会计学原理英文名词解释.doc

会计学原理名词解释1. Accounting: is an information and measurement system that identifies records and communicates relevant reliable and comparable information about an organizations business activities.(P2)2. Managerial accounting: is the area of accounting that serves the decision-marking needs of internal users.(P4)3. Events: refer to happenings that affect an entitys accounting equation and can be reliably measured.(P11)4. External user: of accounting information are not directly involved in running the organization.(P3)5. Internal user: of accounting information are those directly efficiency and effectiveness of an organization.(P4)6. Ethics: are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior.(P5)7. Cost principle: means that accounting information is based on actual cost.(P7)8. Revenue recognition principle: provides guidance on when a company must recognize revenue.(P7)9. Matching principle: prescribes that a company must records its expenses incurred to generate the revenue reported.(P7)10. Going-concerning assumption: means that accounting information reflects a presumption that the business will continue operating instead of being closed or sold.(P7)11. Audit: through review of an organizations accounting records and accounting reports and return make by the analysis.12. Net income: amount a business earns after paying all expenses and costs associated with its sales and revenues.(P15)13. Income statement: describes a companys revenues and expenses along with the resulting net income or loss over a period time due to earnings activities.(P14)14. Statement of owners equity: explains changes in equity from net income (or loss) and from any owner investments and withdrawals over a period of time.(P14)15. Balance sheet: describes a companys financial position (types and amounts of assets liabilities and equity) at a point in time.(P15)16. Statement of cash flows: identifies cash inflows (receipts) and cash outflows (payments) over a period of time.(P15)17. Owners withdrawals account: the account used to record the transfers of assets from a business to its owner. (P31)18. Liabilities: is what a company owes its no owners (creditors) in future payments, products, or services.(P10)19. Accounting equation: Assets=Liabilities + Equity.(P10)20. Accrued expense: refer to costs that are incurred in a period but are both unpaid and unrecorded.(P66)21. Operating cycle: is the time span from when cash is used to acquire goods and services until cash is received from the sale of goods and services. (P96)22. Shareholders (investors): are the owners of a corporation. (P3)23. Current radio: a ratio used to help evaluate a companys ability to pay its debts in the near future.24. Merchandise inventory: refers to products that a company owns and intends to sell.(P113)25. Cash discount: reduction in a receivable or payable if it is paid within the discount period. sellers can grant a cash discount to discourage buyers to pay earlier(P137)26. Gross profit: also called Gross margin, which equals net sales cost of goods sold.(P137)27. Credit period: the amount of time allowed before full payment is due.(P137)28. Acid-test ratio: a ratio used to assets a companys ability to pay its current liabilities; defined by current liabilities.29. Selling expense: include the expenses of promoting sales by displaying and advertising merchandise, making sales, and delivering goods to customers.(P124)30. General and administrative expense: support a companys overall operations and include expenses related to accounting, human resource management, and financial management.(P124)31. Time period assumption: presumes that the life of a company can be divided into time periods, such as months and years, and that useful reports can be prepared for those periods.(P7)32. Account receivable: are held by a seller and decreased by customers to sellers.(P29)33. Prepaid account (also called prepaid expenses): are assets that represent prepayments of future expenses (not current expenses). (P29)34. Unearned revenue: refers to a liability that is settled in the future when a company delivers its products or services.(P30)35. Accrued liabilities: is the companys debt owed. For example, salaries payable, taxes payable, and interest payable and so on.(P31)36. Purchase discount: purchasers description of a cash discount received from a supplier of goods.(P137)37. Sales discount: sellers description of a cash discount granted to buyers in return for early payment.(P137)38. Trade discount: reduction below list or catalog price hat is negotiated in setting the price of goods.(P137)39. FOB shipping point (FOB factory): means the buyer accepts ownership when the goods depart the sellers place of business.(P117)40. FOB destination: means ownership of goods transfers to the buyer when the goods arrive at the buyers place of business. (P117)41. Credit terms: for a purchase include the amounts and timing of payments from a buy to a seller.(P114)42. Current assets: are cash and other resources that are expected to be sold, collect, or used within one year or the companys operating cycle, whichever is longer.(P97)43. Plant assets: refers to long-term tangible assets used to produce and sell products and services.(P98)44. Long-term investment: notes receivable and investments in stocks and bonds are long-term assets when they are expected to be held for more than the longer of one year or the operating cycle.(P98)45. Intangible assets: are long-term resources that ben