《园林树木学西农-吉文丽》被子植物门

,TheHippocastanaceaeisasmallfamilyoftrees(rarelyshrubs).Afeatureofthefamilyisthepalmatecompoundleaves,opposite.乔木,稀灌木，掌状复叶对生，花杂性同株，顶生圆锥花序，蒴果3裂，种子大。2属约30种，中国1属约10种。,七叶树Hippocastanaceae,七叶树属Aesculus,Aesculusarewoodyplantsfrom4to36mtall,andhavestoutshoots;opposite,palmatelydividedleaves;andshowyinsect-pollinatedflowers,withfourorfivepetalsfusedintoalobedcorollatube.Thefruitisarichglossybrowntoblackish-brownnut25cmdiameter,usuallyglobosewithonenutinagreenorbrownhusk,butsometimestwonutstogetherinonehusk;thepointofattachmentofthenutinthehuskshowsasalargecircularwhitishscar.Thehuskhasspinesinsomespecies,spinelessinothers,andsplitsintothreesectionstoreleasethenut.落叶乔木，稀灌木，掌状复叶具长柄，小叶59，有锯齿，圆锥花序直立而多花，花萼钟状或管状，花瓣具爪。,七叶树A.chinensis落叶乔木，小枝粗壮，小叶具柄517mm，花瓣4，花小，蒴果光滑，种子形如板栗，仅秦岭有野生，黄河流域及冬部各省有栽培。欧洲七叶树A.hippocastanum小叶57，无柄。蒴果褐色，近球形，果皮有刺，原产希腊北部和阿尔巴山尼亚山区，上海，青岛，北京有栽培。日本七叶树A.turbinate小叶57，无柄，蒴果近洋梨形，果深棕色，有疣状突起，原产日本。,FloweroftheRedHorse-chestnut(Aesculuscarnea),FloweroftheRedHorse-chestnut(Aesculuscarnea),Aesculushippocastanum,Aesculusglabra,Aesculusglabra,Aesculushippocastanum,无患子科Sapindaceae,Plantsofthisfamilyhaveavarietyofhabits,fromtreestoherbaceousplantsorlianas.Theirleavesusuallyspirallyalternate.Theyaremostoftenpinnatelycompound,withapetiolelackingstipules.Flowersaresmallandunisexul,orfunctionallyunisexual,thoughplantsmaybeeitherdioeciousormonoecious.Theyareusuallygroupedincymesgroupedinpanicles.Theymostoftenhavefourorfivepetalsandsepals花萼.Thestamensrangefromeighttoten.Themostfrequentnumberiseight,intworingsoffour.Thegynoecium雌蕊containstwoorthreecarpelsThefruitsarefleshyordry,.Theymaybenuts,berries,drupes,capsules,orsamaras.,无患子科Sapindaceae,乔灌木，稀草本，羽状复叶互生，花单性或杂性，雄蕊810，子房上位，多三室。蒴果、核果、坚、浆果、翅。约150属2000，产热带，亚热带，中国产25属56种。,栾树属Koelreuteria,Theyaremedium-sizeddeciduoustreesgrowingto10-20mtall,withalternatelyarrangedpinnateorbipinnateleaves.Theflowersaresmallandyellow,producedinlargebranchedpanicles20-50cmlong.Thefruitisathree-lobedinflatedpaperycapsule3-6cmlong,containingseveralhardnut-likeseeds5-10mmdiameter.