《非正常航班的运行》PPT课件

非正常航班的运行,Theoperationofoff-normalflight,1恶劣天气运行Theoperationofthebadweather2飞机故障下的运行Theoperationofairplanetrouble,1恶劣天气运行Theoperationofthebadweather,1概述Introduction2恶劣天气下运行原则Principlesforthebadweather3恶劣天气条件下的运行要求和处置程序Theoperationrequirementsandproceduresundertheconditionofabnorminableweather4风切变Windshear,5寒冷天气Coldweather6炎热天气Hotweather7颠簸区飞行Flightinturbulence8火山灰Volcanicash9案例分析Caseanalysis,1概述Introduction,飞行前，机长和签派员应当根据气象情况，特别是最近的天气报告和预报，分析起飞降落机场和航路所经区域是否存在雷雨、结冰、低云、低能见度、风切变、火山灰等恶劣气象条件；Beforetheflight,Captainanddispatchershouldanalysethebadweatherlikethunderstorm、icing、lowcloud、lowvisibility、windshear、volcanicashinthetake-offandlandingairportandtheareasofroutesinaccordancewithmeteorologicalconditions,especiallyrecentweatherreportandforcasts.,1概述Introduction,机长和签派员应避免安排飞机通过有严重影响飞行安全的危险和恶劣气候的飞行区域，或许可飞机在恶劣天气影响下的机场起降；Captainanddispatchershouldavoidarrangingtheairplanecrosstheflyingareaswhichaffectflightsafetyseriouslyandhavebadweather,orpermitthetake-offandlandingoftheaircraftundertheabnorminableweather,1概述Introduction,在放行飞机时，应仔细考虑这些气象条件对飞行的影响，针对飞行航线和飞机的特点，采取谨慎可靠的放行方案或备份放行方案。Whenrealeasingtheairplane,captainanddispatchershouldcarefullyconsidertheimpactoftheweatherconditionsonflight,andtakereliableandcarefulreleaseschemeorbackupinviewofairrouteandtheaircraftfeature,1概述Introduction,当遇有恶劣天气时，当班签派员应时刻跟踪机场在恶劣天气下的运行情况，给予飞行机组相应的支援和建议，尤其在夜间、航班延误或飞行机组执勤时间较长的情况下，更要注意掌握飞行动态，严格掌握机组执勤时间，严禁超时工作；Whenencounteringbadweather,dispatchondutyshouldconstantlymornitortheoperationalconditionoftheairportinbadweather,andgivetheflightcrewcoorespondingsupportsandsuggestions,especiallypaymoreattentiontoflightactivitiesandcontrolingworkingtimeatnightorduringthefilghtdelayorflightcrewworkingforlong.Overtimeisforbidden.,1概述Introduction,当遇有恶劣天气时，要提高放行飞机的放行控制能力，确保飞行中的机组能够随时获得有关不利天气条件的气象预报（雷暴、强颠簸、强降水和结冰情况）、目的地及备降机场气象预报的更新资料，以及在签派放行单中指定的机场出现未预料到的低于运行标准的天气观测报告或预报。whenencounteringbadweather,theabilityofrealesecontrolshouldbeimprovedandthecrewontheflightshouldbeensuredtoobtaintheforcastsofbadweatherconditions(thunderstorm、severeturbulence、strongprecipitaionandicing)、updateforweatherforcastsfordestinationandalternateaerodrome,andadesignedairportunderanunsuspectedminimumweatherorreportindispatchrelease,1概述Introduction,在恶劣天气条件下运行时，各类运行保障服务部门和航站代理要加强对飞行机组的服务和保障工作；运行控制部门或签派服务代理部门要及时提供必要的签派放行文件，便于飞行机组及时和集中精力进行准备。Operationinadverseweatherconditions,thevarioussecurityservicesandterminalstorunagentsontheflightcrewtostrengthentheservicesandsecuritywork;operationalcontroldepartmentordispatchserviceagenttoprovidethenecessarydepartmentstodispatchtimelyreleaseofdocuments,easytoflyUnitsinatimelymannerandconcentrateonpreparation.,飞行机组应根据掌握的恶劣天气条件下的各种信息和运行区域的特点，对飞行运行实施正确判断，并应将飞行中观察到和遇到的任何恶劣天气现象报告空中交通管制部门和公司运行控制部门（飞行签派室）；存在危险或恶劣天气时，飞行机组应尽早采取措施以避开这种天气活动区。