从句类型-名词性从句

从句的类型与分析,.三大类从句1.名词性从句2.形容词性从句（定语从句）3.副词性从句（状语从句）.名词性从句1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.同位语从句,名词性从句名词从句，顾名思义，起着名词的作用，因此，在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、和同位语等成分。名词从句，按其不同的成分作用，又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的词可分为三类：连词that：没有词义，在句中不担任语义成分。wh-疑问词，在句中担任一个语义成分。这些词包括who,whom,what,which,when,how和why.它们通常称为关系代词和关系副词。Whether和if也属于这一类，但它们在句中也不担任词义成分。名词性关系词：这一类词没有疑问词义，它本身是先行词与另一个关系代词或关系副词的结合。这些词包括名词性关系代词、名词性关系副词。名词性关系代词有：What=thethingswhich/thatWhatever=anythingthatWho=thepersonwho,Whoever=anyonewhoWhom=thepersonwhomWhich=theonethatWhichever=anythingthat名词性关系副词有：When=thetimewhenWhere=theplacewhereHow=thewaythatWhy=thereasonwhy1.主语从句主语从句（subjectclause）可以由连词that,wh-疑问词或名词性关系词引导。连词that引导由连词that引导的主语从句可以置于句首。但常见的形式是主语从句放在句末，作逻辑主语：句首用引导词it作形式主语，这样句子结构更为紧凑。,Examples:Thatalllivingsarecomposedofcellsisknowntoall.Itisbelievedthattheformationofthesun,theplanetsandotherstarsbeganwiththecondensationofagascloud.Itisremarkablethatatablespoonfulofsoilcantellussomuchaboutthestructureandearlyhistoryofthemoon.用形式主语it的主语从句常见结构有：Itisafact(agoodthing,goodnew,ect.)thatItisclear(necessary,important,possible,remarkable,etc.)thatItiswell-known(reported,recorded,noted,estimated,ect.)thatItmustbepointedoutthatIthasbeenfoundthatItturnsoutthatIthasbeenprovedthatItcanbeseenthat,此外，当全句是一般疑问句时，也多用it做形式主语，如：Isitpossiblethathewillcometoday?.wh-疑问词引导由wh-疑问词引导的名词从句既可以前置，又可以借助于先行词it而后置。Examples:Howtheprisonerescapedisamystery.Itdependsonmanyfactorswhetherinfectionoccursornot.Itremainsunknownwhowillcometothemeeting.由whether引导的名词从句既可位于句首，又可位于句后；而由if引导的从句只能位于主句后。Whetherhewillcomeisuncertain./itisuncertainwhether/ifhewillcome.,.名词性关系词引导由名词性关系词引导的主语从句一般位于句首，Examples;Whatiswritteninthebookshouldbetestedinpractice.Whatimpressedmemostisnotwhathedid,buthowhedidit.Whateverbringsabouthappinesshasutility,accordingtothedoctrineofutilitarianism.Excises:用主语从句翻译下列句子。难的是一辈子做好事，不做坏事。理论必须密切联系实际是我们应当经常记住的一条原则。据说如果交通运输技术也像计算机那样飞速发展的话，今天人们跨越大西洋就只需几秒钟了。确实，自从八十年代以来我们的总体生活水平提高了很多，我们可以夸耀我们在物质方面取得的进步。,2.宾语从句起宾语作用的名词性从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句通常由连词that,wh-疑问词与名词性关系词引导。宾语从句一般置于谓语动词后，但也可作某些介词与某些具有动作意义的形容如afraid,sure,aware,certain等的宾语。由连词that引导的宾语从句在动词believed,think,know,say,suppose等后面时，连词that可以省略。Example:Weknowforeignlanguagesareusefultoolsinresearchwork.在带有宾语补足语的句子中，往往用it作形式宾语，而将that-从句置于句末作逻辑宾语，表达具体内容。Examples:Wehavemadeitclearthatpreventionisbetterthancure.Weconsideritnecessarythattheoryshouldbecombinedwithpractice.此外，在由不及物动词加介词构成的短语动词后也用先行代词it作形式宾语，后接由that引导的宾语从句。Examples:Wewillanswerforitthattheproductisofextrasuperiorquality.Youmaydependonitthatsheisqualifiedforthetask.,.由wh-疑问词引导Examples:Mostpeopleknowwhatitisliketohavetheirbloodpressuretaken,butfewpeopleunderstandthemeaningofthenumbersusedtorecordbloodpressure.Progressdependsprimarilyonwhethertheindividualmakestheeffort.