自学考试本科《高级英语》串讲讲义

高级英语串讲,主讲：张之俊,参考教材：王家湘.高级英语.外语教学与研究出版社,2000。串讲方式：列出文章中的主要词汇、短语及翻译,并给以讲解。(红色为历年考题；蓝色为重点；下划线为词语辨析，部分未划也会在讲解中提到。）考试题型:1.Paragraphstakenfromthetextbooks.2.Fillintheblank3.Distinguishwords.4.Readingcomprehension1)Multiplechoices2)PutEnglishintoChinese3)Essayquestion5.PutChineseintoEnglish,BookOneLessonOne:RockSuperstars:WhatDoTheyTellUSAboutOurselvesandOursociety?grabsahalf-gallonjugofwatersprinklingitscontentsoversprinklesth.withliquid(water)sprinkleliquid(water)on/over3.swelteringlisteners4.surgetofollowhim5.crunchingupto6.gaspedagirldressedinblack7.ThisispilgrimageIoughttobecrawlingonmyknees.8.thisadulationandheroworship(区别adulate,admire)9.religiousreverencefor10.rejectAlicecooperassick,11.heactsoutyourwildestfantasies?12Thesearentidlequestions13asasortofdebatingforum（debate,argument)14asociologicalexpressionratherthanamusicalforce15embodythefrustratedteenagespirit16editorializeagainsthim17touchanerveofdisaffection18Hespokeofcivilrights,nuclearfallout,andloneliness.Hespokeofchangeandofthebewildermentofanoldergeneration.19arrogantstreet-fightingmen(arrogant,proud)20TheBeatlesshowedtherewerearangeofemotionsbetweenloveandhate.21mixthemoretraditionalideasintothemoreradical“city”ideas（mix,blend)22mirrorfeelings23conceiveof(conceive,imagine),Lessonone翻译1.他描述说：“贾格尔抓起一个半加仑水罐沿舞台前沿边跑边把里面的水往前几排狂热的听众身上洒。”“Jagger,”hesaid,“grabsahalfgallonjugofwaterandrunsalongthefrontplatform,sprinklingitscontentsoverthefirstfewrowsofswelteringlisteners.”2.是他们自己将创造与夸张、理性与举动、言辞与声音、音乐与政治结合了起来。Itistheyalonewhocombineinventionandexaggeration,reasonandmotion,wordandsound,musicandpolitics.3.以后又出现了“乐队”乐队,他们把乡村音乐和西部音乐所表现的较为传统的观念注入强硬派摇滚乐较为激进的“都市”观念。ThencameTheBandmixingthemoretraditionalideasofcountryandwesternmusicintothemoreradical“city”ideasofthehardrock.4.有些社会学家认为你对这些问题的回答可以充分说明你在想些什么以及社会在想些什么。Somesociologistssaythatyouranswerstothemcouldexplainalotaboutwhatyouarethinkingandaboutwhatyoursocietyisthinking.,Lessontwo:FourChoicesforYoungPeople1Ourgenerationsviewstheadultworldwithgreatskepticism.2rejectcompletelythatworld.(reject,refuse)3speakforalotofhiscontemporaries4Theworldisinprettymuchofamess5wecandowithout6Theseconclusionsstrikemeasreasonable.7Thiswayoflifeisparasitic.8battenonthesociety9theleastintolerablechoiceavailable10Thisstrategyalsohasancientantecedents11inhopesoffindingasimpler,morepastorallife.12onalargerscale13unsulliedlandscapes,14Tothemitoffersaromanticappeal,usuallysymbolizedbysomedashingandcharismaticfigure15didnotcomeoff16plottingtheirholocaustsrightintotheirsenescence17inbitterdisillusionment18atbesttheirvictoryneverdawnsontheshiningnewworldcleansedofallhumanmeanness.19underwhateverpoliticallabel20Atfirstglance,thiscourseisfarfrominviting.Itlacksglamour.21dependsontheexasperatinganduncertaininstruments(exasperate,exhilarate)22abetterchanceforremedyingsomeoftheworldsoutrages23Iprotestedagainstthisjustasvehementlyas24assoonasyoucaptureonemountainrange,anotheroneloomsjustahead,25theunprecedentedproblemsofanaffluentsociety26keepingourcitiesfrombecominguninhabitable,ofcopingwithwarinunfamiliarguises.