Flightcrewshouldmasteravarietyofadverseweatherconditionsandoperationofregionalcharacteristicsofinformation,accurateassessmentoftheimplementationofflightoperations,whichshouldbeobservedinflightandencounteredthereportofanysevereweatherphenomenaandairtrafficcontroldepartmentofthecompanyrunningControlDepartment(FlightDispatchOffice);thereisdangerorbadweather,theflightcrewshouldtakeearlymeasurestoavoidthiskindofweatheractivityarea.,1概述Introduction,在恶劣天气下飞行时，飞行机组应明确分工，预习应急和特殊处置程序，严格遵照所飞机型的操纵程序，结合恶劣天气运行的特点，充分考虑飞机结构限制、发动机使用限制和保护措施，使用正确的符合机型性能的限制速度，正确使用影响飞机起飞着陆的各种控制装置，防止操纵失误。Whenflyingunderbadweather,flightcrewshouldbecleardivisionoflabour,preparetheemergencyandspecialoperatioinalprocedure.Theyshouldabidethemanipulationprocedureoftheaircraft,andfullyconsiderthestructurelimitiation、engineusinglimitationandprotectionmeasurs,andcorrectlyutilizespeedlimitationtotheperformanceincombinationoftheoperationalfeatureofbadweather.Flightcrewproperlyuseallkindsofcontrolequipmentsfortaking-offandlandingincasetheymakefaultycontrol,1概述Introduction,颠簸区飞行时，飞行机组必须考虑飞机结构限制，严格保持机型颠簸速度，并应接通发动机点火电门。结冰区飞行时，飞行机组应严格执行发动机防冰使用要求，不得基于飞机风挡结构的目视结冰参考使用发动机防冰。Whenflyinginturbulence,flightcrewmustconsiderthestructurelimiationoftheairplane,keepspeedstrictlyandturnonengineignitionswitch.Flyinginicing,crewshouldexecuterequirmentsofengineanti-icing,andcannotuseanti-icingbasedonvisualicingreferenceonwindshiedstructureoftheaircraft,1概述Introduction,2恶劣天气下运行原则operationalprinciplesforbadweather,2.1避开原则principlesforavoid应在保证避开恶劣天气的前提下继续飞行；Filghtshouldbeguranteedtocontinueonthepremiseofavoidingthebadweather运行中应采取一切监视和观察手段防止进入、误入或通过已知的中度以上结冰区、雷暴区或强颠簸区；Airplaneshouldbepreventedtoentermisguidedintoorgothroughtheknownmoderateicingthunderstormorsevereturbulenceareas,2恶劣天气下运行原则operationalprinciplesforbadweather,2.1避开原则principlesforavoid离港前和巡航期间，应持续监视目的地机场的气象条件，并始终目视和使用机上气象雷达观察沿航路的气象情况；Pilotsshouldmornitortheweatherconditionsofdestinationcontinualy,andvisualallthetimeanduseredarontheairplanetoobservetheconditionsoftheairrouteduringdepartureandcruise;如机长计划绕飞中强度雷雨时，应考虑机载导航和通信设备的有效性；Ifthecaptainplanstogoroundmoderateandseverethunderstorm,heshouldconsiderthevalidityofairbornenavigationandcommunicationapparatus,2恶劣天气下运行原则operationalprinciplesforbadweather,2.1避开原则principlesforavoid如不慎通过或进入危险区域，应谨慎及时地使飞机避开这些区域。