04 CTjoint 1

ChaptertwoArthrology,DepartmentofAnatomyYunyangmedicalcollege,目的和要求1了解骨连结的分类。2掌握关节的基本结构和辅助结构。3了解关节的运动及分类。4掌握脊柱的组成、椎骨间的连结、脊柱的整体观及其运动。5了解肋与脊柱及胸骨的连结。掌握骨性胸廓的组成、胸廓上、下口的围成。6了解颅骨连结的主要形式，掌握颞下颌关节的组成及运动。,Section1Thegeneraldescription,Thebonesareconnectedtogetherbymeansoffibrousconnectivetissue,cartilaginous软骨orosseous骨tissuesatdifferentpartsoftheirsurfaces,andsuchaconnectionarecalledthejointorarticulation.Thejointsarefunctionaljunctionsbetweenbones,theycanbeclassifiedintotwomaintypesaccordingtotheirjunctionformviz.,Continuousjoints直接连结andDiscontinuousjoints间接连结.,Up,一、Continuousjoints直接连结（一）Fibrousjoints纤维连结Bonesareunitedbyfibrousconnectivetissue.Syndesmosis韧带连结Suture缝,Up,（二）Cartilaginousjoints软骨连结Bonesareunitedbycartilage.,Synchondrosis透明软骨结合Symphysis纤维软骨联合,（三）Synosteosis骨性结合,二、Discontinuousjoints间接连结ArticulationorSynovialjoints,（一）Basicstructures1.Articularsurface关节面:coveredbyarticularcartilage.2.Articularcapsule关节囊FibrousmembraneSynovialmembrane3.Articularcavity关节腔:containingatraceofsynovialfluid;subatmosphericpressureinit.,Up,(二)Accessorystructures1.Ligaments韧带:extra-andintracapsularligaments2.Articulardisc关节盘andarticularlabrum关节唇3.Synovialfold滑膜襞andsynovialbursa滑膜囊,Up,(三）Movementsofjoints关节运动,1.Translation移动2.Flexionandextension屈和伸3.Adductionandabduction收和展4.Rotation旋转Medialandlateralrotation旋内和旋外Pronationandsupination旋前和旋后Inversionandeversion足内翻和足外翻5.Circumduction环转,Up,(四)Classificationofsynovialjoints关节的分类(自学）,Uniaxialjoints单轴关节Biaxialjoints双轴关节Multiaxialjoints多轴关节,Up,关节学的研究和应用,1.关节病的诊断和治疗,2.人造关节和假肢的研制和开发,3.智能机器人的开发和研制,Section2Thejointoftheaxialbones中轴骨连结,一、ArticulationsofBonesofTrunk躯干骨的连结,Up,The24piecesofvertebrae,thesacrum,andthecoccyxarticulateonebyonetoformalongitudinalaxisofthetrunkthevertebralcolumn.,Up,(一)vertebralcolumn脊柱,Jointsofthevertebralbodies椎体间的连结,Intervertebraldiscs椎间盘betweenbodiesofadjacentvertebrae,composedof:Nucleuspulposus髓核,aninnersoft,pulpy,highlyelasticstructure.Annulusfibrosus纤维环anouterfibrousringconsistingoffibrocartilage.,Up,Heminationofnucleuspulposus髓核脱出,Up,Anteriorlongitudinalligament前纵韧带,Maintainsstabilityoftheintervertebraldiscandpreventshyperextensionofthevertebralcolumn.Posteriorlongitudinalligament后纵韧带Preventshyperflexionofthevertebralcolumnandposteriorprotrusionofthediscs.,Up,Jointsofthevertebralarches椎弓间的连结,Ligamentaflava黄韧带elasticligament,unitelaminaeofadjacentvertebrae,andcompletetheposteriorwallofvertebralcanal;tendtopreventhyperflexionofthevertebralcolumn.,Up,Interspinalligament棘间韧带Supraspinalligament棘上韧带Ligamentumnuchae项韧带Intertansverseligament横突间韧带Zygapophysialjoint关节突关节,Up,Atlantooccipitaljoint寰枕关节,BetweensuperiorarticulatingsurfacesofatlasandoccipitalcondylesSupportedbymembrancesandligamentsthatjoinoccipitalboneandatlasActionnoddingofhead,lateraltiltingofhead,Up,Atlantoaxialjoint寰枢关节,ThreesynovialjointsbetweenatlasandaxisSupportedbyligamentsActionallowatlas(andhead)topivotontheaxisandvertebralcolumn,Up,Thewholeviewofthevertebralcolumn,NormalCurvesofvertebralcolumn,Cervicalcurvature颈曲Thoraciccurvature胸曲Lumbarcurvature腰曲Sacralcurvature骶曲,Up,Up,Movementofthevertebralcolumn,flexionextensionlateralflexionRotationcircumduction,Up,Spinabifidacystica脊柱裂,Up,(二)Thoraciccage胸廓,Composition:Itisformedby12thoracicvertebrae,12pairsofribswiththeircostalcartilages,thesternumandtheconnectionsbetweenthem.,Up,JointsCostovertebraljoints肋椎关节Jointsofcostalhead肋头关节Costotransversejoints肋横突关节,Up,Sternocostaljoints胸肋关节SternocostalsynchondrosisoffirstribSternocostaljointsInterchondraljoints:betweencostalcartilages8,9,and10toformthecostalarch肋弓,Up,Itisroughlycone-shape,narrowaboveandbroadbelow,flattenedfrombefore-backwards.Ithastwooppeningsandfourwalls.Inletofthorax胸廓上口Outletofthorax胸廓下口Infrasternalangle胸骨下角Intercostalspaces肋间隙,Up,Thewholeviewofthethoraciccage,Function:protectstheorgansinthethoraciccavityandupperabdominalcavity;playsavitalroleintheprocessofbreathing.,Inspiration,Expiration,Up,二、Jointsofskull颅骨的连结,Continuousjo