2017中考英语考纲解读

考纲解读-阅读部分,阅读变化完形填空阅读理解,设空规律解题技巧,一、完形填空的特点是什么？,完形填空是一种旨在考查学生语法和词汇知识综合运用能力的典型题，难易程度与初中教材相当，词数在220-280左右。文中平均每隔16-20个词左右设空。学生通过推理判断，综合分析等将答案填入空白处，使短文前后连贯、意思通顺、结构完整合理。选材多为记叙文。,二、完形填空的设空规律有哪些？,（一）从文章结构看,首句通常不设空，以便考生对短文前提和背景有个较清楚的了解，从而使考生尽快熟悉语境、推测文章大意。2.短文设空平均密度为16-20个单词一个空。,中考完形填空抛弃了传统的“语法知识型”命题模式，转变成“情境能力型”的命题趋势。它的一个显著特点就是突出语篇，即重在文意的干扰，把具体的语言知识融进具体的语言情境中去，考查学生通过上下文对整体文意进行把握的能力。,二、完形填空的设空规律有哪些？,（二）从语言层次看考点设计对把握语段的要求在提高。我们可以把考点分为三个层次，即句子层次、句群层次和语篇层次,句子层次的设空,例：(某年中考英语试卷完形填空四选一保留原题号)I90youwereverybusythenhelpingyourfriendgetreadyforherweddingIamsureitwasasuccess.A.rememberB.explainC.hopeD.expect,答案：A,指那些只需读懂设空所在句便可选出答案的题目。,二、完形填空的设空规律有哪些？,2.句群层次的设空,前制性设空,后制性设空,指根据上下文的内容，经过推理判断可以得到答案的题目,即根据上文有关内容即可确定答案的题目。,指那些需要根据下文内容才能选出正确答案的题目/下文某处有提示。,二、完形填空的设空规律有哪些？,前制性设空例：ItwasanEnglishspeechcontest.Mymotheraskedmetotakepartinit.Whataterribleidea!ItmeantIhadto_infrontofalltheteachersandstudentsofmyschool!A.writeB.speakC.singD.dance,后制性设空例：1).Nobody_himinthevillage.Onedayhesaidtothem,“Iknowyoudontlikeme”A.believedB.likedC.hatedD.knew2).Countrymusiccomesfrom_kindsofmusic.OneisthetraditionalmusicoftallmountainpeopleintheeasternUnitedStates.TheotheristraditionalcowboymusicfromtheAmericanWest.A.manyB.allC.twoD.three,B,B,C,二、完形填空的设空规律有哪些？,3.语篇性设空IworkasavolunteerforanorganizationthathelpsthepoorinHaiti.RecentlyItookmysonBarrettthereforaweek,hopingto1himachievedallIdexpected.Soonhewillcelebratehis18thbirthday.Hewillbeaman.(最后一句话)()1.A.comfortB.pleaseC.attractD.educate,D,指那些需要联系全文的情境、内容才能确定正确答案的设空。,三、真题演练,(中考试卷完形填空)Sometimesyoumaynotunderstandyourparents.Oneminutetheyrefriendly,thenextminutetheyreshoutingandscreamingloudlyenoughforthewholestreettohear.Sowhomakesthemso85?You,probably!Whenyoutakeyourclothesoff,rememberto86.Getintothehabitoftakingglassesandplatesdowntothekitchen.Beforelongyoullbedoingitwithoutthinking.Eventhoughyoumaynotrealizeit,yourparentshaveboughtyoumanyclothes.Buttheyrenotbuyingthemselvesnewthingseveryweek,arethey?Thesimpletruthisthattherearemore87thingstospendmoneyon,liketheelectricitybillandfood.Youmayhatemissingapartytovisitsomeboringoldrelatives.Theymaygoonandonaboutwhatasweetbabyyouwere.Youhavenochoicebuttolisten.Evenifyou88,yourparentswontchangetheirminds.Parentsliketoshowofftheirfamily.Thebestthingyoucandoistohelpentertainyourrelatives.Yourparentswillbesopleasedwithyouafterwardsthattheyllprobablyallowyoutogotothenexttwo89.,三、真题演练,Youmightnotwanttoeat,butthinkofitfromtheparentspointofview.Ifyoucooktwomealsaday,itmeans730mealsayear.Canyouimaginehowboringthiscanget?Imaginehowyourparentsfeelwhenyousayyourenotreallyhungry.90,yourparentsareprobablyworriedthatyouarenteatingenough.Eatfewersnacksandleaveroomforyourmeals.Finally,offerto91afterthemeal.Youroffermaynotbeaccepted,butyourparentswillbepleased.,()85.A.friendlyB.lonelyC.changeableD.comfortable()86.A.hangthemupB.leavethemaloneC.putthemonD.throwthemaway()87.A.interestingB.difficultC.importantD.surprising()88.A.agreeB.complainC.listenD.win()89.A.concertsB.meetingsC.classesD.parties()90.A.InadditionB.InreturnC.AtmostD.Atlast()91.A.dothecookingB.laythetableC.buysomesnacksD.washthedishes,C,A,C,B,D,A,D,三、真题演练,解析：85.