现代哺乳母猪的特点

CharacteristicsoftheModernLactatingSow现代哺乳母猪的特点,Greaterproductivity泌乳量增加Lessbodytissuereserves机体营养储备减少Lowervoluntaryfeedintake取食调节能力差NutritionalManagementisCritical营养管理至关重要,Nutrients摄入营养,BodyTissueReserves机体营养储备,MilkProduction产乳营养Maintenance维持营养,SowLactation母猪哺乳,DailyNutrientRequirementsofa200kgsowproducing10litresofmilk/day200公斤体重的母猪在日产10公升奶时的营养需要,Consequencesofbodyweightlossesduringlactation哺乳期体重损失后造成的影响,Milkproduction产奶量Weaningtooestrusinterval断奶至发情间隔期,FactorsaffectingLactationandReproductivePerformanceofFirst-littersows影响初产母猪哺乳及繁殖性能的因素,Lactationdiet-Proteincontent蛋白质水平哺乳饲料-Energycontent能量水平Sowbodyweight母猪体重Lactationfoodintake哺乳期饲料采食量,DietaryProteininLactation(%CP)6.39.813.316.820.323.8哺乳料蛋白质水平,Pigletgrowthrate0-28days(g/d)179193215227213216仔猪日增重028天,15%CP12.5McalDE/kg0.65%LYSINE,16.5%CP13.0McalDE/kg0.83%LYSINE,Dailyfeedintake(kg/d)日采食量(公斤/天)Sowsmatedwithin14daysofweaning断奶后14天内配种母猪Pigletgrowthrate(g/d)仔猪日增重(克/天),3.020/40160,3.631/39175,Increasingthenutrientintakeofsowsduringtheirfirstlactation增加初产母猪哺乳期营养摄入量可以：,Reducestheincidenceofpost-weaninganoestrus减少断奶后不发情现象Mayimprovetheweaningweightofpigs可以提高仔猪断奶体重,3.003.153.303.453.60,Feedintake饲料采食量(公斤)4.34.34.34.44.5,Duringlactation哺乳期Liveweightloss(kg)体重损失(公斤)2018161416Backfatloss(mm)背膘损失(毫米)7.86.75.35.14.4Pigletgrowthrate(g/d)220228216229228仔猪日增重(克/天),DietaryDEContent(Mcal/kg)日粮消化能水平(兆卡/公斤),AtFarrowing分娩时Liveweight(kg)体重(公斤)P2backfat(mm)背膘厚(毫米)Littergrowthrate(kg/d)窝增重(公斤/天),LIVEWEIGHTATFARROWING母猪分娩时体重,LIGHT(轻),HEAVY(重),13318.62.17,18227.22.46,KingandEason(1998),FatSowsLeanSows膘肥母猪瘦肉型母猪Liveweight(kg)168167体重(公斤)P2backfat(mm)3726背膘厚度(毫米)Littergain(kg/d)1.452.22窝增重(公斤/天),HeadandWilliams(1992),PIGGERY猪场,OLDERSOWS经产母猪,FIRST-LITTERSOWS初产母猪,kg/d3.204.473.614.50,N9625,000,kg/d4.465.30,N69134137,VoluntaryintakeofLactatingsowsinCommercialHerds商品猪场母猪哺乳期饲料采食量,Vic维多利亚NSW新南威而逊WA西澳USA美国,9.211.413.615.818.020.2,Duringlactationliveweightloss(kg)31241819126哺乳期体重损失(公斤),Pigletgrowthrate(g/d)215227237254249267仔猪日增重(克/天),DEintake(MJ/d)消化能摄入量(千卡/天),Managementmethodstoensurehighvoluntaryfeedintakeduringlactation提高哺乳期母猪采食量的管理方法,Feedfrequently给料次数Feederdesign料槽设计Plentifulwatersupply供水充足Increaseenergydensity提高能量水平Increaseproteindensity提高蛋白质水平Controlpregnancyintake控制孕期采食量Coolthesow降低母猪体表环境温度,Treatments处理Voluntaryfeedintake(kg/d)Qualityofdiet日粮营养水平采食量(公斤/天)Mediumenergy(3.0McalDE/kg)中等能量水平4.9Highenergy(3.3McalDE/kg)高能量水平5.1ShedTemperature猪舍温度27F4.621F5.2Proteinlevelduringlactation蛋白质水平12%CP5.018%CP6.3Dailyfeedintakeduringpregnancy怀孕期采食量