译林牛津module 3 unit 1 Grammar：noun clause

名词性从句,Grammar,NounClause,Hisjobisimportant.,Whathedoesisimportant.,Thisishisjob.,Thisiswhathedoeseveryday.,名词性从句在功能上相当于名词,主语,表语,Idontlikehisjob.,Idontlikewhathedoeseveryday.,Idontknowabouttheman,Mr.White.,Idontknowaboutthefactthatheisateacher.,同位语,宾语,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词从句(NounClauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,名词从句,1._thebabycouldspeakmadehisparentsveryhappy.A.ThatB.WhatC.WhyD.If2.Iwonder_youwillgoshoppingorstayathome.A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.what3.Thisis_hewasoftenlateforschool.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.whether4.Weallknowthetruth_theearthmovesaroundthesun.A.IfB.that;C.whyD.whether,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,Practice,Atlunchtime,theradioweathermanreportedthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.Thetruthisthatthefogistoothickforthebustorunthatfar.Whatsurprisedmemostwasthattheoldmancouldntseeanything.ThefactthatPollydidntaskforthemansnameisapity.,PredictiveClause(表语从句),ObjectClause(宾语从句),SubjectClause(主语从句),AppositiveClause同位语从句,Findclausesfromthefollowingsentencesandtellthefunctionsofthem,1Thathewillsucceediscertain.2Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.3Whathesaidisnottrue.4Wherehehidthemoneyistobefoundout.5Whoevercomesiswelcome.6Howwecanhelpthetwinswillbediscussedatthemeeting.7Whentheyllstarttheprojecthasnotbeendecidedyet.,SubjectClause,主语从句,“It“Isusedasemptysubject,形式主语,为避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.,1.Itiscertainthathewillsucceed.2.Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.3.Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhentheyllstarttheproject.,Itspossible/important/necessary/clearthat很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚Itsaid/reportedthat据说/据报道Itseems/appears/happensthat显然、明显、碰巧.Itsbeenannounced/declaredthat已经通知/宣布Itsnowonderthat并不奇怪/无疑Itsapity/afactthat,在下列句型中常使用that引导主语从句,宾语从句在句中充当宾语成分（可以作谓语动词、介词、不定式等非谓语动词的宾语）,Theysaidthattheywouldcomeontime.Iaminterestedinwhothetallmanis.HeaskedhowmuchIpaidfortheviolin.Hemadeitcleartothepublicthathedidanimportantandnecessaryjob.Ifinditnecessarythatweshoulddothehomework.,Tellthefunctionofthefollowingclauses,2.宾语从句,that,whether，if（that常可省略）who,what,which,whoever,whatever,whenwherewhyhow,连词,当whether后紧跟ornot时,不用if.IdontknowwhetherIwillstayornot介词后面的宾语从句不能用if.IworryaboutwhetherIhurtherfeeling.,注意,1.Whether和if都可以引导宾语从句,在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that从句(真正宾语)的句型中不省略Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中,第二个that不省略.Hetoldme（that）hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.,2.that在宾语从句中的省略与保留,Thequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.Thatsbecausewewereinneedofmoneyatthattime.Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry.ThatswhyIwaslate.表语从句:在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后.作用：对主语进行解释说明。