(inhabit,live)27itdawnedonusthat28thelandscapewillgetmorecluttered(jumble,clutter)29struggleforever-dwindlingsharesoffood30hasaformidablejobonitshands31aninsuperableone32piecemeal,pragmatically,bythedoggedeffortsofmanypeople,这一策略在这样一些人中总是很流行：他们无法容忍民主决策过程的单调沉闷的运作方式，或者相信只有武力才能改变基本制度。Thisstrategyisalwayspopularamongthosewhohavenopatiencewiththetediousworkingsofthedemocraticprocessorwhobelievethatbasicinstitutionscanonlybechangedbyforce.他们活在幻想破灭中，看到取代他们所推翻的旧机构的新机构依旧是那么冷酷，死气沉沉。Theylived,inbitterdisillusionment,toseetheestablishmenttheyhadoverthrownreplacedbyanewone,justashard-facedandstuffy.奉行此道的人蔑视这个社会并拒不承担任何社会责任，却以这样或那样的方法依赖社会过寄生生活。Inonewayoranother,itspractitionersbattenonthesocietywhichtheyscornandinwhichtheyrefusetotakeanyresponsibility.,这种方法的问题在于无法大规模地实践。Thetroublewiththesolutionisthatitnolongerispracticalonalargescale.我要说的只是无论成败与否，干革命的理想主义者们注定要失望。Mypointismerelythattheidealistswhomaketherevolutionareboundtobedisappointedineithercase.它惟一的长处是有时这个办法会起作用。Aboutallthatcanbesaidforitisthatitsometimesworks.,Lessonthree:Theuseofforce1abigstartledlookingwoman,verycleanandapologetic(apology,excuse)2sittingonherfatherslap3Imotionedforhimnottobother4startedtolookthingsover5eyeingmeupanddowndistrustfully(distrust,apprehension)6itwasuptometotellthem7herfacewasflushed8Shehadmagnificentblondhair,inprofusion.9tookatrialshotatitasapointofdeparture.hadasorethroat?10anumberofcasesofdiphtheria11noonehadasyetspokenofthething.12Icoaxed(coax,persuade),13Suchaniceman,putinthemother.14groundmyteethindisgust15Imightbeabletogetsomewhere.16Iapproachedthechildagain.17bothherhandsclawedinstinctivelyformyeyes18Ibrokein.19Imheretolookatheronthechancethat/of20themotheradmonishedherseverely.21theparentswerecontemptibletome.(contemptible,contemptuous)22intheensuingstrugglebredofterrorofme.23inanagonyofapprehension24letoutascream,25sheshriekedterrifyingly,hysterically.(terrified,terrifying)26shefought,withclenchedteeth,desperately!27Itriedtoholdmyselfdown28shereducedittosplinters29Arentyouashamedtoactlikethatinfrontofthedoctor?(ashamed,shameful)30Wearegoingthroughwiththis.31Ishouldhavedesistedand(desist,resist)32Icouldhavetornthechildapart.33Ioverpoweredthechildsneckandjaws.34Shehadbeenonthedefensive35triedtogetoffherfatherslapandflyatmewhiletearsofdefeatblindedhereyes.,1.这个孩子脸上没有任何表情，用冷漠的目光死死地盯着我，象要把我吃掉似的。Thechildwasfairlyeatingmeupanddownwithhercold,steadyeyes,andnoexpressiononherfacewhatever.2.这个女孩由于对我的恐惧,她对我的抗拒达到了惊人的程度。Shesurelyrosetomagnificentheightsofinsanefuryofeffortbredofherterrorofme.3.在这个时候,谁都会叮嘱自己,无论这个可恶的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的举动,也要违背她的意愿来保护她。Thedamnedlittlebratmustbeprotectedagainstherownidiocy,onesaystoonesselfatsuchtimes.4.那种想释放体能的渴望产生出一种非理智的、无法控制的愤怒与成人受辱的感觉。Ablindfury,afeelingofadultshame,bredofalongingformuscularreleasearetheoperatives.,LessonFour:Dieasyouchoose1Theneedforlawsoneuthanasiacannotbedodgedformuchlonger.