（前制性设空）文章第一段提出，父母的态度往往会令你感到诧异，他们有时是那么友好，忽然间又会生气地大声嚷嚷，由此可以看出，他们的态度是那么地易变changeable。所以，本题答案为C。86.（句子层次的设空）青少年应该培养良好的生活习惯。例如，在家脱衣后应该及时挂上。B项leavethemalone表示“让它们独自留下”；C项putthemup表示“把他们穿上”；D项throwthemaway表示“把它们扔掉”，以上答案显然均不符合文章意思，而A项hangthemup正是“把衣服挂上”的意思，所以答案为A。87.（后制性设空）家长会给孩子买许多衣服，但他们不会经常为自己购物，那是因为他们要考虑维持家庭生计，他们往往把钱花在更重要的事情上，所以答案为C。88.（前制性设空）你有时会去拜访那些无聊又年长的亲戚，他们会一遍又一遍地唠叨你小时候的乖巧可爱，而你只能洗耳恭听（Theymaygoonandonaboutwhatasweetbabyyouwere.Youhavenochoicebuttolisten.）显然，你会对此而抱怨，但家长们仍不以为然（yourparentswontchangetheirminds.），所以本题答案为B。,三、真题演练,解析：89.（前制性设空）如果能帮助招待好你的亲戚，你的家长会感到十分满意，也会允许你出席以后的更多的这种聚会。选项A、B、C与聚会无关，应予淘汰。所以，本题答案为D。90.（语篇性设空）每日吃饭时，应该想到家长的艰辛。当你说你并不饿时，家长不但会有内心的不快，另外会担心你吃得过少而影响身体（Imaginehowyourparentsfeelwhenyousayyourenotreallyhungry.,yourparentsareprobablyworriedthatyouarenteatingenough.）。根据文章内容，空格处应填入“除此之外”的意思，所以本题答案为A。91.（前制性设空）文章结尾告诫我们要少吃零食，要留出吃饭的空间（Eatfewersnacksandleaveroomforyourmeals.）。饭后也要提出帮助父母做些事情，尽管有时不会得到他们的许可。从四个选项中，我们可以看到D项符合饭后可做的事，A项dothecooking表示“煮饭”，B项laythetable表示“摆餐具、饭桌”均发生在饭前，C项buysomesnacks与上文“少吃零食”的论述矛盾，所以答案为D。,四、解题技巧点拨,（一）_。（二）_。（三）_。,细读首句，跳过空格，通读全文，掌握大意,理解词义，瞻前顾后，先易后难，各个击破,复读全文，逐个核对，验证答案，坚定信心,题型改变,阅读理解,主旨大意型,事实细节型,词义猜测型,命题类,推理判断型,有关阅读理解命题规律:,一、主旨大意题（做题要领）,1.干扰项可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。,2.干扰项可能属从文中某些(不完全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。,3.干扰项可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。,(正确答案)是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。,1)Whatdoesthewritermainlytellus?2)Whichofthefollowingcansummar-izethemainideaofthistext?3)Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainidea?4)Whichisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?6)Whatsthebesttitleforthispassage?,主旨大意题的常见的提问形式:,阅读理解基础训练,BasicTraining,-主旨大意题,Passage1InspiteofthefactthatcarsfromGermanyandJapanarefloodingtheAmericanmarket,Ford,GeneralMotorsandChryslerareemployingmoreworkersthaneverbefore.Thefloodofcheaperfor-eigncarshasnotcastAmericanautoworkerstheirjobsassomeexpertspredicted.FordoperatesasfarasAsia,andGeneralMotorsisconsideredAustraliansbiggestemployer.YetGeneralMotorshasitshugeAmericanworkforceandemployshundredsofpeopleeverydaytomeettheneedsofaninsatiable(不能满足的）society.,Question:WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraphA.GMisoneofthelargestcarproducers.B.FordoperatesnotonlyintheU.S.A.,butalsoinAsia.C.TheforeigncarshavenottakenawaythejobsofAmericanautoworkers.D.ThefloodofthecheaperforeigncarsisterribleforAmericanautoworkers.,【解析】答案为C。takesth.awayofsb.和castsb.sth.的意思相似。本段落以一、二句引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。每段的主题句(常在首句、尾句、首尾句、段落中和归纳分析)一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意。,文章中心是论点，事实细节是论据或主要理由；有关细节的问题常对文中某个词语、某句子、某段落等细节及事实进行提问，所提问题一般可直接或间接在文章中找到答案。,提问的特殊疑问词常有：what,who,which,where,how,why等。,事实细节型,解题原则：忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。,1）Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?2）Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext?3）Theauthor(orthepassage)statesthat_.4）Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,what,which,etc.)