1.9kg4.32.4kg3.93.0kg3.4,Attemptstoincreasevoluntaryfeedintakeofsowsduringlactation提高母猪哺乳期采食量的一些方法,Weaningtomatinginterval(d)16.717.1断奶至配种的间隔时间(天)Ovulationrate13.214.7排卵数Subsequentlittersize(alive)8.810.0窝活仔数,Feedintakebetweenweaningandmating(kg/d)1.54.0断奶至配种时饲料采食量(公斤/天),Theeffectofpost-weaningfeedintakeonthesubsequentlittersizeofsows断奶期饲料摄入量对配种后产仔数的影响,Feedintake采食量(公斤/天)1.82.73.64.5Littersizeborn窝仔数(头)11.912.311.711.8,Feedintake(kg/d)采食量(公斤/天)1.82.73.6Littersizeborn窝仔数(头)9.410.111.6,Firstlittersows初产母猪,BrooksandCole(1972),Oldersows经初产母猪,Brooksetal.,(1975),CharacteristicsofNewFeedingStrategiesforSows新母猪饲喂程序的特点,Highproteindietsduringthefirstlactation初产母猪哺乳期高蛋白质Potentialtoreducecostsinlaterparities减少以后繁殖周期的成本Monitorfeedintakeforlactatingsows监测哺乳母猪采食量,GrowthRateofPigletsUnderVariousRearingSystems小猪在不同饲喂系统下的生长速度,REARINGSYSTEMS饲喂系统,REFERENCE参考文献,GROWTHRATE14-28DAYSOFAGE(g/d)1428日龄日增重(克/天),Kingetal.,(1998)Azainetal.,(1996)Kingetal.,(1998)Hodgeetal.,(1974),246297344576,Suckledbysows母猪哺乳Suckledplussupplementarymilk母猪哺乳加额外补充奶水Artificiallyreared人工饲喂,ConsequencesofImprovingMilkYieldby25%增加母猪产奶量25的好处,4weekweaningweight4周断奶体重+1.4kgSlaughterweight屠宰体重+5.2kgProfitability/sow增加收入/母猪+$77.00,GROWTHRATE(g/d)生长速度(克/天),WEIGHT(kg)重量(公斤),250220200180,28days28天龄,21days21天龄,COMMENT评估,8.37.56.96.3,Excellent很好Good好Average一般Low差,6.66.05.55.0,TargetRangeforPigletGrowthRate仔猪的目标生长速度,IfPigletGrowthRateisLessThan220g/d如果仔猪生长速度少于220克/天,Sownutrition-feedintake.母猪营养采食量Supplementaryfeedingofpiglets.仔猪补充饲料Pigletcare-temperature,hygiene,disease.仔猪保育温度，卫生，健康,EstimateMilkYieldofSows母猪的推算产奶量,Preweaninggrowthrate(g/d)210断奶前生长速度(克/天)Conversionofmilk:gain4.3奶：增重转化率Milkintake(g/d)903(210 x4.3)日摄奶量(克/天)Littersizeweaned9.1断奶窝仔数Milkyield(kg/d)8.2(9.1x0.903)产奶量(公斤/天),FactorsAffectingMilkProductioninSows影响母猪产奶量的因素,Nutrition营养LitterCharacteristics窝仔因素-Littersize窝仔数-Pigletsize仔猪重-Nursingfrequency哺乳次数SowCharacteristics母猪因素-Parity胎次-BodyCondition体膘状况Environment环境因素-ExogenousHormones外源性激素-Temperature温度-Photoperiod光照周期,NUMBEROFPIGLETSINLITTER窝仔数,MILKYIELDOFSOWIN3-4THWEEKOFLACTATION(kg/d)母猪在哺乳期34周时的产奶量(公斤/天),6789101112,6.97.88.69.510.411.212.0,King(1996),Birthweight出生体重Milkintake(kg/pig)奶的摄入量(公斤/猪)Day13(13天)Day30(30天),Sow母猪Piglet仔猪,LWLandrace大白x长白,Meishan梅山,LWL,LWL,Meishan,Meishan,1.38.86.98,0.90.55.67,1.38.86.84,0.89.69.67,VanderSteenandDeGroot,(1997),Liveweightatday2(kg)2天龄体重(公斤)Liveweightatday26(kg)26天龄体重(公斤)Growthrateday2-26(g/d)2-26天龄日增重(克/天),LITTERSWITH窝仔,LIGHTPIGS轻型,HEAVYPIGS重型,1.506.14193,1.977.71239,Boyceetal.,(1997),Milkyieldinthesowsisresponsivetonursingdemand母猪的产奶量是与保育需要有关,Littersize窝仔数Litterweight窝重Nursingfrequency喂乳频率,Needtopromotepracticesthat实际工作所需要做的事情,Shortennursingintervals缩短喂乳的间隔时间Ensuretheglandisemptied保证乳头排空,EXPERIMENT1实验1,EXPERIMENT2实验2,AmbientTemperature环境温度Sowfeedintake(kg/g)母猪取食量(公斤/克)Littergrowthrate(kg/d)窝仔增重(公斤/克),18C27C6.14.42.151.58,20C300C2.92.71.951.60,Prunieretal.,(1997),FEEDINGLEVEL饲喂水平,AmbientTemperature(C)环境温度Sowfeedintake(kg/d)母猪采食(公斤/天)Milkyield(kg/d)产奶量(公升/天),ADLIBITUM自由采食,RESTRICTED限制采食,204.19.2,303.38.7,303.27.7,Mullanetal.,(1992),TemperatureComfortZones适宜的环境温度,Piglets小猪30-36Cfirst2days刚出生的2天内30-32C2-7days27天28-30C7-14days714天26-28C14-21days1421天24-26C21-28days2128天Sows母猪15-20C,NOCREEP没有教槽料,LIQUIDMILKCREEP奶加教槽料,Liveweight(kg)体重atbirth出生at28days28天龄Growthrate(g/d)生长速度Milkintake(g/pig/d)奶的摄入量(克/猪/天),1.518.20239-,1.479.79297450(70),Kingetal.,(1998),MOSTPORKPRODUCERSBELIEVETHATOESTRUSDETECTIONISNOTAPROBLEMAREA.大多数的生产者认为母猪发情检测不会出现问题HOWEVERFIELDEXPERIENCESUGGESTSTHATPOOROESTRUSDETECTIONCANBEAMAJORPROBLEM.现实生产中发现，母猪发情检测往往会出现问题,ThereareTwoBasicMethodstoDetectOestrus检测母猪发情通常有两种方法,THEBACKPRESSURETEST-背压检测法Stockpersondetectsoestrusfemales.养猪者测定母猪发情THEBOARTEST-公猪检测法Boardetectsoestrusfemales.利用公猪测定母猪发情,UsingtheBoarTest利用公猪测定母猪发情,Takethesowstotheboarspenor,preferablyapenfamiliartotheboar.将母猪带至公猪舍，让公猪熟识舍内环境Useolderboars(greaterthan10monthsold).用较年长的公猪(大于10月龄)Testinsmallgroupsof2-3.在一个小群体中测定(如23只母猪),TEST检测方法,%OESTRUSGILTSDETECTEDFORMORETHAN1DAY青年母猪在发情一天后的检测率(%),%OESTRUSGILTSDETECTEDONHEATFOR1DAY青年母猪在发情一天内的检测率(%),83,94,100,BackPressureTest背压检测,BoarTest公猪检测,100,BACKPRESSURETEST背压检测,Incorridorwithheadtoheadcontactwithboars在走道头对头与公猪接触,Ingiltspens,1metrefromboar在母猪舍与公猪相距1米,%GILTSDETECTEDINOESTRUS检测母猪发情率,90,52,HousingConditionsthatInfluenceOestrusDetectionRate影响母猪发情检测的猪舍环境因素,Stockingrate密度Floors地板Hightemperatures高温,SPACEALLOWANCE(M2)猪舍母猪密度(M2),Oestrusdetectionrate发情检测率(%),100,88,79,2,1,3,PLACEOFMATING配种地方,TIMETOMOUNT(SECONDS)公猪爬背所需的时间(秒),%OESTRUSGILTSMATED受配率(%),39,50,76,Inboarspen公猪舍,Inmatingpen配种房,88,MATINGSYSTEM配种方法,BOARPEN公猪舍,DETECTIONMATINGAREA配种舍,Gilts年轻母猪Sows经产母猪,9.011.4,10.311.3,LITTERSIZE(totalborn)窝仔数,WorkloadofBoars公猪的使用,Averageboar:Sowratio1:20平均公猪与母猪的比例Youngboars-3matings/week青年公猪3次/周Adultboars-upto6matings/week成年公猪至6次/周,Oestrus,OvulationandMating母猪发情，排卵及配种,Standardoestrus-Mostsows:2-2days.标准发情期经产母猪；22天-Gilts:1-2days初产母猪；22天Ovulationoccursinthelasthalfofoestrus.排卵通常在下半发情期Survivaltime-Egg卵子6-10hours小时存活时间-Sperm精子24hours小时-AISemen人工受精12hours小时Naturalmati