIEWINTHEOILINDUSTRYISTHAT“THEBESTCUREFORLOWOILPRICESISLOWOILPRICES”THEREASONINGBEHINDTHISSAYINGISTHATLOWOILPRICESDISCOURAGEINVESTMENTINNEWPRODUCTIONCAPACITY,EVENTUALLYSHIFTINGTHEOILSUPPLYCURVEBACKWARDANDBRINGINGPRICESBACKUPASEXISTINGOILFIELDS一WHICHCANBETAPPEDATRELATIVELYLOWMARGINALCOSTAREDEPLETEDINFACT,INLINEWITHPASTEXPERIENCECAPITALEXPENDITUREINTHEOILSECTORHASDROPPEDSHARPLYINMANYPRODUCINGCOUNTRIES,INCLUDINGTHEUNITEDSTATESTHEDYNAMICADJUSTMENTTOLOWOILPRICESMAY,HOWEVER,BEDIFFERENTTHISTIMEAROUNDDOILPRICESAREEXPECTEDTOREMAINLOWERFORLONGERTHEADVENTOFNEWTECHNOLOGIESHASADDEDABOUT42MILLIONBARRELSPERDAYTOTHECRUDEOILMARKET,CONTRIBUTINGTOAGLOBALOVERSUPPLYINADDITION,OTHERFACTORSAREPUTTINGDOWNWARDPRESSUREONOILPRICESCHANGEINTHESTRATEGIESBEHAVIOROFTHEORGANIZATIONOFPETROLEUMEXPORTINGCOUNTRIES,THEPROJECTEDINCREASEINIRANIANEXPORTS,THESCALINGDOWNOFGLOBALDEMANDESPECIALLYFROMEMERGINGMARKETS,THELONGTERMDROPINPETROLEUMCONSUMPTIONINTHEUNITEDSTATES,ANDSOMEDISPLACEMENTOFOILBYSUBSTITUTESTHESELIKELYPERSISTENTFORCES,LIKETHEGROWTHOFSHALE页岩)OIL,POINTTOA“LOWFORLONG”SCENARIOFUTURESMARKETS,WHICHSHOWONLYAMODESTRECOVERYOFPRICESTOAROUND60ABARRELBY2019,SUPPORTTHISVIEWENATURALGASANDCOALALSOFOSSILFUELSHAVESIMILARLYSEENPRICEDECLINESTHATLOOKTOBELONGLIVEDCOALANDNATURALGASAREMAINLYUSEDFORELECTRICITYGENERATION,WHEREASOILISUSEDMOSTLYTOPOWERTRANSPORTATION,YETTHEPRICESOFALLTHESEENERGYSOURCESARELINKEDTHENORTHAMERICANSHALEGASBOOMHASRESULTEDINRECORDLOWPRICESTHERETHERECENTDISCOVERYOFTHEGIANTZOHRGASFIELDOFFTHEEGYPTIAN第8页共116页COASTWILLEVENTUALLYHAVEIMPACTONPRICINGINTHEMEDITERRANEANREGIONANDEUROPE,ANDTHEREISSIGNIFICANTDEVELOPMENTPOTENTIALINMANYOTHERPLACES,NOTABLYARGENTINACOALPRICESALSOARELOW,OWINGTOOVERSUPPLYANDTHESCALINGDOWNOFDEMAND,ESPECIALLYFROMCHINA,WHICHBUMSHALFOFTHEWORLDSCOALFTECHNOLOGICALINNOVATIONSHAVEUNLEASHEDTHEPOWEROFRENEWABLESSUCHASWIND,HYDRO,SOLAR,ANDGEOTHERMAL地热EVENAFRICAANDTHEMIDDLEEAST,HOMETOECONOMIESTHATAREHEAVILYDEPENDENTONFOSSILFUELEXPORTS,HAVEENORMOUSPOTENTIALTODEVELOPRENEWABLESFOREXAMPLE,THEUNITEDARABEMIRATESHASENDORSEDANAMBITIOUSTARGETTODRAW24OFITSPRIMARYENERGYCONSUMPTIONFROMRENEWABLESOURCESBY2021GPROGRESSINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFRENEWABLESCOULDBEFRAGILE,HOWEVER,IFFOSSILFUELPRICESREMAINLOWFORLONGRENEWABLESACCOUNTFORONLYASMALLSHAREOFGLOBALPRIMARYENERGYCONSUMPTION,WHICHISSTILLDOMINATEDBYFOSSILFUELS30EACHFORCOALANDOIL,25FORNATURALGASBUTRENEWABLEENERGYWILLHAVETODISPLACEFOSSILFUELSTOAMUCHGREATEREXTENTINTHEFUTURETOAVOIDUNACCEPTABLECLIMATERISKSHUNFORTUNATELY,THECURRENTLOWPRICESFOROIL,GAS,ANDCOALMAYPROVIDELITTLEINCENTIVEFORRESEARCHTOFINDEVENCHEAPERSUBSTITUTESFORTHOSEFUELSTHEREISSTRONGEVIDENCETHATBOTHINNOVATIONANDADOPTIONOFCLEANERTECHNOLOGYARESTRONGLYENCOURAGEDBYHIGHERFOSSILFUELPRICESTHESAMEISTRUEFORNEWTECHNOLOGIESFORALLEVIATINGFOSSILFUELEMISSIONSITHECURRENTLOWFOSSILFUELPRICEENVIRONMENTWILLTHUSCERTAINLYDELAYTHEENERGYTRANSITIONFROMFOSSILFUELTOCLEANENERGYSOURCESUNLESSRENEWABLESBECOMECHEAPENOUGHTHATSUBSTANTIALCARBONDEPOSITSARELEFTUNDERGROUNDFORAVERYLONGTIME,IFNOTFOREVER,THEPLANETWILLLIKEBEEXPOSEDTOPOTENTIALLYCATASTROPHICCLIMATERISKSJSOMECLIMATEIMPACTSMAYALREADYBEDISCERNIBLEFOREXAMPLE,THEUNITEDNATIONSCHILDRENFUNDESTIMATESTHATSOME11MILLIONCHILDRENINAFRICAFACEHUNGER,DISEASE,ANDWATERSHORTAGEASARESULTOFTHESTRONGESTELNINO厄尔尼诺)WEATHERPHENOMENONINDECADESMANYSCIENTISTSBELIEVETHATELNINOEVENTS,CAUSEDBYWARMINGINTHEPACIFIC,AREBECOMINGMOREINTENSEASARESULTOFCLIMATECHANGEKNATIONSFROMAROUNDTHEWORLDHAVEGATHEREDINPARISFORTHEUNITEDNATIONSCLIMATECHANGECONFERENCE,COP21,WITHTHEGOALOFAUNIVERSALANDPOTENTIALLYLEGALLYBINDINGAGREEMENTREDUCINGGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSWENEEDVERYBROADPARTICIPATIONTOFULLYADDRESSGLOBALTRAGEDYTHATRESULTSWHENCOUNTRIESFAILTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHENEGATIVEIMPACTOFTHEIRCARBONEMISSIONSONTHERESTOFTHEWORLDMOREOVER,NONPARTICIPATIONBYNATIONS,IFSUFFICIENTLYWIDESPREAD,CANUNDERMINETHEPOLITICALWILLOFPARTICIPATINGCOUNTRIESTOACTLTHENATIONSPARTICIPATINGATCOP21AREFOCUSINGONQUANTITATIVEEMISSIONSREDUCTION第9页共116页COMMITMENTSECONOMICREASONINGSHOWSTHATTHELEASTEXPENSIVEWAYFOREACHCOUNTRYISTOPUTAPRICEONCARBONEMISSIONSTHEREASONISTHATWHENCARBONISPRICED,THOSEEMISSIONSREDUCTIONSTHATARELEASTCOSTLYTOIMPLEMENTWILLHAPPENFIRSTTHEINTERNATIONALMONETARYFUNDCALCULATESTHATCOUNTRIESCANGENERATESUBSTANTIALFISCALREVENUESBYELIMINATINGFOSSILFUELSUBSIDIESANDLEVYINGCARBONCHARGESTHATCAPTURETHEDOMESTICDAMAGECAUSEDBYEMISSIONSATAXONUPSTREAMCARBONSOURCESISONEEASYWAYTOPUTAPRICEONCARBONEMISSIONS,ALTHOUGHSOMECOUNTRIESMAYWISHTOUSEOTHERMETHODS,SUCHASEMISSIONSTRADINGSCHEMESINORDERTOMAXIMIZEGLOBALWELFARE,EVERYCOUNTRYSCARBONPRICINGSHOULDREFLECTNOTONLYTHEPURELYDOMESTICDAMAGEFROMEMISSIONS,BUTALSOTHEDAMAGETOFOREIGNCOUNTRIESMSETTINGTHERIGHTCARBONPRICEWILLTHEREFOREEFFICIENTLYALIGNTHECOSTSPAIDBYCARBONUSERSWITHTHETRUESOCIALOPPORTUNITYCOSTOFUSINGCARBONBYRAISINGRELATIVEDEMANDFORCLEANENERGYSOURCES,ACARBONPRICEWOULDALSOHELPALIGNTHEMARKETRETURNTOCLEANENERGYINNOVATIONWITHITSSOCIALRETURN,SPURRINGTHEREFINEMENTOFEXISTINGTECHNOLOGIESANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWONESANDITWOULDRAISETHEDEMANDFORTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASCARBONCAPTUREANDSTORAGE,SPURRINGTHEIRFURTHERDEVELOPMENTIFNOTCORRECTEDBYTHEAPPROPRIATECARBONPRICE,LOWFOSSILFUELPRICESARENOTACCURATELYSIGNALINGTOMARKETSTHETRUESOCIALPROFITABILITYOFCLEANENERGYWHILEALTERNATIVEESTIMATESOFTHEDAMAGEFROMCARBONEMISSIONSDIFFER,ANDITSESPECIALLYHARDTORECKONTHELIKELYCOSTSOFPOSSIBLECATASTROPHICCLIMATEEVENTS,MOSTESTIMATESSUGGESTSUBSTANTIALNEGATIVEEFFECTSNDIRECTSUBSIDIESTORESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTHAVEBEENADOPTEDBYSOMEGOVERNMENTSBUTAREAPOORSUBSTITUTEFORACARBONPRICETHEYDOONLYPARTOFTHEJOB,LEAVINGINPLACEMARKETINCENTIVESTOOVERUSEFOSSILFUELSANDTHEREBYADDTOTHESTOCKOFATMOSPHERICGREENHOUSEGASESWITHOUTREGARDTOTHECOLLATERAL附带的)COSTSOTHEHOPEISTHATTHESUCCESSOFCOP21OPENSTHEDOORTOFUTUREINTERNATIONALAGREEMENTONCARBONPRICESAGREEMENTONANINTERNATIONALCARBONPRICEFLOORWOULDBEAGOODSTARTINGPOINTINTHATPROCESSFAILURETOADDRESSCOMPREHENSIVELYTHEPROBLEMOFGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS,HOWEVER,EXPOSESALLGENERATIONS,PRESENTANDFUTURE,TOINCALCULABLERISKS注意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。36ANUMBEROFFACTORSAREDRIVINGDOWNTHEGLOBALOILPRICESNOTJUSTFORNOWBUTINTHEFORESEEABLEFUTURE37PRICINGCARBONPROVESTHEMOSTECONOMICALWAYTOREDUCEGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS38ITISESTIMATEDTHATEXTREMEWEATHERCONDITIONSHAVEENDANGEREDTHELIVESOFMILLIONSOFAFRICANCHILDREN39THEPRICESOFCOALARELOWASARESULTOFOVERSUPPLYANDDECREASINGDEMAND第10页共116