词汇学--词的意义及理据ppt课件

,Week7,Sandy,1,Outline,WordMeaning词义Motivationsofmeaning词的理据词的意义究竟指什么？这个词为什么是这个意思？,关于词义的一些基本理论和基本概念,wordsdefinedasthingswordsdefinedasreference,1wordsdefinedasthings,Wordmeaningcanbedefinedasareciprocalrelationbetweennameandmeaning.Meaningiswhattheformstandsfor.意义指的是它代表的内容。e.g.desk:somethingyousitatandyoudoyourwork.,所指关系relationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld;betweenwordsandthethings,actions,events,andqualitiestheystandfor.Bymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworld(includingpersons)arebeingtalkedabout.Forexample,thewordtreereferstotheobjecttree.,2wordsdefinedasreference,Inotherwords,onlywhenaconnectionhasbeenestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsign（语言符号）andareferent（所指物）,i.e.,anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.doesthesignbecomemeaningful.Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitrary（随意的）andconventional（约定俗成的）.Thisconnectionistheresultofgeneralization（归纳）andabstraction（抽象）.,SemanticTriangle语义三角,意义（概念）Meaning(Concept),词Word,形式Form,所指对象Referent,tree,Whatisconcept?,Itisthegeneralideaormeaningwhichisassociatedwithawordorsymbolinapersonsmind.指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。Tree,MeaningandConcept：difference,closelyconnectedbutnotidentical（关系密切、并不相同）Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.,Butmeaningbelongstolanguage,soisrestrictedtolanguageuse.Aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.Eveninthesamelanguage,thesameconceptcanbeexpressedindifferentwords.概念属于人类认知领域思维领域；意义属于语言领域。,WordsandReferents,专有名词无词义，有所指对象；不同的专有名词指同一个对象；少数词有词义，无所指对象；,propernamestypicallyhaveonlyonereference,BarackHusseinObama,butithaslittlelinguisticmeaning,Sometimestwodifferentpropernameshavethesamereferent.,MarkTwain,SamuelLanghorneClemens,hobbits,unicorn,HarryPotter,Somewordsjustdonthavereferentsinrealworld,buttheymakesense,but,whatissense?有些词虽然在现实世界中没有具体对象，但它们却有意义。什么是意义？,Sense,语义词或句子本身所表示的语言本身的意义。即，词义和句义。每个有词义的词都有语义，但不一定有所指称的事物（reference）。,referenceHereadShakespeare.2)useacontainertorefertowhatisinside;Thekettleisboiling.Heisaddictedtothebottle.Pleasedrinkacup.,Metonymy借代,3)usepartofbodyorganstorefertotheirfunctions:anearformusicDontletyourheartruleyourhead.4)usetheplacenametorefertotheproductproducedthere.Icoulddowithacupofcanary.Canaryisaplacewherethiskindofgrapewineisproduce.5)useprominentfeaturestorefertothepersonconcernedTheblueeyeswalkedintotheroom.,2Analogy,Wordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords:telethon,talkathon:frommarathon,1Colouranalogy类比,blacklist,whitelist,graylistblue-collarworkers,whitecollarworkersgray-collarworkers,2NumberAnalogy,FirstladyFirstMotherFirstFamilytheFourthworld,3PlaceandSpaceAnalogy,landscape:moonscape,marscapesunrise:earthriseearthquake:starquake,SynonymousAnalogy,Gapmissileproductiondevelopmentcredibilitygeneration,Pollutionenvironmentalvisual/eyenoise/soundCulturalGraffiti,Itdenotesthattheoriginsofwordsoftenthrowlightontheirmeanings.E.g.:Penoriginallyreferstoaheavyquillorfeather.Todaythewritingtoolisstill“pen”,butameaningisnotexactlythesameaswhatitusedtomean.Propernouns,oncetheybecomecommonnouns,canbeexplainedbytheiroriginsonly.Forexample:alaconicanswer,4.Etymologicalmotivation词源理据,Laconic源于Lakon，意为“一个拉哥尼亚人”，它是希腊的一个地区名，斯巴达是其首府。以好战和纪律严明闻名的斯巴达人也同样因为言简意赅而闻名，laconic这个词从1589年起被发现有言简意赅的意思起直到今天仍然被英国作家用来表示这一意思。alaconicanswer简洁的回答,词源理据：典故性与词义性典故性:人名/物名(commonizationofpropernames)tantalize(Tantalu