Iftheairplanegoesthroughorenterhazardareas,crewshouldmaketheairplaneavoidtheseareascarefullyandpromptly.,2.2正确判断原则Correctprincipleforjudgement在恶劣天气条件下，飞行机组更要密切配合细致分工，协助机长正确判断；Flightcrewshouldworkinclosecoordinationanddividetheworkcarefullytohelpthecaptainmakecorrectjudgement.,2恶劣天气下运行原则operationalprinciplesforbadweather,机长应正确使用气象雷达，根据恶劣条件的具体情况，严格执行公司运行标准，正确判断对飞行的影响，及时采取等待、备降、中止进近、复飞等决断措施；Captainshouldproperuseweatherredar,accordingtoconcretconditions,carryoutoperationstandardoftheairlinestrictly,judgetheimpaceonflightandtakethedecisionsofholding、landingatalternate、abortingapproachandgoingaround;,恶劣天气条件下飞行机组应保持冷静，及时向管制员报告运行状况，听从指挥，避免忙乱失措和忙中出错；Flightcrewshouldkeepcalmwhentheyflyinbadweather,andreporttheoperationalconditionstothecontrollers.Takeorders,avoidbeingshatteredandmakingmistakesinhurry.,2恶劣天气下运行原则operationalprinciplesforbadweather,恶劣天气条件下飞行机组应防止各种复杂因素影响或干扰，应集中精力对飞机进行控制（高度、位置、与其它飞机的间隔），防止低于安全高度、误入禁区、造成危险接近等不安全事件。Flightcrewshouldpreventinfluneceandinterferenceofcomplexfactors,andfocuseoncontrollingtheairplane（altitude、positionandinterval）incasetheaircraftislowsafetyaltitudeorenterprohibiteareasormakeunsafeincidentslikedangerousapproach.,2恶劣天气下运行原则operationalprinciplesforbadweather,2.3周密准备原则Principlesforthoroughpreparation,当存在恶劣天气条件下运行时，飞行机组更要加强准备，提前采取各项行动准备预案，在起飞或下降简令中明确如下内容:Flightcrewshouldbebetterpreparedandplaninadvanceduringflightinbadweather.Thebreifingoftakingoffandlandingreadsasfollows:,在起飞、着陆、中止进近或复飞的机组分工或喊话、复飞绕飞航线和备份航线计划、中止进近或复飞决断和条件、起飞着陆天气特点及特别运行注意事项（反推、减速板、刹车使用、侧风操纵等）；Flightcrewunderdivisionoflabourcallthecontroller,goaround，makebackupforcruiseplan，abortapproachormissedapproachdecisionandconditions,theweatherinformationsfortakingoffandlandingandotheroperationalpointsforattention(inverse,airbrake,speedbrakescrosscontrolandsoon),在恶劣天气条件下运行时，飞行机组应熟悉和了解获得的各类有关信息，明确相关的运行标准，如根据跑道湿滑状况和刹车效应等级，确定不同等级条件下对应的机型侧风运行标准，如果判定跑道属于污染跑道，还应遵守公司关于污染跑道的相关规定；Flightcrewshouldbefamiliarandknowtoobtainallkindsofinformation,andmakesurerelatedoperationalstandard.Forexamplecrewshouldhaveclearcrosswindoperationalcriteriaoftheaircraftunderdifferentlevelsbythewetconditionsofrunwayandeffectofbrake.Iftherunwaybelongstocontamination,crewshouldabiderelatedregulationsaboutcontaminatedrunwayoftheairline.,2.3周密准备原则Principlesforthoroughpreparation,在恶劣天气条件下运行时，飞行机组应进一步确定飞机飞行限制数据和机上相关设备正常工作状态，以确定飞机飞行性能和运行能力（如飞机除冰能力、MEL对除冰防冰能力限制、气象雷达的工作性能等），防止因工作系统故障造成错误判断和运行失误。Filghtcrewshouldfurtherascertainthefilghtlimitationdataandnormalconditionofrelatedequipmentsontheairplanetoevaluateperformanceofaircraftandoperationalability(likede-icingabilityoftheairplane,limitationofMELtode-icingandanti-icing,theperformanceofweatherredarsoon),andpreventfaultyjudgementandoperationsforworksystemfailure.,2.3周密准备原则Principlesforthoroughpreparation,恶劣天气条件下的运行要求和处置程序operationalrequirementandprocedureunderthebadweather,3.1雷暴（雨）天气Thunderstorm(rain)weather雷暴是指伴有阵风骤雨、电闪雷鸣的积雨云系统的统称，是由强烈的大气对流引起的中小尺度天气系统。