,表语从句,连接词,when/where/why/how/because,that/whether/asif/asthough（if不引导表语从句),连接代词：,who/whom/whose/which/what,连接副词,1.Thereason(_wedidnttrusthim)is_hehasoftenlied2.Thereason(_hegaveforhisabsence)is_hewasill.,reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导,不能用why引导,但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that引导。,在表语从句中，我们还须特别注意以下问题：,why,that,that,that,1)WhatevergaveyoutheideathatIcansing?2)Wordcamethatourteamwonthematch.,3).Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomeback.,同位语从句,1.同位语从句的格式：2.能接同位语从句的名词有：3.连接词通常是that,也可根据含义选用,名词.+连接词+从句,Whether,what,when,where等来引导同位语从句。,fact、idea,news,order,belief,suggestion,advice,information等,1.Ihavenoidea_hecomesfrom.2.Hecantanswerthequestion_hegotthemoney.3.Hegaveusmanysuggestions_weshouldgetupearlierandtakemoreexercise.4.Ihavenodoubt_hewillwin.5.Ihavesomedoubt_hewillwin.,where,how,that,that,whether,that/whether/where/how,1.Yaomingwillcometoourschool.Thenewsistrue,2.Ididntaskforthemansname.Thefactisapity.,ThenewsthatYaomingwillcometoourschoolistrue.,ThefactthatIdidntaskforthemansnameisapity.,3.Wheredotheylive?Ihavenoidea.,Ihavenoideawheretheylive.,分析下列宾语从句中的连词,Idontdoubt（that）youwillsucceed.Idontknowwhether/ifhewillcometonight.Idoubtif/whetheryouwillkeepyourpromise.,3个句子中的连词that,whether,if（是否）在名词性从句中只起连接作用，在句中不担任成分,被称为连接词注意：a.that本身无意义，在宾语从句中可以省略，但在别的三种名词性从句中不可以省略。b.whether和if有是否的意义，在宾语从句中二者通常可以互换。但whether可以用于所有的四种名词性从句，而if仅可以用于宾语从句。,引导名词从句的关联词。,连接词,DotheExerciseonpage9,UsefulPhrases,reducepainascientificstudybreathinsniffpleasantsmelltakethepainberelatedtobelinkedto,减少疼痛一次科学研究吸进闻香味忍受疼痛与相关与相联系,1.reduce（sth.bereducedby被减少了）sth.bereducedto被减少到）学生的人数已经减少了3%Thenumberofthestudentshasbeenreducedby3%.价格已经降到了5美元。Thepricehasbeenreducedto$5.2.berelatedtoWealthisseldomrelatedtohappiness.财富鲜于幸福有关。3.belinkdtoTownAislinkedtotownBbyarailwayLinkhisnamewithhername,4.addadd“增加”;“又说，补充说”addto意为“把加到”addto“增加，增进”addupto意为“加起来总共是该短语不用于被动语态。,1.Afterashortwhile,he_thathewouldtryhisbest2._two_seven,andyouwillgetnine3.Allhisschooleducation_nomorethanoneyear4.Thebadweather_ourdifficulties,added,addedto,addedupto,Addto,Para1Thepossibilitythatpleasantsmellsmightreducepainhasrecentlybeensuggestedbynewresearch.Para2Aspeoplebelieve(2)thatstrongsmellscanaffectthesenses.Para3Scientistsareinterestedin(3)whetherthesenseofsmellisrelatedtopainandwhethermenandwomenhavethesamesenses.Now,thestudyhasproved(4)thatforwomen,pleasantsmellsreducepain.,Para4Hesays(5)thatscientistsalreadyhavedatafrom40volunteersHeadds(6)thatthisyear,scientistswilltestanother60volunteersandwillbeinabetterpositiontoexplaintheresults.,Para5Oneexplainationis(7)thatwomenssenseofsmelldevelopedlongago,andislinkedtorecognizingthesmellofbabies.Scientistsusedtobelieve(8)thatmothersrecognizedtheirchildrenbysightonly.Nowtheyhavestartedtobelieve(9)thatthesenseofsmellalsohelpsBut(10)whypleasantsmellsdonotreducepaininmenisaquestionstilltobeansweredbyscientists.,1.havesomethingtodowithP11PA2.makethemostofsth./sb./oneself.Makethemostofonessparetime/oneschances/talentsItismyfirstholidayfortwoyearssoIamgoingtomakethemostofit.Shereallytriestomakethemostofherselfbydressingwell3.Whilehavingdinner,listentosomeenjoyablemusicratherthanwatchTV.Iwouldwalkratherthantakeabus.Iwillhaveacolddrinkratherthancoffee.,Words1.Everyday:everydayLetsbeginwitheverydayEnglish.InoureverydaylifeSomeparentscollecttheirchildrenfromschooleveryday.2.ignorev.