注意:whether,if都可以引导宾语从句，二者的区别在于：whether引导的宾语从句可以做介词宾语，而if则不能。Examples:Itdependsonwhetherhecomes.IworryaboutwhetherIhurthisfeelings.由名词性关系词引导Examples:Youcanchoosewhicheverbookyoulikehere.Theyshouldenjoycompletefreedomtolivewithwhomevertheydesireto.,.跟在介词后面的宾语从句Examples:Theresistanceofawirealsodependsuponwhatmaterialitismadeof.Physiologyisthescienceofhowthebodyfunctionsorworks.介词后面的宾语从句一般不跟that引导的宾语从句。在英语中，只有五个介词后面可跟that从句，它们是except,in,but,besides,save.Examples:Livingthingsaredifferentfromnon-livingthingsinthattheformerperformlifefunctionsandthelatterdonot.IdontknowhisaddressexceptthatitwasLeadenhallStreet.Iagreewithyou,savethatyouhavegotsomefactswrong.Theybelievedthatlanddidnotbelongtopeople,butthatpeoplebelongtoland.Excises:用宾语从句完成下列句子。hedifferedfromotherpeople_(他在工作中比别人都看得远些)。_(从以上所说的)itcanbeseenthatpracticeisthekeytomasteryofaforeignlanguage.Theygave_(来校的人)awarmwelcome.,3.表语从句起表语作用的句词性从句，叫做表语从句。连词that,wh-疑问词和名词性关系词都可以引导表语从句。由连词that引导WhatimpressedmemostwasthathecouldspeakbothEnglishandJapanesefluentlyandbeautifully.由wh-疑问词引导TheproblemiswhatIcandotomakeupforthetimelost.由名词性关系词引导Thisiswhyourteachingmethodmustbeimproved.表语从句也可用because引起，但通常只用”this(that,it)isbecause”这种结构。“canyoutellmewhywomenlivelongerthanmenafterretirement?”“Thatsbecausewomencancontinuetodosomethingtheyareusedtodoing.”,Excises:thequestionis_(怎样给老人提供更舒适安全的生活环境)。onereasonwhyHamletissuchapopularplayis(它对各阶层的人都有吸引力)。theproblemis_(人们从未像今天这样对婚姻抱如此之高的期望)。,4.同位语从句起同位语作用的名词性从句叫做同位语从句。它表示与之同位的名词中心词的实际内容。这些名词中心词常见的有:fact,news,hopes,opinion,order,question,problem,belief,truth,theory,decision,discovery,conclusion,statement,promise,rumor等。同位语从句一般由连词that和wh-疑问词引导。以连词that引导Thefactthatdeedsarebetterthanwordsisquiteclear.以wh-疑问词引导ThequestionhowIdiditishardtoanswer.Theyhadnoideawheretheyshouldgotofindsomefood.MyproblemwhetherIshouldgotoseehimwassolvedwhenIlearnedthathewasill.,Excises:用同位语从句翻译下列句子中国人一直保持着春节全家人团圆的传统。随着计算机科学的发展，计算机能否超越人类的问题就提出来了。他们的唯一儿子在海中丧身的可怕事实使他们痛苦不堪。,同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别主要有三点：其一是同位语从句是用来表明与之同位的名词中心词的具体内容；而定语从句则是对其先行词加以限制、描绘或说明。第二点区是同位语从句的同位名词仅限于为数不多的具有内容含义的抽象名词如belief,doubt,fact,hope,idea,news,possibility,thought,order,suggestion,wish,answer,information,conclusion,decision,discovery,knowledge,law,opinion,problem,promise,proof,question,report,truth,risk等；定语从句的先行词则没有限制，不计其数。第三点区别是引导同位语从句的that为连词，在从句中不担任任何成分；引导定语从句的that为关系词，在从句中担任一定成分。Examples:Thenewsthatourwomensvolleyballteamhadwonwasknowtoallofus.ThenewsthatwasinformedofbyMr.Zhangprovedtobeafalseone.,辨认下列同位语从句与定语从句。1.Thewholetruthcameoutatlastthathewasawolfinsheepsclothing.2.dontrunawaywiththeideathatallEnglishmenarethesame.3.adiagnosisistheconclusionthatthedoctordrawsfromobservationofsymptoms.4.Iwasundertheimpressionthathejustdidntcaremuchaboutme.5.anythingwhichisvisibletothenakedeyeissaidtobemicroscopic.6.heputforwardthestartlingproposalth