18世纪英国文学ppt课件

,TheLiteratureOf18thCentury,1,Introduction,LiterarybackgroundLiteraryDevelopmentFamouswriters,2,Literarybackground,Thecontending(敌对的)factions(派别)Literati(文人学士)asservantsofcontentionThedevelopmentofsociallife,3,1.Theliteratureofthe18thcenturywasdominatedbytheinterestsofcontendingparties,TheWhigs:determinedtosafeguardpopularliberty;TheTories:conservative,wouldleaveasmuchauthorityaspossibleintheroyalhands;,4,2.Literatiasservantsofcontention,TheWhigsandtheTorieswerewellbalancedinpower.TooverturnaToryoraWhigcabinet,mostofthegreatwritersoftheagewerethewillingservantsoftheWhigsorTories.,5,3.Thedevelopmentofsociallife,Inthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury,Englandsawtheappearanceofalargenumberofpubliccoffeehousesandprivateclubs.Nearlyallwritersfrequentedthecoffeehousesanddiscussedmattersofliterature.Hence,theenormousamountof18th-centuryworksweredevotedtotransientaffairs,politics,fashions,andgossip.,6,LiteraryDevelopment,1.Neo-classicism2.sentimentalism3.Modernnovel4.Romanticism,7,1.Neoclassicism新古典主义,TheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,suchasHomer.Addison,Steele,Popebelongedtothisschool.,8,2.Sentimentalism感伤主义,Sentimentalismisindulgedinemotionandsentiment.CriticizesthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutionsandtheIndustrialRevolution.Theyadvocatethatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason.ThomasGray,OliverGoldsmitharerepresentativesofthisschool.,9,3.Thebeginningofmodernnovel,ModernEnglishnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Swift,Fielding,SmollettandSterne.DanielDefoesRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.,10,4.CharacteristicsofEarly/Pre-Romanticism,Romanticismhasfiveprominentcharacteristics:TheRomanticMovementwasastrongreactionandprotestagainstthebondageofruleandcustom,whichgenerallytendtofetterthefreehumanspirit.Romanticismreturnedtonatureandplainhumanityforitsmaterial.,11,3.Romanticismismarkedbyrenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.4.Romanticismismarkedbyintensehumansympathyforthepoorandtheunderstandingofthehumanheart.5.TheRomanticMovementwastheexpressionofindividualgeniusratherthanofestablishedrules.,12,WritersAlexanderPopeDanielDefoeJonathanSwiftHenryFieldingOliverGoldsmith,13,AlexanderPope(1688-1744),14,AlexanderPope亚历山大蒲柏,Popeisknownasagreatpoetinhisday.Heexertedmuchinfluenceupontheotherwritersofhisage.Hepopularizedtheneoclassicalliterarytradition,broughtfromFrance.HewasoneoftheearlyrepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwhointroducedintoEnglishculturethespiritofrationalism.Hewasagreatsatiristandaliterarycriticwhooccupiedaprominentplaceinhistime.Theearlyperiodofthe18thcenturyhasoftenbeennamedafterhimas“TheAgeofPope”.,15,HisMajorWorks,thePastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）theEssayonCriticism(1711)（论批评）apoemwritteninheroiccoupletsoutliningcriticaltastesandstandards;TheRapeoftheLock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）,amock-heroicpoemridiculingthefashionableworldofhisday;“ElegytotheMemoryofanUnfortunateLady”and“EloisetoAbelard,”theonlypiecesheeverwrotedealingwithlove.EssayonManTheDunciad,16,DanielDefoe:1660-1731,丹尼尔笛福,17,Fourfactstoremember,1.Ajack-of-all-trades,aswellasawriter.(Besidesbeingamerchant,soldier,economist,politician,journalist,pamphleteerandsocialthinker,Defoewasaprolificauthor)2.Hewasaradicalnonconformist(不信奉国教的人)inreligion.3.Defoewasajournalistandpamphleteer,withareporterseyeforthepicturesqueandanewspapermansinstinctformakinga“goodstory”.4.Defoeknewprisonlife.,18,Majorworks,TheTrue-bornEnglishmanTheShortestWaywiththeDissentersHymntothePilloryTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe(1719,attheageof58,hepublishedhisRobinsonCrusoe,thebookwhichmadehimimmortal)CaptainSingleton(1720)MollFlanders(1722)ColonelJacque,19,RobinsonCrusoe,20,笛福真可谓是“大器晚成”，鲁滨逊飘流记就是他在59岁时才发表的第一部小说。这部小说在1719年发表之后，立即受到英国社会的广泛欢迎，从而成为他的的代表作，奠定了笛福在英国文学史上的地位。鲁滨逊飘流记，发表于18世纪早期。小说反映了资产阶级上升时期敢于进取，追求财富的冒险精神。鲁滨逊飘流记是以自叙体写的长篇小说。鲁滨逊在青年时代不安于平庸的生活，渴望冒险，到海外经商。一次航海时船触礁沉没，他被海浪冲上荒岛。鲁滨逊一人在荒岛生活了28年，同自然奋斗。他开始过着匿居山洞的猎人生活，进而建造小屋，过上了农业生活。后来他还救了一个遇难的土人，鲁滨逊给他取名礼拜五，作为他的助手。最后他得到机会回到英国，又去巴西经营种植园致富。鲁滨逊的冒险精神，以及他的艰苦奋斗、刚毅意志和创造能力，典型地反映了那个时代商业资本家的特点。,21,JonathanSwift乔纳森斯威夫特(1667-1745),22,作者简介,斯威夫特出生于都柏林,是个遗腹子,在其伯父的抚养下长大。1682年入都柏林的三一学院求学,获得学士学位；1692年获牛津大学硕士学位，1701年在三一学院获神学博士学位。离开三一学院后，斯威夫特曾给贵族当私人秘书，后来回到故乡做牧师，介入政治，为托利党的考察报(TheExaminer)撰稿，写下了大量的政论文和小册子。斯威夫特的文笔以讽刺见长，是讽刺文学的一代宗师。斯威夫特的讽刺性散文很多，较为著名的有“ATaleofaTub”,”TheBattleoftheBooks”,“TheDrapiersLetter”,“AModestProposal”等。斯威夫特一生不得志，他的社会经历使他看透了一切，于是他写下了不朽名著格列佛游记(GulliversTravels,1726)。此外，后人根据斯威夫特给其女友写的信编成的给斯黛拉的日记(JournaltoStella,1766)也是英语日记文学中很重要的一部作品。,23,HisMajorWorks,ATaleofaTub1697一只桶的故事TheBattleoftheBooks1698书籍之战TheDrapiersLetters1724布商来信GilliversTravels1726格列佛游记AModestProposal1729一个温和的建议,24,HenryFielding亨利菲尔丁（17071754）,25,HenryFielding亨利菲尔丁,Hewasthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.He,therefore,hasbeenregardedas“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”.,26,TheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling弃婴汤姆琼斯的故事JosephAndrews约瑟夫安德鲁斯TheHistoryofJonathanWildtheGreat伟大的乔纳森王尔德,27,TomJones