落叶乔木；奇数羽状复叶或二回羽状复叶，小叶有粗锯齿或缺裂；花黄色，不整齐，大型顶生圆锥花序，花瓣上有爪，花瓣基部有2个附属物；蒴果，气球状，3瓣开裂。,全缘栾树K.integrifolia2回羽状复叶，711，小叶全缘或偶有齿，花黄色顶生圆锥花序，89月，蒴果，10-11，淡红色灯笼状果实挂满枝头。栾树K.paniculata落叶乔木，树冠近圆球形，1回奇数羽状叶,或因部分小叶深裂而成不完全的2回羽状复叶，顶生大型疏散的圆锥花序。果成熟时红褐色或橘红色，花期67月，果期910月成熟。,全缘叶栾树,文冠果属Xanthoceras,本属仅一种，中国特产。文冠果X.sirbifoliaXanthocerassorbifolium(Yellowhorn),thesolespeciesinthegenusXanthoceras,isafloweringplantinthefamilySapindaceae,nativetonorthernChina.Itisalargeshruborsmalltreegrowingto8mtall.Theleavesarearrangedalternately,andarepinnate,with917leafletswithasharplyserratedmargin.Theflowersarefivewhitepetals,andareproducedinerectpaniclesinmidspring.Thefruitisanovalleatherycapsule56cmdiameter,whichsplitsintothreesectionsatmaturitytoreleasethe618seeds;theseedsareblack.,文冠果属Xanthoceras,本属仅一种，中国特产。文冠果X.sirbifolia落叶小乔木或灌木，奇数羽状复叶，互生，小叶919，对生或近对生，花杂性，整齐，茎约2cm，萼片，花瓣5，白色。基部有黄变红的斑晕，花盘5裂，裂片背面各有一橙黄色角状附属物。硕果椭球形，46cm，具木质壁，室皆3瓣裂，花期45月。,文冠果,无患子属sapindus,Thegenusincludesbothdeciduousandevergreenshrubsandsmalltrees.Theleavesarealternate,15-40cmlong,pinnate,with14-30leaflets,theterminalleafletoftenabsent.Theflowersforminlargepanicles,eachflowersmall,creamywhite.Thefruit,calledasoapnut,isasmallleathery-skinneddrupe1-2cmdiameter,yellowripeningblackish,containingonetothreeseeds.乔木，灌木。偶数羽状复叶，互生，小叶全缘，花萼花瓣45，核果，球形，中果皮肉质，内果皮革质。,无患子S.mukurossi落叶，半常绿乔木，树皮灰色，光滑不裂，小枝皮孔多而明显，偶数羽状复叶，叶互生。小叶814互生或近对生，全缘，叶基歪斜，花小黄白色，顶生圆锥花序，核果肉质，球形。,其它,葡萄科vitaceae,Vitaceaemayberecognisedbytheircaducously(早落的)stipulateleaveswithpalmatelycompound,-lobedor-veinedbladesandoftenrathercoarseteeth,cymose(聚伞花序)inflorescences,andsmallishflowerswithvalvatepetals.Thestamensareequalinnumbertoandoppositethepetals,theusually4-ovulate,bicarpellategynoeciumhasmoreorlesssessilestigmas柱头,andtheberryoftenhasruminate反刍seeds.Thestemsareoftenstronglylenticellate(皮孔),withthebarkultimatelyflaking,andtheleafbladesareverybrittlewhendry,thefinedetailsofthevenationbeingobscure.Leaf-opposedtendrilsorinflorescencesarecommoninthefamily.,葡萄科vitaceae,藤本，常具有与叶对生的卷曲，单叶或复叶，有托叶。