强烈的雷暴可以引起暴雨、冰雹和大风，有时还会引起龙卷风。Thunderstormiscollectivenamethatcumulonimbussystemisaccompaniedbywindgustofshowers,andmeso-andmicro-scalesystemscausedbytenseatmosphereconvection.Severethunderstormcanproducerainfall,hailandstrongwind,sometimesleadtotornado.,雷暴对飞行的危害Harmofthunderstormtofilght,雷暴可带来冰雹、严重颠簸、暴雨、闪电、电击、阵风、风切变及结冰等多种破坏性的危害。Thunderstormcanbringhail,severeturbulence,rain,lighting,lightingstroke,gustwind,windshearandicingandotherdestructivedamage,雷暴对飞行的危害Harmofthunderstormtofilght,1）下冲暴流和微下冲气流Downburstandmicro-downburst雷暴能引起地面产生大于18米/秒的雷暴大风的突发性强下降气流称为下冲暴流。在下冲气流的整个直线气流中，还带有一些小尺度辐散性气流，这些小尺度外流系统称为微下冲气流。Suddendecendingaircurrentwhichhas18m/sthunderwindonthegroundthatiscasedbythunderiscalleddownburst.Therearesomesmallscaledivergenceaircurrentcalledmicro-downburstduringthewholestraightairflow,2）雷击Thunderstrike雷暴能对飞机产生雷击，造成飞机损坏（击穿飞机蒙皮、损坏气象雷达、磁罗盘的永久误差）和人员伤亡。Thunderstormcanstiketheairplanetoleadtothedamageoftheaircraft(breakingthroughskin,breakingdownweatherredar,permanenterrorofcompass),雷暴对飞行的危害Harmofthunderstormtofilght,3）高度表Altimeter使气压式高度表指示产生误差，雷雨天气下气压的迅速变化，可使高度表指示产生高达100英尺以上的误差。ThunderstormcanmaketheindicationofBarometricAltimetercauseerror,andmakealtimeterindicatorcauseover100feeterrorfortheatmosphericpressurechangingrapidly,雷暴对飞行的危害Harmofthunderstormtofilght,4）能见度Visibility雷雨天气强降水的情况下使能见度变差，滂沱大雨会降低飞机风挡玻璃的清晰度，造成视觉上的错觉，影响驾驶员对飞机距跑道地平面高度的判断；容易误低为高，或盲目拉高，造成着陆失误。Visibilitywillbeworseunderthunderstorm,andheavyraincanreducethedefinitionofwindshieldtomakepilotshaveillusionssothatitcanaffectthepilottomakejudgementaboutairplanesaltitudetothehorizonofrunway.Pilotwillbeeasilythinkhigheroreasebackblindlytomakelandingfaulty,雷暴对飞行的危害Harmofthunderstormtofilght,5）风切变Windshear雷雨天气常常形成风向风速的急剧变化，起飞和着陆易遭受到风切变；跑道上湿滑加上不定飓风或阵风影响，飞机极易冲滑偏出跑道，酿成重大事故。Takingoffandlandingeasilyencounterwindshearforwinddirectionandspeedchaningrapidlycasedbythunderstormweather.Theairplaneeasilyskidoffrunwaytocausemajoraccidentbecausetherunwayiswetandslipperytogetherwithhurricaneorgustwind,雷暴对飞行的危害Harmofthunderstormtofilght,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定Rulesforflightunderthunderstorm,机场有雷雨或雷暴覆盖时，禁止飞机起降，或试图起飞和进近着陆。机场仅存在降雨条件下，禁止在昼间强降水，夜间中度以上（含）降水条件下起降。禁止飞入积雨云或浓积云中或试图从云下绕飞雷雨。