页40HIGHERFOSSILFUELPRICESPROVETOBECONDUCIVETOINNOVATIONANDAPPLICATIONOFCLEANERTECHNOLOGY41IFFOSSILFUELPRICESREMAINLOWFORALONGTIME,ITMAYLEADTOHIGHEREMISSIONSOFGREENHOUSEGASES42FOSSILFUELSREMAINTHEMAJORSOURCEOFPRIMARYENERGYCONSUMPTIONINTODAYSWORLD43EVENMAJORFOSSILFUELEXPORTINGCOUNTRIESHAVEGREATPOTENTIALTODEVELOPRENEWABLEENERGIES44GREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS,IFNOTPROPERLYDEALTWITH,WILLPOSEENDLESSRISKSFORMANKIND45ITISURGENTFORGOVERNMENTSTOINCREASETHECOSTOFUSINGFOSSILFUELSTOANAPPROPRIATELEVELTOLESSENTHECATASTROPHICEFFECTSOFCLIMATECHANGESECTIONCDIRECTIONSTHEREARE2PASSAGESINTHISSECTIONEACHPASSAGEISFOLLOWEDBYSOMEQUESTIONSORUNFINISHEDSTATEMENTSFOREACHOFTHEMTHEREAREFOURCHOICESMARKEDA,B,CANDDYOUSHOULDDECIDEONTHEBESTCHOICEANDMARKTHECORRESPONDINGLETTERONANSWERSHEET2WITHASINGLELINETHROUGHTHECENTREPASSAGEONEQUESTIONS46TO50AREBASEDONTHEFOLLOWINGPASSAGEOPENDATASHARERSARESTILLINTHEMINORITYINMANYFIELDSALTHOUGHMANYRESEARCHERSBROADLYAGREETHATPUBLICACCESSTORAWDATAWOULDACCELERATESCIENCE,MOSTARERELUCTANTTOPOSTTHERESULTSOFTHEIROWNLABORSONLINESOMECOMMUNITIESHAVEAGREEDTOSHAREONLINEGENETICISTS,FOREXAMPLE,POSTDNASEQUENCESATTHEGENBANKREPOSITORY库,ANDASTRONOMERSAREACCUSTOMEDTOACCESSINGIMAGESOFGALAXIESANDSTARSFROM,SAY,THESLOANDIGITALSKYSURVEY,ATELESCOPETHATHASOBSERVEDSOME500MILLIONOBJECTSBUTTHESEREMAINTHEEXCEPTION,NOTTHERULEHISTORICALLY,SCIENTISTSHAVEOBJECTEDTOSHARINGFORMANYREASONSITISALOTOFWORKUNTILRECENTLY,GOODDATABASESDIDNOTEXISTGRANTFUNDERSWERENOTPUSHINGFORSHARINGITHASBEENDIFFICULTTOAGREEONSTANDARDSFORFORMATTINGDATAANDTHEREISNOAGREEDWAYTOASSIGNCREDITFORDATABUTTHEBARRIERSAREDISAPPEARING,INPARTBECAUSEJOURNALSANDFUNDINGAGENCIESWORLDWIDEAREENCOURAGINGSCIENTISTSTOMAKETHEIRDATAPUBLICLASTYEAR,THEROYALSOCIETYINLONDONSAIDINITSREPORTTHATSCIENTISTSNEEDTO“SHIFTAWAYFROMARESEARCHCULTUREWHEREDATAISVIEWEDASAPRIVATEPRESERVE”FUNDINGAGENCIESNOTETHATDATAPAIDFORWITHPUBLICMONEYSHOULDBEPUBLICINFORMATIONANDTHE第11页共116页SCIENTIFICCOMMUNITYISRECOGNIZINGTHATDATACANNOWBESHAREDDIGITALLYINWAYSTHATWERENOTPOSSIBLEBEFORETOMATCHTHEGROWINGDEMAND,SERVICESARESPRINGINGUPTOMAKEITEASIERTOPUBLISHRESEARCHPRODUCTSONLINEANDENABLEOTHERRESEARCHERSTODISCOVERANDCITETHEMALTHOUGHCALLSTOSHAREDATAOFTENCONCENTRATEONTHEMORALADVANTAGESOFSHARING,THEPRACTICEISNOTPURELYALTRUISTIC利他的RESEARCHERSWHOSHAREGETPLENTYOFPERSONALBENEFITS,INCLUDINGMORECONNECTIONSWITHCOLLEAGUES,IMPROVEDVISIBILITYANDINCREASEDCITATIONSTHEMOSTSUCCESSFULSHARERSTHOSEWHOSEDATAAREDOWNLOADEDANDCITEDTHEMOSTOFTENGETNOTICED,ANDTHEIRWORKGETSUSEDFOREXAMPLE,ONEOFTHEMOSTPOPULARDATASETSONMULTIDISCIPLINARYREPOSITORYDRYADISABOUTWOODDENSITYAROUNDTHEWORLDITHASBEENDOWNLOADED5,700TIMESCOAUTHORAMYZANNETHINKSTHATUSERSPROBABLYRANGEFROMCLIMATECHANGERESEARCHERSWANTINGTOESTIMATEHOWMUCHCARBONISSTOREDINBIOMASS,TOFORESTERSLOOKINGFORINFORMATIONONDIFFERENTGRADESOFTIMBER“IDMUCHPREFERTOHAVEMYDATAUSEDBYTHEMAXIMUMNUMBEROFPEOPLETOASKTHEIROWNQUESTIONS,”SHESAYS“IT,SIMPORTANTTOALLOWREADERSANDREVIEWERSTOSEEEXACTLYHOWYOUARRIVEATYOURRESULTSPUBLISHINGDATAANDCODEALLOWSYOURSCIENCETOBEREPRODUCIBLE”EVENPEOPLEWHOSEDATAARELESSPOPULARCANBENEFITBYMAKINGTHEEFFORTTOORGANIZEANDLABELFILESSOOTHERSCANUNDERSTANDTHEM,SCIENTISTSBECOMEMOREORGANIZEDANDBETTERDISCIPLINEDTHEMSELVES,THUSAVOIDINGCONFUSIONLATERON注意此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。WHATDOMANYRESEARCHERSGENERALLYACCEPT46AITISIMPERATIVETOPROTECTSCIENTISTSPATENTSBREPOSITORIESAREESSENTIALTOSCIENTIFICRESEARCHCOPENDATASHARINGISMOSTIMPORTANTTOMEDICALSCIENCEDOPENDATASHARINGISCONDUCIVETOSCIENTIFICADVANCEMENT47WHATISTHEATTITUDEOFMOSTRESEARCHERSTOWARDSMAKINGTHEIROWNDATAPUBLICAOPPOSEDBAMBIGUOUSCLIBERALDNEUTRAL48ACCORDINGTOTHEPASSAGE,WHATMIGHTHINDEROPENDATASHARINGATHEFEAROFMASSIVECOPYINGBTHELACKOFARESEARCHCULTURE第12页共116页CTHEBELIEFTHATRESEARCHDATAISPRIVATEINTELLECTUALPROPERTYDTHECONCERNTHATCERTAINAGENCIESMAYMAKEAPROFITOUTOFIT49WHATHELPSLIFTSOMEOFTHEBARRIERSTOOPENDATASHARINGATHEEVERGROWINGDEMANDFORBIGDATABTHEADVANC
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 企业文明上网活动方案
- 企业服务激励活动方案
- 企业活动拓展策划方案
- 企业爱心活动策划方案
- 企业立冬活动策划方案
- 企业老板活动方案
- 企业诗词大赛活动方案
- 企业跨年团建活动方案
- 企业隔离员工活动方案
- 企鹅漫步活动方案
- 做账实操-医美公司的全盘账务处理怎么做
- 河南省TOP二十名校2024-2025学年高一下学期5月调研考试化学(A卷)试卷(图片版含答案)
- 安徽省合肥八中2025届高三最后一卷生物试题及答案
- 维持阻塞型D触发器逻辑功能分析32课件
- 2024-2025学年上课趣味互动《太乙惩罚》课件
- 公司合同月结协议书
- 2024年中国近代史纲要期末复习题库
- 2025届杨浦区中考化学三模
- 燃脂塑形内衣套装行业深度调研及发展战略咨询报告
- 2024年高考化学试卷(山东)(解析卷)
- 建筑光储直柔系统设计及安装标准图集-2024
评论
0/150
提交评论