花小，成聚伞，伞房或圆锥花序，浆果。共12属约700种，分布于热带至温带，中国产7属约100种，南北均有分布。,葡萄属Vitis,葡萄V.vinifera落叶藤本，长达30cm，茎皮红褐色，茎皮红褐色，老时条状剥落，卷须间歇性与叶对生，叶互生，近圆形。3-5掌状裂，基部心性，花小黄绿色或紫红色，有白粉，花期56月，果期89成熟。在园林中是很好的棚架植物，即可观赏，遮荫，又可结合果实生产，庭院，公园，疗养院，居民区均可栽培。,woodyvine,inthegrapefamily(Vitaceae),thatclimbsbymeansofdisk-tippedtendrils.ItiscommonlyfoundineasternNorthAmericaandisoftengrownasacoveringvineforwalls,fences,andtrunksoflargetrees.Itsfallcolourrangesfromyellowtored-purple.Severalcultivatedvarieties,withsmallerleavesandshortertendrils,havebeendevelopedtoprovide.,爬山虎属（地锦属）Parthenocissus,爬山虎属（地锦属）Parthenocissus,藤本，卷须顶端常扩大成吸盘，叶互生，掌状复叶互生，单叶而有裂，花瓣基数5，浆果。爬山虎P.tricudpodata单叶常3裂或深裂成3小叶。美国地锦P.quinquefolia掌状复叶，小叶5。二者都耐荫，秋季叶都变红，前者攀缘能力强，但都可做建筑物的墙壁，围墙，假山，老树干材的绿化材料，见效快。,ParthenocissustricuspidataVeitchii,P.quinquefolia,椴树科Tiliaceae,椴树属TiliaTiliaspeciesarelargedeciduoustrees.Theleavesofallthelindensareone-sided,alwaysheart-shaped,andthetinyfruit,lookinglikepeas,alwayshangsattachedtoacurious,ribbon-like,greenishyellowbract,whoseuseseemstobetolaunchtheripenedseed-clustersjustalittlebeyondtheparenttree.,这个属许多种是作行道树，为著名的行道树。落叶乔木，单叶互生，叶柄长，叶基不对称，聚伞花序下垂，总梗长度一半与舌状苞片合生，花小，花白色。状核果或浆果状。,椴树属Tilia,糠椴,糠椴T.mandshurica喜光，相当耐荫，耐寒性强，深根性，不耐烟尘，树冠整齐，枝叶茂密，是优良的庭荫树及巷道树。蒙椴（小叶椴）T.monogolica叶三裂具粗锯齿，树形较小，宜在公园，庭院及风景区载植。,扁担杆属Grewia,扁担杆G.bilobaAdecidiousshrubgrowingto3m.ItisinflowerfromJulytoAugust.Theflowersarehermaphrodite落叶灌木，小枝有星状毛，单叶互生，狭菱状卵形。长3-9cm，缘有不规则锯齿，基部3主脉。叶柄端膨大呈关节状。花淡黄绿色，径不及1cm，核果橙红色，2裂。变种（孩儿拳头）扁担木，果实橙红光亮，且宿存枝头很久。是良好的观果树种。并可作瓶插材料。,Grewiaoccidentalis,锦葵科Malvaceae,约50属1000种，广布于温带至热带各地。中国约有10属50余种。木槿属Hibiscus多为灌木，单叶对生，掌状脉，花大，雄蕊多数，花丝合生柱状，花萼宿存，副萼较小，蒴果5裂，种子无毛。,Thegenusincludesbothannualandperennialherbaceousplants,andwoodyshrubsandsmalltrees.Theleavesarealternate,simple,ovatetolanceolate,oftenwithatoothedorlobedmargin.Theflowersarelarge,conspicuous,trumpet-shaped,withfiveormorepetals,rangingfromwhitetopink,red,purpleoryellow,andfrom4-15cmbroad.Thefruitisadryfive-lobedcapsule,containingseveralseedsineachlobe,whicharereleasedwhenthecapsulesplitsopenatmaturity.,木槿H.syriacus叶菱状卵形,端部常3裂,花单生叶腋,有白,粉红,紫红色等7-9月开放,花期长,可供观赏,常植为绿篱.及基础种植,也可丛植于草坪,路边,林缘.扶桑Hibiscusrosa-sinensis又叫朱槿,灌木,叶卵形,缘有粗齿,三主脉,花冠通常鲜红色,雄蕊柱甚长,超出花冠外,花梗长而无毛,夏秋开花,原产于我国南部,喜温暖湿润气候,常做美丽的温室花木,在华南露地栽培.,木芙蓉(芙蓉花)Hibisucusmutabilis叶卵状心形,掌状3-5(7)裂.密被星状毛和短柔毛.花大,单生枝端叶腋,清晨初开时白色,或浅粉红色,傍晚变成紫红色,副萼线形,9-10月开花,不耐寒.变种:木芙蓉秋季开花,花大而美,其花色,花型随品种不同有丰实变化,由于性喜近水,故常植于水边,还引种在庭院,坡地,路边,林缘,建筑前,或栽作花篱.,木芙蓉,扶桑,梧桐科Sterculiaceae,梧桐(青桐)FirmianasimplexUprightformwithanumbrella-likecanopy-Simpleleaf,palmatewith3-5lobes,alternate,deciduousleaves30cmacross-Distinctivefruitwithleaf-likestructuresand2-3seeds-SmoothgreenbarkontrunkandbranchesItisgrownasanornamental.,梧桐科Sterculiaceae,梧桐(青桐)Firmianasimplex落叶乔木,高15-20米,树冠卵圆形,树干端直,树皮灰绿色,光滑,单叶互生,掌状3-5裂,裂片全缘,基部心形.花心淡黄绿色,成顶生圆锥花序.蒴果开裂成5枚,舟形膜质心皮.种子大如豌豆.我国分布很广,尤其以长江流域为多.喜光,喜温暖湿润气候,耐寒性不强,怕水淹,深根性.对多种有毒气体都有较好的抗性.观赏特性及用途:梧桐树干端直,树皮光滑,绿色,叶大而形美,绿荫浓密,洁净可爱.梧桐树落叶早,故有”梧桐一叶落,天下尽知秋”之说.适宜草坪,庭院,宅前,坡地,湖畔孤植.在园林中与棕榈,修竹,芭蕉等配植更感和谐.且颇具我国传统民族风味,梧桐,也可做行道树,及居民区,工厂区绿化树种。,山茶Theaceae,本科约20属250余种,产热带至亚热带,中国产15属190种,主产长江流域以南。山茶属CamelliaTheyareevergreenshrubsandsmalltrees220mtall.Theleavesarealternatelyarranged,simple,thick,serrated,usuallyglossy,and317cmlong.Theflowersarelargeandconspicuous,112cmdiameter,with(innaturalconditions)59petals;colourvariesfromwhitetopinkandred,andyellowinafewspecies.Thefruitisadrycapsule,sometimessubdividedintoupto5compartments,eachcompartmentcontainingupto8seeds.Thegenusisgenerallyadaptedtoacidicsoils,anddoesnotgrowwellonchalkorothercalcium-rich,山茶Theaceae,本科约20属250余种,产热带至亚热带,中国产15属190种,主产长江流域以南。山茶属Camellia山茶Camelliajaponica山茶为常绿灌木或小乔木,树形和树势因品种不同而有差异。叶为卵形。倒卵形或椭圆形。长5-11cm,叶端短钝渐尖.叶表有光泽,花单生或对生于枝顶或叶腋,大红色。花瓣5-7，但也有重瓣的。花瓣近圆形顶端微凹,花期2-4月。分布：产于我国东南地区和日本。我国以浙江,江苏,安徽,福建,江西,上海为最多。栽培历史悠久，北方多盆栽。,变种品种:已达3000以上,常见的变种有:,白山茶花白色白洋茶花白色,重瓣,6-10轮,外瓣大,内瓣小,呈规则的覆瓦状排列.红山茶花红色,花型似秋牡丹,有5枚大花瓣,雄蕊有变成狭小花瓣.紫山茶花紫色叶呈狭披针形,有似百合的叶形玫瑰山茶花玫瑰色,近于重瓣重瓣花山茶花白色而有花纹,重瓣,枝密生,叶圆形.金鱼茶花红色,单瓣或重瓣,叶端三裂,如鱼尾状朱顶红花型似红山茶,但呈朱红色,雄蕊2-4枚鱼血红花色深红,花型整齐,花边覆瓦状排列,有时外轮1-2瓣带白斑什样锦花色粉红,常有白或红色的条纹与斑点,花型整齐,花瓣呈覆瓦状排列,品种分类:单瓣型托桂型半文瓣型全文瓣型武瓣型,习性:暖带树种,适宜于温暖湿润气候,过热过冷均不利于生长.