(dodge,avoid)2euthanasiaiscondemnedbythemedicalestablishmentandalmostnevercomestolight.3canpoliceiteffectively.4willrumbleonintotheautumn5thedyingaretoofargonetoconsent(consent,assent)6prolongthethroesofdeathwithallthemightofmedicaltechnology(prolong,protract)7Howlongcanthediscussionholdout?8withholdingsometreatment(withhold,prevent)9administerenoughpainkillers10formulatedanoathfordoctors(oath,promise),11ruleoutactivekilling12somepeoplebelievethatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.Yetifapatientsphilosophicalviewsembraceeuthanasia,itisnotclearwhythereligiousobjectionsofothersshouldintrudeonhisdeath.(intrude,invade)13tocomplywithadyingmansrequest14posedangersforsocietybysettingaprecedentforkilling.15thesametenaciousrespect16WestGermany,bycontrast,willnotbeableto17becauseoftheshadowofthepast18withanuninterruptedrecentlibertariantradition19theyusherinsomethingworse.,需要对安乐死制定相关的法律规范，这个问题不能长期回避了。Theneedforlawsoneuthanasiacannotbedodgedformuchlonger.正如未履行某种职责可以受到处罚一样，采取了某种行动也可以不受责难。Justastherecanbeculpableomissions,sotoocantherebeblamelessacts.许多面对病人临终前痛苦的医生认为，只有神经质的人才坚决地强调被动安乐死和主动安乐死的区别他们这样来为积极安乐死辩论：医生的职责之一是解除病人的痛苦，有时侯这是医生唯一能做的事情，而安乐死是唯一的办法。Manydoctorsworkingonthebattlefieldofterminalsufferingthinkthatonlysqueamishnessdemandsafirmdifferencebetweenpassiveandactiveeuthanasiaonrequest.Theirargumentforkillinggoeslikethis:oneofadoctorsdutiesistopreventsuffering;sometimesthatisallthereisleftforhimtodo,andkillingistheonlywaytodoit.,前事不忘，后事之师。Letthepastbeaguide.有人认为人死亡时间是由上帝规定的，任何人都不应该缩短他人的自然寿命。SomepeoplebelievethatthetimeofdeathisappointedbyGodandthatnomanshouldputtheclockbackonanother.,LessonFive:Idratherbeblackthanfemale1mademesomekindofphenomenon.2noonewouldquestionme.(question,ask)3thereisprejudiceagainstblackpeople4strikeasbizarre.5wereinvisibletomostwhiteAmericans6Americanswereincredulous.(incredulous,incredible)7askedininjuredtones.(tone,tune)8eliminatetheracistattitudes(eliminate,illuminate)9morebrainwashedandcontentwiththeirroles(content,contented)10thedetailsthatmakethedifferencebetweenvictoryanddefeat11menreapedtherewards,whichisalmostinvariablythelotofwomeninpolitics.12triedtobreakoutofthatroleandrunfortheseat13Ifacedundisguisedhostilitybecauseofmysex.14triedtoprojectablackmasculineimage,15thereare2.5womenforeverymanregisteredtovote.16Ahistoryofprejudiceliesbehindthatquestion.17theyarethoughtofasdifferentandinferior.18Thehappyhomemakerandthecontenteddarkyarebothstereotypesproducedbyprejudice.19Womenhavenotreachedtheleveloftokenismblacksarereaching.20NowomensitontheSupremeCourt.21predominateinthelow-paying,menial,unrewarding,dead-endjobs.22Whyinvesttimeandefforttobuildthegirlup?23shellonlydropoutofthegame24thelawsagainstareenforced,insteadofevaded25Whatweneedismorewomeninpolitics,becausewehaveaveryspecialcontributiontomake.26Itiswomenwhocanbringempathy,tolerance,insight,patience,persistencetogovernment(empathy,sympathy)27becauseofoursuppressionbymen.28molditsmorals,1妇女甚至还没达到黑人正在达到的象征性的平等水平。