Theairplanemustbeprohibitedtotakeoffandlandortrytotakeoffandapproachtolandwhentheairportiscoveredwiththunderstorm.Takingofforlandingisforbiddenundertheconditionsofwhichhassevererainfallinthedaytime,overmoderate(includingmoderate)rainfallatnight.airplaneisforbiddentoflyintocumulonimbusorCBorgoroundthunderstormbelowthecloud.,起飞爬升航路上或着陆进近航路上有雷雨封闭，无法绕行；Theairplanecannotgoaroundforthunderstormclosingontakingoffclimbingorapproachtolandcurise雷雨大面积封堵目的地机场进离场航路，无法绕行；Theairplanecannotgoaroundwhentheapproachanddeparturecruiseofdestinationairportisblockedbythunderstorm,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定Rulesforflightunderthunderstorm,目的地机场附近有大面积雷暴天气系统，且雷雨前锋向机场移动，趋于覆盖机场，预计飞机起飞爬升或着陆进近将遇到雷雨覆盖；Whenthenearbydestinationairporthasextensivethunderstormweathersystem,besides,thunderstormfrontmovetotheairporttendingtocovertheairport,andtakeoffclimbingorlandingrouteisestimatedtobecoveredbythunderstorm雷暴主体移动至距机场起飞航路5海里、着陆航路3海里，对正常运行严重影响；Subjectofthunderstormcauseseriousimpactonnormaloperationswhenitmovesat5nmstoairporttakingoffroute,3nmstolandingroute,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定Rulesforflightunderthunderstorm,当雷暴主体移离机场，或覆盖机场的雷暴处于消散阶段，但机场仍存在强降水现象。当以上情况存在时飞行行机组应根据雷暴的位置、移动的速度方向、雷暴的强度和风向风速对机场运行的影响，及早进行等待、绕飞和备降决断Whenthunderstrommoveoffairport,orthunderstormcovertheairportdisappears,butseverepreciputaionstillexists,flightcrewshouldmakedecisionsonholding,goingroundandlandingatalternateinaccordancewiththepositionofthunderstorm,directionofmoving,thestrengthofthunderstormandimpactofwinddirectionandspeedonairport.,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定Rulesforflightunderthunderstorm,在起飞爬升离场或进近着陆进场飞行时，必须正确使用气象雷达，选择绕飞航路，遵守绕飞规定；Filghtcrewmustuseredartoselectcruiseofgoingroundandabidetheregulationsofgoingroundduringtakeingoff,climbingfordepartureorapproach,landingforarraival必须注意飞机的高度，防止低于安全高度飞行，防止与其他飞机危险接近；Payattentiontothealtitudetopreventflyingbelowsafetyaltitudeandmakingdangerousapproachwithotheraircraft.,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定Rulesforflightunderthunderstorm,同时要注意满足稳定进近的要求；Meanwhilepayattentiontomeettherequirementofapproach;飞机进近着陆到达DH/DA或MDH/MDA时，如果遇到大雨严重影响飞行机组视线和正常着陆操作，必须立即执行复飞程序；WhentheairplaneapproachtolandatDH/DAorMDH/MDA,ifencounteringheavyrainwhichcanaffectflightcrewvisionandnormallandingcontrolseriously,goaroundproceduremustbeexecutedpromptly;,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定Rulesforflightunderthunderstorm,只有确信着陆机场五边和一边起飞航径没有雷雨降水影响正常着陆和复飞时，才能决断进行进近和着陆。Onlyifthefinalandupwindarebesuretohavenothunderstormwhichhaveimpactonnormallandingandgoaround,decisioncanbemadetomakeapproachandlanding,雷暴天气下飞行必须遵守的规定Rulesforflightunderthunderstorm,雷雨天气条件下的飞行前操作程序Pre-flightcontrolprocedureunderthunderstorm,飞行准备时，要根据所飞航线的特点、季节特点及南北方的天气特点，重点研究遇雷雨时的绕飞方法和绕飞的注意事项，查阅相关的飞行资料（禁区、危险区、航线安全高度、备降场等）。