英语学术论文写作引言ppt课件

.,HowtoWritetheIntroduction,GroupMembers:,.,目录,1、引言及其作用2、如何写引言3、引言部分的语言特征4、总结,.,1.引言及其作用,1.1什么是引言1.2为什么要写引言1.3引言的作用1.4何时写引言,.,WhatisIntroduction?,Introductionisthefirstsectionofascientificpaper,includingthebackgroundinformationoftheresearch,thenatureandscopeoftheprobleminvestigated.,.,Whydowehavetowriteanintroduction?,Withoutanintroductionitissometimesverydifficultforyourreaderstofigureoutwhatyouaretryingtosay.Thereneedstobeathreadofanideathattheywillfollowthroughyourpaper.,.,Whatisthesubjectabout?,WhyI(we)carriedouttheexperiment,thatistosay,whatistheproblem?,Howdowesolvetheproblem?,What,How,Why,ThefunctionofIntroduction,Toanswerthebasicquestions,.,Whendowewritetheintroduction?,Manybooksrecommendwritingyourintroductionlast,afteryoufinishyourproject.Thisistomakesurethatyouintroducewhatyouareactuallygoingtosay.,.,2.如何写引言,2.1引言的组成2.2引言的特点2.3引言的结构与布局2.4引言实例,.,ThecontentofanIntroduction,.,Introduction,Basicrequirement,.,StructuralLayoutofIntroduction,1.1Introducingthegeneralresearchareaincludingitsbackground,importance,andpresentlevelofdevelopment,1.2Reviewingpreviousresearchinthisarea,Indicatingtheproblemthathasnotbeensolvedbypreviousresearch,raisingarelevantquestion,Specifyingthepurposeofyourresearch,4.1Announcingyourmajorfindings,4.2Outliningthecontentsofyourpaper,.,OneTemplate,a)题X是重要的。,b)前人的工作A、B曾经研究过这个问题。,c)A、B有一些缺陷。,d)我们提出了方法D。,e)D的基本特征，和A、B进行比较。,f)实验证明D比A、B优越。,g)研究前景。,.,Thebackgroundinformation,.,3.引言部分的语言特征,3.1引言部分的时态与语态3.2引言部分常用的句型3.3引言部分常用的词语3.4引言部分的注意事项,.,TenseandVoiceinIntroduction,.,PresentTense,Thepresenttense(is,are)isusedwhenstatinggeneralizationsorconclusions.e.g.1：Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.e.g.2：Inthispaper,weadoptanIAschemeforSISOtransmission,.,Whendescribingrecentadvancesinacertainresearchfield,oraimingtoemphasizetheimpactofsomethinghappeningrecentlyonthepresent,youaresuggestedtousepresentperfecttense.e.g.1:ThisapproachhasbeenexploitedbyCadambeandJafarin.e.g.2:TheauthorshaveshownthatthemaximumachievableDoF（degreesoffreedom自由度）intheK-usertime-varyingsingle-inputsingle-output(SISO,单输入单输出),PresentPerfectTense,.,FutureTense,Sometimes,inthesentenceincludingtheobjectiveoftheresearch,SimpleFutureTenseisrecommended.e.g.1:InSectionIII,however,wewillarguethatgenericmatrices,namely,samplesfromtheGaussianunitaryensembleobey(1.10)forrelativelylargevaluesofS.e.g.2:WeareconfidentthatfinerargumentsandperhapsnewideaswillallowtoderiveversionsofTheorem1.5withbetterbounds.,.,Voice,在学术论文中,我们可能经常会被是否可以使用we（我们）或I（我）的问题困扰。关于这点，一点要区分we在这里指代什么。一般来说，作者使用we提及作者的研究团队而不是泛指人类群体。e.g.1：Inthispaper,weadoptanIAschemeforSISOtransmission,andwetrytomodifythedesigninordertoachievehighersumrate（和速率）performanceinthepracticalSNRregion.（主动语态，we不泛指人群，而是作者所属研究团队）,.,如果需要提及人类群体的认知状态，最好使用被动结构的句子，如：“Itisknow/thoughthat“，而不是用“Weknow/thinkthat”。引言部分中，多使用被动语态，而不是主动语态we，尤其是中心的“报告”部分（wasconducted，wasdesigned等）。e.g.1ThisschemehasbeendesignedtoachievetheasymptoticcapacityintheIC（被动语态）e.g.2ThisnewapproachofinterferencemanagementhasbeennamedIA.