忽略,没注意Itisnotaquestionthatcanbeignored.ignorantadj.无知的beignorantof/about对不了解Theyareignorantof/aboutwhathappened3.deeplyadv.深深地Iamdeeplysorryforwhathashappened,4.achen./vi.疼痛PBTherewereachesinhisjoints.Heachedallover.toothache,stomachache,headache5.warmup暖身,预热,活跃Thepartysoonwarmedup.聚会气氛很快活跃起来warm-upn.准备练习6.ringout发出响声ringback回电话ringfor打电话找/要ringoff放下话筒ringup给打电话Youhavetoringforservice.Ashotrangoutinthenight.7.flyflewflown,makeonesway(back)toCanthelpwondering.ShecouldnthelpcryingatthegoodnewsIamtoobusytoday.Icanthelptodotheworkforyou.3.getclosetothecamp4.losesightof/catchsightof5.sweatwithfear6.allofasuddensuddenlyadv7.ringout8.befrozenwithfear,一、名词性从句的语序,（1）名词性从句构成有两种,a.that+陈述句,Thatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoall.,Thisiswhatwearelookingfor.,名词性从句考点归纳,b.疑问词+句子的剩余成分(陈述句语序),(2)疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。,Howwashesuccessfulisstillapuzzle.()Howhewassuccessfulisstillapuzzle.(),你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？,F,T,T,F,他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。,Couldyoutellmewherehelives?()Couldyoutellmewheredoeshelive?(),二、名词性从句连接词的选用,（1）that和what的选用,that和what都可引导所有的名词从句。但是，what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当成分，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。,that/what,1._hewantsisabook.2._hewantstogothereisobvious.3.Theresultis_wewonthegame.4.Thisis_wewanttoknow.5.Is_hetoldustrue?6.Weshouldpayattentionto_theteacherissaying.7.Ihavenodoubt_hewillcome.8.Ihavenoidea_hedidthatafternoon.,What,That,that,what,what,what,that,what,a.主语从句b.表语从句c.同位语从句e.介词后的宾语从句f.whethertodo做动词宾语不能用iftodo.gwhetherornot连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if.,if和whether的选用,不能使用if的情况：,1.Iaskedher_shehadabike.2._wewillholdapartyintheopenairtomorrowdependsontheweather.3.Wereworriedabout_heissafe.4.Idontknow_heiswellornot.5.Idontknow_ornotheiswell.6.Thequestionis_heshoulddoit.7.Thedoctorcanhardlyanswerthequestion_theoldmanwillrecoversoon.8.Idontknow_togo.,if/whether,Whether,whether,whether,whether,whether,whether,whether,if/whether,其它连接代词和副词的连用,主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确的选择who、which、when、where、why、how等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。,我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。_weshallholdoursportsmeetingisnotdecided.我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃。Idontknow_broketheglassyesterday.我不知道他长的什么样子。Ihavenoidea_helookslike.这就是我忘记眼镜的地方。Thisis_Ileftmyglasses.,When,who,what,where,that可省略的情况：,that不可省略的情况：主语从句表语从句同位语从句用it做形式宾语的宾语从句并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that不能省略,3.引导词that的省略,单个宾语从句中的that可省略,1.Idontthink_sheiscoming.2.Itisapity_hehasmadesuchamistake.3.Thereasonis_heiscareless.4.Thenews_ourteamwonthematchinspiredus.5.Idontthinkitnecessary_youshouldreadEnglishaloud.6.Hetoldme_hisfatherhaddiedand_hehadtomakealivingalone.,(that),that,that,that,that,(that),that,that/(that),1.定语从句是先行词的修饰语，它不涉及先行词的具体内容。定语从句中that不但起连接作用，而且在定语从句中充当一个句子成分，充当从句的宾语成分时可省略。