Womenhavenotevenreachedtheleveloftokenismthatblacksarereaching.2即使当她们得到较好的职位时,她们的工资水平也永远低于干同样工作的男性。Whentheydoreachbetterpositions,theyareinvariablypaidlessthanamanforthesamejob.3是妇女能够把同情、宽容、远见、忍耐与毅力带到政府中去,这是我们天生的品质,或者说是因为男人的压制而不得不培养的品质。Itiswomenwhocanbringempathy,tolerance,insight,patience,andpersistencetogovernment-thequalitieswenaturallyhaveorhavehadtodevelopbecauseofoursuppressionbymen.4一个国家的妇女通过他们日常生活中的所作所为,塑造这个国家的道德、宗教和政治标准。Thewomenofanationmolditsmorals,itsreligion,anditspoliticsbythelivestheylive.,Lessonsix:Agoodchance1hewasonparole?2youareinforadisappointment.3hebecamemoreuglyandembittered4Abruptlyshesaid(abruptly,quickly)5togethimtofilloutsomepapers.6shebrokein.7Hehasarighttoknowaboutthis8Herheelsclickedonthesidewalk9shebecameagitatedasshetalked10commitmurder11knowofhiswhereabouts.12Weparkedthecar,Elgiecameoverandsettledhimselfinthebackseatofthecar.Apolicecarmovedslowlytothecornerwherewewereparkedandthepatrolmenlookedatthethreeofusintentlyandwepretendednottonotice.ThepatrolcarincheddowntheemptystreetandIturnedcautiouslytowardElgie.,13Alwaystentativeaboutlettingyounowwhathewasthinking14lethimgetawaysononcommittally.15shescoffed.16weendeduponthecampus.17somerelieffromthisconstantsurveillance,constantcheckingup.18Hesforcompleteseparation,segregation,totalisolationfromthewhites.19akindofsatisfyingisolationinthat.20Salinawastalking,tellingmeaboutMagpiesreturntoCrowCreekaftermonthsinexileandhowhisrelativeswenttohissistershouse21thesilencewhichhungabouttheplacefilledmewithapprehension22NobodyspokebutElgiecameover,hisbloodshoteyesfilledwithsorrowandmisery.23gesturedustogointothelivingroom.24Theypickedhimupforbreakingtheconditionsofhisparole25Iasked,incredulously.,我的双手紧紧地攥者诗稿，两个拇指在平滑的纸夹上一个接一个狠狠地摁下去。Iheldthepoemstightlyinmyhands,pressingmythumbs,firstoneandthentheother,againstthesmoothnessofthecardboardfolder.,LessonSeven:MissBrill1theblueskypoweredwithgold2thegreatspotsoflightlikewhitewinesplashedover3shehaddecidedonherfur.4Theairwasmotionless5alittledabofblacksealing-wax6strokedit7Shefeltatinglinginherhandsandarms8tomoveinherbosom.9Hescrapedwithhisfootandflappedhisarms10blewouttheircheeksandglaredatthemusic.11hishandsclaspedoverahugecaredwalking-stick12MissBrillalwayslookedforwardtotheconversation.13becomereallyquiteexpertatlistening14sittinginotherpeopleslives,15Sheglanced,sideways,attheoldcouple.16slidingdownmynose17Littlechildrenranamongthem,swoopingandlaughing;littleboyswithbigwhitesilkbowsundertheirchins;littlegirls,littleFrenchdolls,dressedupinvelvetandlace.Andsometimesatinystaggerercamesuddenlyrockingintotheopenfromunderthetrees,stopped,stared,assuddenlysatdown“flop”,untilitssmallhigh-steppingmother,likeayounghen,rushedscoldingtoitsrescue.18breatheagreatdeeppuffintoherface19flickedthematchaway20andpatteredaway.21gotupandmarchedaway22hobbledalongintimetothemusicandwasnearlyknockedoverbyfourgirlswalkingabreast.23alittledogtrottedonsolemnlyandthenslowlytrottedoff24shemadesuchapointofstartingfromhome,25thefrailheadthehollowedeyesandthehighpinchednose.26twopointsoflightquiveredintheoldeyes.27smooththenewspaper28allthewholecompany,wouldbeginsinging.29themensvoices,veryresoluteandbrave30comeinwithakindofaccompaniment31asliceofhoney-cake32ItwasherSundaytreat.33Itmadeagreatdifference.34inaquiteadashingway.35unclaspedhernecklace36Abeautifulwomancamealonganddroppedherbunchofvioletsandalittleboyranaftertohandthemtoher,andshetookthemandthrowthemawayasiftheydbeenpoisoned.,1两个穿红衣服的年轻姑娘从附近走过,两个穿蓝军装的年轻士兵和她们相遇,他们笑着双双挽臂而去。Twoyounggirlsinredcamebyandtwoyoungsoldiersinbluemetthem,andtheylaughedandpairedandwentoffarminarm.2当她听到一对年轻人以轻蔑的口气在谈论她时,短暂的幸福感消失了.她怀着一颗破碎的心回到家中。Justatthatmomentsheoverheardayoungcouplespeakaboutherwithcontempt,thebriefhappinessdisappeared.Shecamebackhomewithabrokenheart.,LessonEight:Alessoninliving1theladywhothrewmemyfirstlifeline.2thegraceofcontrol3aprivatebreezewhichswirledaround4ruffleherdress5encouragefamiliarity.6themeasureofwhatahumanbeingcanbe.7SheappealedtomebecauseshewaslikepeopleIhadnevermetpersonally.LikewomeninEnglishnovelswhowalkedthemoorswhatevertheywerewiththeirloyaldogsracingatarespectfuldistance.Likethewomenwhosatinfrontofroaringfireplaces,drinkingteaincessantlyformsilvertrays.(respectful,respectable)8Ihungbackintheseparateunaskedandunanswerablequestions.,9Wordsmeanmorethanwhatissetdownonpaper.Ittakesthehumanvoicetoinfusethemwiththeshadesofdeepermeaning.10Myimaginationboggedatthepunishment11triedherhandatbakingsweets12ShesaidthatImustalwaysbeintolerantofignorancebutunderstandingofilliteracy.Thatsomepeople,unabletogotoschool,weremoreeducatedandevenmoreintelligentthancollegeprofessors.Sheencouragedmetolistencarefullytowhatcountrypeoplecalledmotherwit.Thatinthosehomelysayingswascouchedthecollectivewisdomofgenerations.(intolerant,intolerable)13WhenIfinishedthecookiesshebrushedoffthetableandbroughtathick,smallbookfromthebookcase.14foundituptomystandardsasaromanticnovel.15Hervoiceslidinandcurveddownthroughandoverthewords.,16Hersoundsbegancascadinggently.17Shewasnearingtheendofherreading18IhavetriedoftentosearchbehindthesophisticationofyearsfortheenchantmentIsoeasilyfoundinthosegifts.Theessenceescapesbutitsauraremains.Tobeallowed,no,invited,intotheprivatelivesofstrangers,andtosharetheirjoysandfears,wasachancetoexchangethesouthernbitterwormwoodforacupofmeadwithBeowulforahotcupofteaandmilkwithOliverTwisttearsoflovefilledmyeyesatmyselflessness.19hadthegoodsensetostoprunning20hadsinglemeoutforattention21withhiscookiesinmyarmsshieldedbythepoems.22Thatdomygoodhearttoseesettledpeopletaketoyouall.23Hervoicetrailedoff.,1.人使用语言相互交流，这是人和低级动物最重要的不同之处。但要记住，人不仅通过书面语言而且也通过话语来相互交流。只阅读是不够的，你必须学会口头表达你的想法。正是人的声音才赋予文字更深刻的含义。Butbearinmind,languageismanswayofcommunicatingwithhisfellowmananditislanguagealonewhichseparateshimfromtheloweranimals.Wordsmeanmorethanwhatissetdownonpaper.Ittakesthehumanvoicetoinfusethemwiththeshadesofdeepermeaning.2.