英美文学欣赏资料-gulliver'stravel

,Gulliverstravels,JonathanSwift,JonathanSwift,JonathanSwift(30November166719October1745)wasanAnglo-Irish1satirist,essayist,politicalpamphleteer(firstfortheWhigs,thenfortheTories),poetandclericwhobecameDeanofStPatricksCathedral,Dublin.2HeisrememberedforworkssuchasGulliversTravels,AModestProposal,AJournaltoStella,DrapiersLetters,TheBattleoftheBooks,AnArgumentAgainstAbolishingChristianity,andATaleofaTub.SwiftisprobablytheforemostprosesatiristintheEnglishlanguage,andislesswellknownforhispoetry.SwiftoriginallypublishedallofhisworksunderpseudonymssuchasLemuelGulliver,IsaacBickerstaff,M.B.Drapieroranonymously.Heisalsoknownforbeingamasteroftwostylesofsatire:theHoratianandJuvenalianstyles.,Biography,YouthJonathanSwiftwasborninDublin,Ireland.HewasthesecondchildandonlysonofJonathanSwift(1640-1667)andhiswifeAbigailErick(orHerrick),ofFrisby-on-the-Wreake.Hisfather,anativeofGoodrich,Herefordshire,IrelandtoseektheirfortunesinlawaftertheirRoyalistfathersestatewasbroughttoruinduringtheEnglishCivilWar.SwiftsfatherdiedatDublinbeforehewasborn,andhismotherreturnedtoEngland.Hewasleftinthecareofhisinfluentialuncle,Godwin,aclosefriendandconfidanteofSirJohnTemple,whosesonlateremployedSwiftashissecretary,Writer,InFebruary1702,SwiftreceivedhisDoctorofDivinitydegreefromTrinityCollege,Dublin.ThatspringhetraveledtoEnglandandreturnedtoIrelandinOctober,accompaniedbyEstherJohnsonnowtwentyyearsoldandhisfriendRebeccaDingley,anothermemberofWilliamTempleshousehold.ThereisagreatmysteryandcontroversyoverSwiftsrelationshipwithEstherJohnsonnicknamedStella.Manyholdthattheyweresecretlymarriedin1716.,Maturity,BeforethefalloftheTorygovernment,SwifthopedthathisserviceswouldberewardedwithachurchappointmentinEngland.However,QueenAnneappearedtohavetakenadisliketoSwiftandthwartedtheseefforts.ThebestpositionhisfriendscouldsecureforhimwastheDeaneryofStPatricks.WiththereturnoftheWhigs,SwiftsbestmovewastoleaveEnglandandhereturnedtoIrelandindisappointment,avirtualexile,tolivelikearatinahole.OnceinIreland,however,SwiftbegantoturnhispamphleteeringskillsinsupportofIrishcauses,producingsomeofhismostmemorableworks:ProposalforUniversalUseofIrishManufacture(1720),DrapiersLetters(1724),andAModestProposal(1729),earninghimthestatusofanIrishpatriot.,Alsoduringtheseyears,hebeganwritinghismasterpiece,TravelsintoSeveralRemoteNationsoftheWorld,inFourParts,byLemuelGulliver,firstasurgeon,andthenacaptainofseveralships,betterknownasGulliversTravels.Muchofthematerialreflectshispoliticalexperiencesoftheprecedingdecade.Forinstance,theepisodeinwhichthegiantGulliverputsouttheLilliputianpalacefirebyurinatingonitcanbeseenasametaphorfortheToriesillegalpeacetreaty;havingdoneagoodthinginanunfortunatemanner.In1726hepaidalong-deferredvisittoLondon,takingwithhimthemanuscriptofGulliversTravels.DuringhisvisithestayedwithhisoldfriendsAlexanderPope,JohnArbuthnotandJohnGay,whohelpedhimarrangefortheanonymouspublicationofhisbook.FirstpublishedinNovember1726,itwasanimmediatehit,withatotalofthreeprintingsthatyearandanotherinearly1727.French,German,andDutchtranslationsappearedin1727,andpiratedcopieswereprintedinIreland.,Hisworks,Swiftwasaprolificwriter,notableforhissatires.Themostrecentcollectionofhisproseworks(HerbertDavis,ed.BasilBlackwell,1965-)comprisesfourteenvolumes.Arecenteditionofhiscompletepoetry(PatRodges,ed.Penguin,1983)is953pageslong.Oneeditionofhiscorrespondence(DavidWoolley,ed.P.Lang,1999)fillsthreevolumes.,Majorproseworks,Swiftsfirstmajorprosework,ATaleofaTub,demonstratesmanyofthethemesandstylistictechniqueshewouldemployinhislaterwork.Itisatoncewildlyplayfulandfunnywhilebeingpointedandharshlycriticalofitstargets.Initsmainthread,theTalerecountstheexploitsofthreesons,representingthemainthreadsofChristianity,whoreceiveabequestfromtheirfatherofacoateach,withtheaddedinstructionstomakenoalterationswhatsoever.However,thesonssoonfindthattheircoatshavefallenoutofcurrentfashion,andbegintolookforloopholesintheirfatherswillthatwillletthemmaketheneededalterations.Aseachfindshisownmeansofgettingaroundtheirfathersadmonition,theystrugglewitheachotherforpoweranddominance.Insertedintothisstory,inalternatingchapters,thenarratorincludesaseriesofwhimsicaldigressionsonvarioussubjects.,Gulliverstravels,ApossiblereasonforthebooksclassicstatusisthatIntermsofstorytellingandconstructionthepartsfollowapattern:AsatiricalviewofthestateofEuropeangovernment,andofpettydifferencesbetweenreligions.Aninquiryintowhethermenareinherentlycorruptorwhethertheybecomecorrupted.IntermsofstorytellingandconstructionthepartsfollowapatternThecausesofGulliversmisadventuresbecomemoremalignantastimegoesonheisfirstshipwrecked,thenabandoned,thenattackedbystrangers,thenattackedbyhisowncrewGulliversattitudehardensasthebookprogressesheisgenuinelysurprisedbytheviciousnessandpolitickingoftheLilliputiansbutfindsthebehaviouroftheYahoosinthefourthpartreflectiveofthebehaviourofpeople.EachpartisthereverseoftheprecedingpartGulliverisbig/small/wise/ignorant,thecountriesarecomplex/simple/scientific/natural,formsofgovernmentareworse/better/worse/betterthanEnglandsGulliversviewpointbetweenpartsismirroredbythatofhisantagonistsinthecontrastingpartGulliverseesthetinyLilliputiansasbeingviciousandunscrupulous,andthenthekingofBrobdingnagseesEuropeinexactlythesamelight;GulliverseestheLaputiansasunreasonable,andhisHouyhnhnmmasterseeshumanityasequallyso.NoformofgovernmentisidealthesimplisticBrobdingnagiansenjoypublicexecutionsandhavestreetsinfestedwithbeggars,thehonestanduprightHouyhnhnmswhohavenowordforlyingarehappytosuppressthetruenatureofGulliverasaYahooandareequallyunconcernedabouthisreactiontobeingexpelled,EachpartisthereverseoftheprecedingpartGulliverisbig/small/wise/ignorant,thecountriesarecomplex/simple/scientific/natural,formsofgovernmentareworse/better/worse/betterthanEnglandsGulliversviewpointbetweenpartsismirroredbythatofhisantagonistsinthecontrastingpartGulliverseesthetinyLilliputiansasbeingviciousandunscrupulous,andthenthekingofBrobdingnagseesEuropeinexactlythesamelight;GulliverseestheLaputiansasunreasonable,andhisHouyhnhnmmasterseeshumanityasequallyso.NoformofgovernmentisidealthesimplisticBrobdingnagiansenjoypublicexecutionsandhavestreetsinfestedwithbeggars,thehonestanduprightHouyhnhnmswhohavenowordforlyingarehappytosuppressthetruenatureofGulliverasaYahooandareequallyunconcernedabouthisreactiontobeingexpelled,Plotsummary,Part1:Avoyag