_?,在阅读理解中，要求查找主要事实和特定细节问题常有以下几种命题方式：,阅读理解基础训练,BasicTraining,-事实细节型,Q1)_caloriesarerequiredtoraisethetemperatureof5kgofwaterfrom35to90.A.55B.175C.325D.275,Q2)WhichstatementisTRUEaccordingtothechartabove?A.Achildaged8requiresmorethan3timestheamountofcaloriesthatababydoes.B.Aboyaged16requiresnearlytwicetheamountofcaloriesthataboyaged8does.C.Anofficeworkerrequiresthesameamountofcaloriesperdayasawomanfeedingababydoes.D.Afarmerrequiresnearly1.5timestheamountofcaloriesthatanofficeworkerdoes.,Passage2Thehumanbodyisalivingmachine,andlikeallmachines,itneedsfueltosupplyitwithenergy.Thatisthefoodweeat.Buthowmuchdoweneedtostayhealthy?Theenergyvalueoffoodisusuallymeasuredincalories.Acalorieistheamountofheatrequiredtoraisethetemperatureof1kgofwaterby1.Thenumberofcaloriespeopleneedperdayisdifferent,asthechartshows,【解析】答案为D。根据文章细节内容，计算公式为：(90-35)51=275【解析】答案为C。根据文章图表，依次验证A、B、C、D四个答案的内容是否正确。很易找出C符合图表内容。,同义法常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，它们连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可以推测。,反义法如hotandcold,giveandreceive等，或前句为肯定，后句为否定。总之，词与词间都起着互为线索的作用。,释义法对文章中的生词用定语（从句）、表语甚至于用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明。,词义猜测型,情景推断法、代词替代法等,判断词义,1）文中找线索或信息词;2)根据熟悉的词及词义判断新单词之意；3）根据上下文判断新词汇在特定句中确切意思。,做题要领,阅读理解基础训练,BasicTraining,-词义猜测型,Q:Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword“illiterate”A.repeatB.reiteratedC.uneducatedD.sickPassage3:MostwomeninGhanatheeducatedandilliterate,theurbanandrural,theyoungandoldworktoearnanincomeinadditiontomaintainingtheirrolesashousewivesandmothers.Theirreputationforeconomicindependence,self-reliance,andhardworkiswellknownandwelldeserved(应得的，值得的).,解释,这段文字中讲到加纳这个国家中的大多数妇女，受过教育的（educated）和没有受过教育的（illiterate）；住在城市的（urban）和住在农村的（rural），年轻的（young）和年长的（old）正好是一对对反义词。因此选C项。,本题答案选C,推理判断题：中考重头戏，20个题中常有6-8个，着重考查学生归纳概括、逻辑推理等综合能力。,以原文内容为前提，据作者的观点理论（非考生观点），客观地对文中未明显说明的现象或事例给予合理的逻辑推断，做出一定解释。,推理判断型,透过现象看本质，领悟作者思想倾向、观点、立场、语气及态度等。,推理判断题（做题要领）,既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度去考虑，不要固守自己的看法或观点。,推理判断型常见的命题方式有：Thepassageimplies(暗示)that_.Wecanconclude(得出结论)fromthepassagethat_.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferred(推论)?Whatisthetone(语气)oftheauthor?Whatisthepurpose(目的)ofthispassage?Thepassageisintendedto_.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?,阅读理解基础训练,BasicTraining,-推理判断型,Passage4Theconcept(n.观念)ofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.About90percentofallillnessesmightbepreventableifindividual(n.个人)madesound(adj.健康的)personalhealthchoicesbaseduponpresent(adj.现在的)medicalknowledge.Weallenjoyourfreedomofchoiceanddonotliketoseeitlimitedwhenitiswithinthelegal(adj.法律的)andmoralboundaries(n.界限)ofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayaffectourhealth.Ifwedodesire,wecansmoke,drinkmuch,refusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodwewant,andliveacompletelysedentary(adj.久坐的，劳心的)lifestylewithoutanyexercise.,Q:Theconceptofpersonalchoiceabouthealthisimportantbecause_.A.personalhealthchoiceshelpcuremostillnesses.B.ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledge.C.itisbasictopersonalfreedominAmericansociety.D.wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth.,解析：据前两句可以得知，不良的选择会导致健康状况变坏，因此答案选D。选出的答案一定要在原文中找到依据或理由，不能只凭常识或自己主观胡乱推测。,Passage5Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontoreward