international marketing 2-A

.,1,SchoolofEconomicsandManagement,ChongqingThreeGorgesUniversity,InternationalMarketingLecturer：Vivian-ChenmeiE-mail:vivianchenmeiMarch4,2011,.,2,Part2InternationalMarketingEnvironmentAnalysis,.,3,Part2InternationalMarketingEnvironmentAnalysis-PEST,.OverviewofIntlMarketingEnvironment.IntroductionofWTOprotectionshallbeaffordeddomesticindustriesthroughcustomstariffs,notthroughsuchcommercialmeasuresasimportquotas;andconsultationshallbetheprimarymethodusedtosolveglobaltradeproblems.,3.GATTnowreplacedbytheWorldTradeOrganization,.,13,WorldTradeOrganization(WTO),Itsetsmanyrulesgoverningtradebetweenits148members(2001China)WTOprovidesapanelofexpertstohearandruleontradedisputesbetweenmembers,and,unlikeGATT,issuesbindingdecisions,UnlikeGATT,isaninstitution,notanagreement,.,14,TheRulesofWTO,1.Generalprinciples:vidingassistanceforprojectstothepoorestdevelopingcountries;3.lendingdirectlytotheprivatesectorindevelopingcountrieswithlong-termloans,equityinvestments,andotherfinancialassistance;4.provideinvestorswithinvestmentguaranteesagainst“noncommercialrisk,”sodevelopingcountrieswillattractFDI;videconciliationandarbitrationofdisputesbetweengovernmentsandforeigninvestors,.,17,ProtestsAgainstGlobalInstitutions,In1999“anti-capitalistprotestors”complainedagainsttheWTO,andIMF,overtheunintendedconsequencesofglobalizationthatinclude:,environmentalconcernsworkerexploitationanddomesticjoblossesculturalextinctionhigheroilprices,anddiminishedsovereigntyofnations,.,18,RegionalCooperationGroupsGlobalMarketsandMultinationalMarketGroups,AboutMarkets,.,19,GlobalMarketsandMultinationalMarketGroups,TheglobalizationofmarketsTherestructuringofEasternEuropeintoindependentmarket-driveneconomiesThedissolutionoftheSovietUnionintoindependentstatesandTheworldwidetrendtowardeconomiccooperation,ManyMultinationalMarketGroupshaveemergedduetorecenttrendsthatinclude:,VariousexamplesofMultinationalMarketGroupsareprovidednext,.,20,PatternsofMultinationalCooperation,RegionalCooperationGroupsFreeTradeAreasCustomsUnionsCommonMarketsandEconomicUnionsPoliticalUnions,Therearefivefundamentalgroupingsforregionaleconomicintegrationasfollows:,Viewedonaspectrum,eachrequiresgreaterlevelsofcooperationamongmembernationsandinclude:,.,21,EuropeanUnion(EU),Belgium(founder),Denmark1973,Germany(founder),Greece1981,Spain1986,France(founder),Ireland1973,Austria1995,Portugal1986,Finland1995,Sweden1995瑞典,UnitedKingdom1973,CzechRepublic2004捷克共和国,Estonia2004爱沙尼亚,Italy(founder),Luxembourg(founder),Netherland(founder),Cyprus2004塞浦路斯共和国,Latvia2004拉脱维亚,Lithuania2004立陶宛,Hungary2004,Malta2004,Poland2004,Slovenia2004,SlovakRepublic2004,Bulgaria2007,Romania2007,.,22,NorthAmericanFree-TradeArea(NAFTA),Canada,UnitedStates,Mexico,.,23,AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN),Brunei,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Vietnam,Cambodia柬埔寨,.,24,AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)+3,Brunei,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Vietnam,Japan,S.Korea,China,Cambodia,.,25,Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC),Australia,Brunei,Canada,