Whendoingflightpreparation,flightcrewwhichbaseonthefeatureoftheroute,seasonandtheweatherofnorthandsouth,shouldstressthemethodandpointsforattentionofgoinground,checkrelatedflightinformation(forbiddenareas,dangerousareas,safetyaltitudeofroute,destinationetc.),飞行前，机长和飞行签派员应根据气象情况，特别是最近天气报告，分析雷雨性质、发展趋势、移动方向和速度，选择绕飞雷雨区的航线和备降机场，共同研究决定航空器的放行；Beforetheflight,captainanddispatchershouldanalyzethenatureofthunderstorm,trendfordevelopment,movementdirectionandspeed,selectionforcourseofgoingroundthunderstormandalternateaccordingtoweatherconditions,especiallyrecentforcasts.Theyworktogetheronreleasingtheairplane,雷雨天气条件下的飞行前操作程序Pre-flightcontrolprocedureunderthunderstorm,当天气预报或天气实况有雷雨时，证实机载气象雷达处于完好状态。Whenforcastoractualweatherreportingthethunderstorm,theairborneredarshouldbecertifiedtobeworknormally.,雷雨天气条件下的飞行前操作程序Pre-flightcontrolprocedureunderthunderstorm,当航站区域被雷雨覆盖时，不要进入或从该区域起飞，除非有不受已知雷雨影响的航路，并可以沿该航路飞行；Whentheterminalareasarecoveredwiththunderstorm,donotenterortakeofffromthisareaUnlessthecourseisnotbeingaffectedbythethunderstorm,theairplanecanflyalongtheroute.当无法避开本区域和航路上的雷雨时，不得签派放行。Releasecandnotbefollowedwhenthunderstormonlocalareaandroutecannotbeavoided.,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,经ATC许可，可以绕航GoingroundcanbefollowedbypermissionofATC如果联系不上ATC，机长可以行使应急权力，以便绕飞存在的危险天气；IfnotcontactingATC,captaincanexecutethepowerofemergencytogoroundthebadweather,当已知飞行航路有雷雨，并且可以绕飞时，起飞前飞行机组必须使用气象雷达，判断雷雨的分布，确定其绕飞航路，并监听塔台的指挥，必要时向塔台报告起飞后绕飞意图；Whenthethunderstormontheflightrouteisknown,andgoingroundcanbepermited,flightcrewmustuseredarbeforetheflighttojudgethedistributionofthunderstorm,becertaintherouteofgoinground,mornitorithetowerandifnecessary,reporttheattentionofgoingroundaftertakingofftothetower,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,飞行中遇到雷雨时，机长必须判明雷雨强度、分布情况、移动方向和云底云顶高度，决定绕飞或返航备降，并将决定报告空中交通管制部门，严禁飞入积雨云和浓积云。Whenencounteringthunderstormduringtheflight,captainmustmakejudegementonthestrengthofthunderstorm,distribution,movementandceilingheight,anddecidetogoroundorreturntoalternate.Heshouldreporthisdecisiontotheairtrafficcontroldepartment.flyingintocumulonimbusandCBsisforbidden,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,绕飞雷雨时，必须考虑到有转弯退出的余地，并遵守下列规定：Whengoingroundthethunderstorm,pilotmustconsiderturningandwithdrawingroomandabidingtherulesasfollowed:,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,只准有雷达的航空器或根据气象雷达探测的资料能确切判明雷雨位置的情况下，方可在云中绕飞，但距离积雨云（浓积云）不得少于15海里；Goingroundinthecloudcanbepermitedonlyiftheairplanehasredarorredarinformationcanindicatethepositionofthunderstorm,buttheairplaneisnotlessthan15nmsfarfromcumulonimbus(CBs)只准机舱有增压或氧气设备和具有相应升限的航空器，从云上绕飞，但是，机组在云上绕飞时，应当有相应的机动飞行裕度；Goingroundabovethecloudcanbepermitedonlyifplaneaspressurizedcabinoroxygensystemandrelatedascendinglimit.But,crewshouldhavecoorespongdingmarginwhentheygoround;,只准在安全高度以上，偏离航线不超过导航设施的有效半径范围内绕飞（有惯性导航设备的