自考本科英语2unit2B

Unit2textB,CultureShock-TheInitialStresses,1.MyfriendDr.DonghadawonderfulchancetogotoSeattletopresentapaperataprofessionalmeeting.HavingattendedmycourseinInterculturalCommunications,heconsultedmetoreviewsomeoftheculturaldifferenceshemightexperience.Ialsogavehimthephonenumberofafriendofminewholivedinthearea.Whenhegotback,wemettoreviewhisexperience.,home,up,next,home,up,next,2.Dr.Dongtoldmethatthecourseinformationhadhelpedhim.Heexperiencedthetypicalstagesofcultureshock.Hearrivedexpectantandhappyandenjoyedhisfirstdaysverymuch.Atthemedicalconference,hefeltquiteconfidentofhisareaofresearchandwasabletoperformwellinhispresentation.Butafterafewdays,hebegantofeeluncomfortable.HismedicalEnglishwasfine,butthesocialinteractionskillsweredifferent,andhewasunsureofthecuesandthecommunicationstyles.,home,up,next,3.HeworriedmoreandmorethathewasmisunderstandingsimpleEnglishgreetingsandtabletalkconversations.Whenpeoplegreetedhimwith,“Hi,howsitgoing?”Hethoughttheyhadaskedhim“whereareyougoing?”andansweredwiththenameoftheconferencehall,onlytogetaconfusedstarefromthem.Atawesternstyledinner,acolleagueasked,“SohowreyouenjoyintheStates?”hethoughtheheard,“Sohowareyouenjoyingyoursteak?”andansweredthathewashavingchicken,notbeef.Thattime,hiscolleaguesmiled,andpatientlyrepeatedthequestion.Atlast,theybothlaughedattheerror.,home,up,next,4.Suchfailuresinunderstandingsandcommunicationswereminor.ButforDr.Dong,theywerethebeginningofasenseof“culturalconfusion”.Bytheendofthemeetings,hefeltadeepsenseof“culturalstress”andwaswornoutfromhavingtopayattentiontosomanynewexpressionsandwaysofdealingwiththings.HefelthishandshakewasnotasfirmasAmericans,foundthatpeoplereactedunusuallywhenhemodestlyinsistedhisEnglishwasnotgoodaftertheycomplimentedhim,didntknowhowtoacceptdinnerinvitationsproperlyandthereforemissedoutongoingtoseverallunches,andsoon.Eventually,hewassobewilderedthathefeltthefullimpactof“cultureshock”.,home,up,next,5.Whatiscultureshockandwhydoesitoccur?Thetermwascoinedabout50yearsagobyaSwedishscholar.Hisseminalarticle,”CultureShock:AdjustmenttoNewCulturalEnvironments”hasbeenreprintedandrevisedformanytextbooksandmagazines.Hecalledit“theoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad”.Hisuseoftheword“disease”isapun,becauseitimpliesthatitislikean“illness”withitsown“symptomsandcure”,butalsothattherootcauseisalsoafeelingof“dis-”easeorunsettleduneasiness.,home,up,next,6.Thinkbackonyourownexperience.Haveyouevermovedfromonecontexttoanother?Manystudentsfeelthisadjustmentshockwhentheychangefromoneschooltoanother,ormovefromasmalltowntoabigcity.,home,up,next,7.Thesensationsonefeelsinnewsurroundingsofteninclude:Feelinglikeanoutsider,feelingunsureofoneselforevenfeelingstupid;Sensingthatoneslanguageskillsarentgoodenough,missingjokes,colloquialphrases,referencestoTVshowsorpopsongsorothercultural“insider”information;,home,up,next,Feelinguneasyandunsettled,irritableandincreasinglyshort-tempered;Feelinglonelyandwantingtogo“home”,feelingmoreandmorelikeastrangeroroutcast;Feelingoverwhelmed,overloaded,daydreaming,staringblanklyatthingsorevenstaringatnothing;Becomingmoreandmoreafraidofcommunicatingandofmakingmistakes,worried,anxious.,home,up,next,8.Theseareallsymptomsofinitialcultureshock.Withanewcontextcomenewwaysofdoingthings.Beinguninitiatedandunsureofwhattodo,peopleusuallyhaveastrongsenseofdisplacementinthebeginning.Butthegoodnewsisthatwehumansareverygoodatadapting.Thoughalmostallofusundergosomedegreeofmentalstressinthisperiod,afterafewweeksormonths,welearnhowto“read”ournewcontext.Webecomeawareofthenewcues,thenewexpectations,andthenewwaysofcommunicating.Withsometrialsanderrors,andwithalotofpatiencewithourselves,mostofussucceedinovercomingcultureshockandlearntoenjoyournewcontext.,home,up,next,9.Dr.DongsvisittotheUSwasonlythreeweekslong,butbytheendofthefive-daymedicalconference,hewasalreadystartingtofeelmoreconfident.Surehefeltalittlefoolishaboutsomeofthemistakeshehadmade,buthequicklylearnedtolaughathiserrorsandfoundthathiscolleaguessmiledwithhim.Thisbrokedownthebarrierstocommunicationandhelpedhimbuildsomegoodprofessionalrelationships.Andaftertheconference,hecontactedthefamilyIhadreferredhimtoandhadaverynicetimevisitingthem.Thereweresomenewculturalsurprises,buthediscoveredhecouldbetterunderstandandadapttothem.,home,up,next,10.BythetimehereturnedtoChina,hewasfeelingquitepositiveabouthisAmericantrip,andwasgladforthenewexperiencesandnewskillsithadgivenhim.Hehadbecomesuccessfulintheinitialperiodinanewculture.Thoughhehadgonethroughsomeembarrassingculturestresses,eachhadproventobeavaluablelearningexperience,andintheendhadhelpedhimovercomehiscultureshock.,home,present:n.礼物vt.出席，提出,back,home,back,consult:v.商量，商议，请教，参考，考虑sb(aboutsth)咨询，请教；(with)sb(about/onsth)与商议，商量（以得到许可或帮助决策）,e.g.,Ifthepaincontinues,consultyourdoctor.Iexpecttobeconsultedaboutmajorissues.,如果疼痛持续不消退，要请医生诊治。,我认为重大问题必须找我商量。,home,back,stage:1)时期，阶段，状态2）程序3）剧场4）政界,setthestageforsth.,e.g.,为铺平道路,home,back,expectant:a.期待的，预期的，期望的,e.g.,Childrenwithexpectantfaceswaitingforthefireworkstobegin,带着期待的表情等待烟火表演的孩子们,home,minor:a.较小的，次要的，轻微的v.minorinsth(AmE)辅修major主修,e.g.,aminorroadWomenplayedarelativelyminorroleintheorganization.,小路,在这个组织中，妇女发挥着相对次要的作用。,back,home,wearout/wearsthout：磨薄，穿破，磨损wearyourself/sbout使疲乏，使筋疲力尽，使厌烦,e.g.,Heworeouttwopairsofshoeslastyear.,去年他穿坏了两双鞋。,e.g.,Thekidshavetotallywornmeout.Youllwearyourselfoutifyoucarryonworkingsohard.,孩子们简直把我烦透了。,你要是继续这样拼命工作，身体会吃不消的。,back,home,modest:1)些许的，不太大的（或太贵，太重要等）2）谦虚的，谦逊的,e.g.,Modestimprovements/reforms,不太显著的改进/改革,e.g.,Shesverymodestabouthersuccess.,对自己的成功她非常谦虚。,back,home,back,bewilder:v.使迷惑，使糊涂,e.g.,Shewastotallybewilderedbyhissuddenchangeofmood.,他情绪突变搞得她全然不知所措。,home,occur:表偶然发生时为正式用语,e.g.,Policereportthattheaccidentoccurredatabout9:30.,警方报告说事故发生在9：30左右。,e.g.,occurhappentakeplace,词汇辨析,happen:为常用词，用于表示偶然发生的事件，亦用于由另一事件引起的事情。,back,home,Whathappenedwhenyoutoldhimthenews?,你告诉他这消息时，他的反应如何？,takeplace:通常用于已计划，已安排或人们积极参与的事情,e.g.,ThefestivaltakesplaceinJulyeveryyear.,庆祝活动在每年七月举行。,back,home,coin:n.硬币1）创造（新词语）tocoinaphrase套用一句老话，用老话来说,e.g.,Theterm“cardboardcity”wascoinedtodescribecommunitiesofhomelesspeoplelivingincardboardboxes.,人们创造了cardboard这个词，用来指居住在纸板棚屋中无家可归者的居住区。,e.g.,Oh,well,nonewsisgoodnews,tocoinaphrase.,奥，常言道，没有消息就是好消息。,back,home,seminal:a.（对以后的发展）有深远影响的，有重大意义的,e.g.,aseminalwork/article/study,有巨大影响的著作/文章/研究,back,home,revise:v.1)改变，修正（意见或计划）2）修改，修订（书刊，估算等）,e.g.,IcanseeIwillhavetorevisemyopinionsofhisabilitiesnow.,我明白我现在不得不改变对他的能力的看法了。,e.g.,ArevisededitionofatextbookIllpreparearevisedestimateforyou.,课本的修正版,我将为你准备一份经过修正的评估报告。,back,home,occupational:职业的,e.g.,OccupationalhealthAnoccupationalpensionscheme,职业健康问题,职业退休金计划,occupationallyadv.,职业病,occupationallyinduceddisease,e.g.,back,home,transplant:v.1)sth(fromsb/sth)(intosb/sth)移植（器官，皮肤等）2）sb/sth(from)（to）（formal）使迁移，使移居,e.g.,Surgeonshavesuccessfullytransplantedaliverintoafour-year-oldboy.,外科医生成功的给一个四岁的男孩移植了肝脏。,e.g.,JapaneseproductionmethodshavebeentransplantedintosomeBritishfactories.,日本的生产方法已被引进到一些英国的工厂。,back,home,symptom:v.1）症状2）征兆，征候,e.g.,cold/flusymptom,感冒/流感症状,e.g.,Theriseininflationwasjustonesymptomofthepoorstateoftheeconomy.,通货膨胀不过是经济不景气的一个征候。,back,home,back,unsettled:a.不镇静的，不安的,e.g.,Theyrefeltrestlessandunsettled.,他们都感到焦躁不安。,home,back,context:n.(事情发生的)背景，环境，来龙去脉,e.g.,Hisdecisioncanonlybeunderstoodoncontext.,只有了解来龙去脉才能明白他的决定。,home,sensation:n.1)感觉，知觉,e.g.,aburningsensationIhadasensationoffalling.,烧灼的感觉,我有一种坠落的感觉。,back,home,outcas