（被动语态）,.,exercise,1、Brown(1998)_theimportanceoftimemanagementbothwhenpreparingforandactuallysittingexaminations.A.concludeB.concludesC.stressD.stresses2、ForsomeyearstherehasbeenanawarenrssofthedangersofSalmonfarminginScottishLochs,andseveralstudies(seee.g.,Brown2000,Maclnnes2002)_potentialrisks.A.indicateB.haveindicateC.claimD.haveclaimed,.,3、IntheCanadianstudyPrimarySchoolFrench,researchers_aclearassociationbetweenlanguageproficiencyandparentalincome(Lefebvreetal.1999).A.statedB.havestatedC.demonstratedD.havedemonstratedanswer:1.D2.B3.C,.,sentencepatterninIntroduction,.,SentencepatterninIntroduction,Theprimaryruleistokeepinscientificstyle,Clarity,Preciseness,Conciseness,LogicalandThinking,.,Sentencepattern,Vocabularythefirstisachievediterativelyusingprojectedgradientdescentmethod,thesecondisaclosed-formsolutionthatavoidsthenumericalcomputation,thus,resultinginaverylowcomputationalcomplexity.Secondly,weproposetooptimizetheprecodingvectorsateachtransmitterwithinitsprecodingsubspace.Tothisend,wecombineeachIAprecoderwithanewcombinationprecoder.（概括议题内容）,Example,.,2、回顾先前研究结果的常用句型：:,Ample(丰富的)researcheshavebeenconductedregarding/on.thisapproachhasbeenexploitedin.Inmostexisting.,.isavoidedeitherby.orby.haveproposedanewapproachinordertoshowthat.,.,e.g.1:Inmostexistingwirelessmulti-usercommunicationsystems,interferenceisavoidedeitherbycoordinatingtheuserstoorthogonalizethechannelaccessorbytreatinginterferencefromothertransmittersasnoise.e.g.2:In3,Maddah-alietal.haveproposedanewapproachinordertoshowthattheN-antennasMIMOXchannelscanofferasmuchas4N/3degreesoffreedom(DoF).,Example,.,3、概述研究的欠缺时常用句型,However,untilrecently,.remainedunknown.therearestillnoobservationsatpresentabout.Littleresearchresultshavebeenreportedatthispointconcerning.Researchabout.needstobefurtherconductedfromtherelevantresearches,.,Example,e.g.1:However,untilrecently,thecapacityregionoftheinterferencechannel(IC)remainedunknown.e.g.2:In3,Maddah-alietal.haveproposedanewapproachinordertoshowthattheN-antennasMIMOXchannelscanofferasmuchas4N/3degreesoffreedom(DoF).,.,4、陈述研究的结果的常用句型,Ourexperiment/projectshows/indicates.Theresultsofthepresentresearchconfirm/support.,Example,e.g.1:TheresultofthepresentresearchconfirmthatIAistojointlydesignalltransmittedsignalssuchthatinterferingsignalsateachreceiveroverlapandremaindistinctfromthedesiredsignal.,.,5、阐述研究目的可用下列句型,Inthispaper,weproposea.for.Themainpurpose/aim/objectiveofthisproject/researchistoanalyzetheeffectof.on.Thepresentexperimentisundertakenaimingtoachieve.,Example,e.g.1:Inthispaper,weadoptanIAschemeforSISOtransmission,andwetrytomodifythedesigninordertoachievehighersumrateperformanceinthepracticalSNRregion.Mostreferences,amongwhich7-9,dealwithIAschemesforMIMOinterferencechannels.,.,6、下列句型可用于介绍学术论文结构,Thispaperproceedsasfollows.Thestructureofthepaperisasfollows.Detailson.and.arediscussedinlatersections.,Example,e.g.1:Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.Section2describesthesystemmodel.Then,Section3presentstheIAdesigninSISOIC.InSection4,weproposetooptimizethenetworksumratethroughadiagonalmatrix.,.,exercise,1、Thepapershowsanapproachtomodelontology（存在论）andepistemology（认知论）foranagentbasedwayfindingsystem.