,2.同位语从句对中心词的内容作进一步的解释和说明，表明中心词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的that在同位语从句中不做任何成分,只起连接作用,无具体含义,且不可省略.,4.同位语从句和定语从句的区别,1.Weexpressedthehope(thattheyhadexpressed.)2.WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometoChinaagain.,1.Theinformationhasbeenannouncedthatmoremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversity.2.Theinformation(thathetalkedaboutatthemeeting)isofgreatvalue.,AT,AP,AP,AT,AttributiveorAppositive,HegavemeasuggestionthatI(should)becalmnow.,名词demand,suggestion,proposal,advice等词后的同位语从句的语气要用虚拟语气,结构为should+do,should可省略,a.他相信他的梦想总有一天会实现的.Hebelieves_.b.请告诉我你昨天这个时候在干什么.Pleasetellme_.,hisdreamwillcometruesomeday,whatyouweredoingatthistimeyesterday,宾语从句的时态呼应,1.如果主句时态是现在时或将来时,从句谓语可根据句意需要而选用任一种时态.,他告诉我他正在为考试做准备。Hetoldme_.他说他已离开家乡十年了。Hetoldme_.老师告诉我们光是沿直线运行的。Theteachertellsus_.,hewaspreparingfortheexamination,hehadbeenawayfromhishometownfortenyears,lighttravelsinastraightline.,2.如果主句谓语是过去时,从句谓语动词一般用过去的某种时态,但从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然规律等时，从句谓语通常用一般现在时。,Practice,1.Theyexpressedthehope_theywouldcomeovertoChina.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.when2.Thefact_hedidntseeTomyesterdayistrue.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.what3.Ihavenoidea_hewillcomeback.A.whereB.whenC.whatD.that,Choosethebestanswer,4._hisdreamofgoingtocollegewillcometrueisuncertain.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Evenif5.Oneofthemenheldtheview_thebooksaidwasright.A.whatthatB.thatwhichC.thatwhatD.whichthat6.Wordhascome_someAmericanguestswillcomeforavisittoourcollegenextweek.A.whatB.whetherc.thatD.which,7.Thequestionis_thefilmisworthseeing.A.ifB.whatC.whetherD.how8.Theyreceivedorders_theworkbedoneatonce.A.whichB.whenC./D.that9.Thereason_Ihavetogois_mymotherisillinbed.A.why;whyB.why;becauseC.why;thatD.that;because,10._Icantunderstandis_shewantstochangehermind.A.What;whyB.Which;howC.That;whyD.What;because11.Hemadeapromise_anyonesethimfreehewouldmakehimveryrich.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.thatif,12.Itisknowntous_wherethereispollution,thereisharm.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that13.Ihavetheinformation_.A.ofwhathellcomesoonB.thathellcomesoonC.ofthathellcomesoonD.hiscomingsoon,14.-Isawyourneighborbreakyourwindowwithabasketball.-_itmademenearlymad.A.ThathebrokeB.WhathebrokeC.HebrokeD.Hisbreak15.Itremainsaquestion_wecangetsomuchmoneyinsuchashorttime.A.howB.thatC.whenD.what,16.-CanIhelpyou?-Yes,doyouknow_?A.whencomesthebusB.whenwillcomethebusC.whendoesthebuscomeD.whenthebuscomes,17.Theylosttheirwayintheforestand_mademattersworsewas_nightbegantofall.A.what;thatB.it;thatC.what;whenD.which;what,Homework,PartAandPartBatpage11,Thankyou,1.Itnowappears_theyareinneedofhelp.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.how2.Itisgoodnews_theywillarriveinafewdays.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.how3.It_Joedrivesbadly.A.thoughtthatB.thinksthatC.isthoughtthatD.isthoughtthat4.It_heislateforclass.A.maythatB.mightthatC.maybethatD.mightbewhat5.Thisis_shewasborn.A.whereB.whichC.thatD.w