航空器除外）；Goingroundmustbepermitedatabovethesafetyaltitude,anddrifingoffcourselessthantheeffectiveradiusrangeofnavigationequipment(exceptforairplanewhichhasinertialnavigation);云外绕飞时，距离积雨云（浓积云）不得少于5海里；Whengoingroundoffthecloud,theairplaneisnotlessthan5nmsfarfromcumulonimbusandCBs;,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,两个云体之间不少于10海里，并判断确定没有雷击危险时，方可从中间通过；Whennotlessthan10nmsisbetweentwocloudsandnothunderstrikedangeriscertained,theairplanecangothroughthem只准昼间从云下目视绕飞雷雨，但航空器与云底的垂直距离不得少于400米；Theairplanecanbepermitedtogoroundbelowcloudbelowthecloudvisualy,buttheverticaldistancebeweenairplaneandceilingisnotlessthan400meters飞行真实高度在平原、丘陵地区不得低于300米；Thetruealtitudeovertheplaneandhillsisnotlessthan300meters,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,在山区不得低于600米；Notlessthan600metersinthemountains;航空器距主降水区不得少于10海里；Theairplaneisnotlessthan10nmsfrommajorprecipitationarea在6000米的高度上不少于10海里，在7500米的高度上不少于10海里，在9000米的高度上不少于20海里，在0度等温线附近应增加绕飞距离；Principlesforgoingroundthunderstormfromupwindis:notlessthan10nmsat6000ms,notlessthan10nmsat7500ms,notlessthan20nmsat9000ms,at0isotherm，distanceofgoingroundshouldbeincreased,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,在降落站区域或在净空条件不良的区域绕飞，要特别注意自己的位置与安全高度的关系，综合利用地面和机载导航设备，严禁低于安全高度飞行；Whentheairplanegoroundinlandingareasorbadclearanceconditions,moreattentionshouldbepaidtherelationshipbetweenthepositionofaircraftandsafetyaltitude,andgroundandairbornenavigationequipmentshouldbeutilized.Flyingbelowsafetyaltitudeisforbidden.,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,当必须与一系列雷暴云平行飞行时，最安全的航线在云体的逆风一侧（远离云体前进方向的一侧），尽量不要在砧状云的下方飞行，尽量避开雷暴云顶部顺风向处的卷云和卷层云，尽管雷达可能没有回波，但其中可能含有冰雹；Whentheairplanemustflyparallelwiththunderstormcloud,themostsafecuriseisinonesideofheadwind(thatisfarfromonesideofforwordofcloud.Trytoavoidflyingundertheanvilcloud,avoidcirrusandcirrostratusonthedownwindoftopofthunderstorm.Eventhoughredardoesnotechos,theremayhashail.,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,如果按ATC的要求飞机可能进入不安全状态，机长应要求改变航线，必要时可行使应急处置权来避开极其恶劣的天气；IftheplanemaybeatunsafeconditionbytherequirementofATC,captainshouldaskforchangethecruise,andifnecessary,executeemergencypowerofappointmenttoavoidverybadweather,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoingroundthunderstorm,利用雷达确定降雨量最少的区域，选择穿过雷暴区相对垂直的航线，雷达回波为钩形、手指形、圆点形和扇形表示存在极大的湍流、颠簸和冰雹区域，还有可能是飓风区域，飞行时必须避开。areasinwhichhastheleastrainfall,andselecttogothroughverticalcourserelatedtothunderstormareas.redarechos,whicharelikecurve,finger-shaped,circularpointsshpedandsector,meanshavingsevereturbulenceandhailingareas,andevenhurricanareassothatflightmustbeavoidedtheseareas.,绕飞雷雨操作程序Procedureofgoing