本文展示了模拟存在论和认知论在代理装置寻路系统的路径。2、Itisourgoaltotrytorevealsomeofthebasicelementsofeffectiveteamteachingpartnershipandtodiscusswhetherthismodelofteamtechinginfluenceteacherdevelopment.我们的目的是要揭示有效团队教学合作的某些基本元素，讨论团队教学是否影响教师的发展模式。3、Verylittleisknown,however,aboutthechanceofbenefitfromchemotherapy(化疗)inthisdisease.然而，对这种疾病化疗的有效几率情况不详,.,CommonexpressioninIntroduction,.,1、研究重要性的常用表达使用recently、focuson、Thisnewapproachof等表达，常用于引言首句表达当前研究的重要性。e.g.1However,untilrecently,thecapacityregionoftheinterferencechannel(IC)remainedunknown,exceptforsomespecialcasessuchasstrongandverystronginterference1,2.（recently表达近期研究状况）e.g.2ThisnewapproachofinterferencemanagementhasbeennamedIA.（一种新方法）e.g.3ThekeyideaofIAistojointlydesignalltransmittedsignalssuchthatinterferingsignalsateachreceiveroverlapandremaindistinctfromthedesiredsignal.（IA的主要想法是）e.g.4Earlycompressedsensingworksmainlyfocusonnon-adaptiveandone-shotmeasurementschemes.（主要关注于）,.,2、概述文献综述中的常用表达通常使用动词的过去时，用以陈述已完成的研究。e.g.1In3,Maddah-alietal.haveproposedanewapproachinordertoshowthat（proposed表示过去提出的新方法）e.g.2TheyhaveextendedtheideaofIAfromspace/time/frequencydimensionstothesignalleveldimensions（extended表示过去对IA理论的扩展）e.g.3Incontrast,Choietal.haveintroducedanotherIAdesignthataimstoachieveahighermultiplexinggainatanygivensignaldimension6.（introduced表示Choietal.过去引入的这种设计方法）,.,3、用于表达已有研究的空白以及对已有研究的质疑和批评的常用方式用于表达早期研究中的缺陷或未能解决的问题，通常还会使用however，but，although，nevertheless等具有转折意义的词汇。e.g.1However,untilrecently,thecapacityregionoftheinterferencechannel(IC)remainedunknown,exceptforsomespecialcasessuchasstrongandverystronginterference1,2.（提出以前的研究缺陷和问题的表达，常用表转折词汇）e.g.2However,aclosed-formsolutiondoesnotseemtrivial。（提出质疑）,.,4、用于表达当前研究课题的目的、意义的常用方式包括论文的研究目的、策略以及论文的设计。e.g.1Inthispaper,weadoptanIAschemeforSISOtransmission,andwetrytomodifythedesigninordertoachievehighersumrate（和速率）performanceinthepracticalSNRregion.（论文采用方案、手段以及目的的表达）e.g.2Thisisthereasonwhyinthispaper,wetrytodefineefficientIAschemesforSISOinterferencechannels.（原因或本文研究意义的表达）,.,e.g.3:Inourcontributions,wefirstlyintroduceawaytooptimizetheprecodingsubspacesatalltransmitters,exploitingthefactthatchannelmatricesintheIAmodelarediagonal.（引入方法）e.g.4:Secondly,weproposetooptimizetheprecodingvectorsateachtransmitterwithinitsprecodingsubspace.(提出方法)e.g.5:Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.（表达论文行文安排）,.,SomePointsforAttentioninintroduction,.,Conciseness,Theintroductionshouldbeconciseandclear.Neverwriteanextensivereviewofthefield.Nevermakethissectionintoahistorylesson.Beginyourintroductionbyclearlyidentifyingthesubjectareaofinterest.Youmayusekeywordsfromyour“Title”inthefirstfewsentences.Gettotheprimarysubjectquicklywithoutlosingfocus.,.,CitingRelevantLiterature,Forthepurposeofleadingthereadertosomepoint,itisnecessarytoreviewtherelevantliterature,butyoushouldprovidethemostsalientbackgroundratherthananexhaustivereview.Ensurethattheliteraturecitedisbalanced,uptodateandrelevant.