我很难想象如果我真的没看好她的书就还给她，我应得到什么样的惩罚。MyimaginationbogglesatthepunishmentIwoulddeserveifinfactIdidabuseabookofhers.3.她告诉我一定不要宽容无知，但应理解未受过教育的人。ShetoldmethatImustalwaysbeintolerantofignorancebutunderstandingofilliteracy.,LessonNine:ThetroublewithTelevision1difficulttoescapetheinfluenceoftelevision.(influence,effect)2Thetroublewithtelevision3consistentlyappliedeffort4seemmiraculoustothosewhoneverconcentrateonanything.5Itsellsusinstantgratification.6Itdivertsusonlytodivert.7Televisonsvarietybecomesanarcotic,notastimulus.8kaleidoscopicexposuresforceustofollowitslead.9onaperpetualguidedtour10thespansallottedareontheorderofminutes(allot,divide)11Inshort,alotoftelevisionusurpsoneofthemostpreciousofallhumangifts,theabilitytofocusyourattentionyourself,ratherthanjustpassivelysurrenderit.,12Capturingyourattention-andholdingit-istheprimemotiveofmosttelevisionprogrammingandenhancesitsroleasaprofitableadvertisingvehicle.Programmersliveinconstantfearoflosinganyonesattention-anyones.13nottostraintheattentionofanyone14televisionoperatesontheappealtotheshortattentionspan.15Itissimplytheeasiestwayout.Butithascometoberegardedasagiven,asinherentinthemediumitself;asanimperative,asthoughGeneralSarnoff,oroneoftheotheraugustpioneersofvideo,hadbequeathedtoustabletsofstonecommandingthatnothingintelevisionshalleverrequiremorethanafewmomentsconcentration.16Whocanquarrelwithamediumthatsobrilliantlypackagesescapistentertainmentasamass-marketingtool?17itsvaluenowpervadingthisnationanditslife.18resultininefficientcommunication.(efficient,effective)19notonlyinefficientcommunicationbutdecivilizingaswell.,20Considerthecasualassumptionsthattelevisiontendstocultivate:thatcomplexitymustbeavoided,thatvisualstimulationisasubstituteforthought,thatverbalprecisionisananachronism.Itmaybeold-fashioned,butIwastaughtthatthoughtiswords,arrangedingrammaticallypreciseways.21acrisisofliteracyinthiscountry.22Literacymaynotbeaninalienablehumanright23Ibelieveitcontributesandisaninfluence.24surrendereditselfwholesaletoamediumforselling?25Ithinkthissocietyisbeingforced-fedwithtrivialfare,andIfearthattheeffectsonourhabitsofmind,ourlanguage,ourtoleranceforeffort,andourappetiteforcomplexityareonlydimlyperceived.IfIamwrong,wewillhavedonenoharmtolookattheissueskepticallyandcritically,toconsiderhowweshouldberesistingit.Ihopeyouwilljoinwithmeindoingso.,1美国人比看电视花时间更多的事只有工作和睡眠。TheonlythingsAmericansdomorethanwatchtelevisionareworkandsleep.2电视的危害在于它不让人们集中注意力.生活中几乎任何一件有趣的有价值的事都需要一定建设性的持之以恒的努力.我们中最迟钝最没有天才的人也能做出使那些从来不在任何事情上专心致志的人觉得是奇迹的事来.但电视却不让我们做出任何努力。Thetroublewithtelevisionisthatitdiscouragesconcentration.Almostanythinginterestingandrewardinginliferequiressomeconstructive,consistentlyappliedeffort.Thedullest,theleastgiftedofuscanachievethingsthatseemmiraculoustothosewhoneverconcentrateonanything.Buttelevisionencouragesustoapplynoeffort.3然而在美国占主导地位的传播媒介,全国联系的主要形式,却对人类问题推销干脆利落的解决方式,而这些问题通常是没有干脆利落的解决方式的。Yetitsdominatingcommunicationsinstrument,itsprincipalformofnationallink