在半阴半干情况下安全越夏,强烈阳光直射回引起叶面严重灼伤,在酸性,排水良好和深厚肥沃的砂壤,黄土和腐殖土三者混合中生长良好.山茶花对海潮风有一定的抗性.观赏:山茶是中国传统的名花,叶色翠绿而有光泽,四季常青,花朵大,花色美,品种繁多,从11月即可开始赏早品种花而晚花品种至次年3月开始盛开.故观赏期5个多月.而这时正是花开少的季节.常作庭院及室内装饰.,金花茶Camelliachrysantha,常绿小乔木,干皮灰白色,平滑,叶长椭圆形至宽披针形,花黄色至金黄色，花期11月至次年3月变种:大叶金花茶常绿灌木高2-4米,叶椭圆形16-25cm,花黄色,产于广西。小叶金花茶常绿灌木,叶长椭圆形至倒卵形椭圆形,长10-15cm,宽4-6cm,花淡黄色,果实蒴果,小1.5-2.5cm,花期10-11月,产于广西。,山茶类为世界著名花木，各国园艺界竟相争夺国际市场发掘种质资源及更多更美的品种。过去对山茶花培育有三个目标，就是提高抗寒性，花具芳香，和黄色品种。前两个目标早以实现，后一目标不容易实现。后来发现了金花茶，这样三个目标均可实现。,五加科Araliaceae,Thefamilyincludes254speciesoftrees,shrubs,lianasandperennialherbaceousplantsinto2subfamilies.Speciesusuallybearpinnatelyorpalmatelycompoundleaves,andusuallyhavesmallflowersproducedinlargepanicles.乔，灌木或草本或藤本植物体通常都有刺单叶，复叶，互生，对生，轮生，有托叶花小，多两性花，花瓣5-10枚，雄蕊与花瓣同数或为其两倍，或多数果实为浆果或核果，通常具纵棱本科约60属800余种，产热带至温带，中国20属，135种。,常春藤属Hedera,Hedera(Englishnameivy,pluralivies)speciesareclimbingorground-creepingevergreenwoodyplants.Theyhavetwoleaftypes,withpalmatelylobedjuvenileleavesoncreepingandclimbingstems,andunlobedcordate(心形的)adultleavesonfertilefloweringstemsexposedtofullsun,usuallyhighinthecrownsoftreesorthetopofrockfaces.Thejuvenileandadultshootsalsodiffer,theformerbeingslender,flexibleandscramblingorclimbingwithsmallrootstoaffixtheshoottothesubstrate(rockortreebark),thelatterthicker,self-supporting,andwithoutroots.Theflowersareproducedinlateautumn,individuallysmall,inumbels,greenish-yellow;thefruitaresmallblackberriesripeninginlatewinter,常春藤属Hedera,常绿攀缘灌木，具气根。叶为单叶对生，全缘或浅裂，就是在结果枝上卵圆形，无裂，营养枝上叶为3裂花两性，花瓣5，雄蕊与花瓣同数。果实为浆果状核果。约5种，我国野生的1种，引入1种。,常春藤Hederanepalensisvar.sinensis又叫中华常春藤,形态：幼枝上的柔毛为鳞片状，叶小，花果枝椭圆状卵形，椭圆状披针形，营养枝3裂，伞形花序顶生，花淡绿白色，芳香，果熟为红色，黄色，花期8-9月。分布及习性：暖温带树种,我国秦岭以南多有分布，甘、陕各地有栽培，极耐荫。稍耐寒，对土壤，水分的要求不严。,幼枝上柔毛为星状毛,果枝上野为卵状菱形,无毛,营养枝叶为3-5裂,果熟黑色.原产于欧洲圣高加索其他均与常春藤相似.常在温室中见,盆栽多,栽培变种如下:金边常春藤叶边黄银边常春藤叶边白金心常春藤叶心黄彩叶常春藤叶小,乳白色,带红晕兰色常春藤绿叶白边,秋季叶变得玫瑰红,春暖后又恢复原状.,刺楸属Kalopanax,1种,产东亚,我国广泛分布刺楸KalopanaxseptemlobusKalopanaxseptemlobusisadeciduoustreeThestemsareoftenspiny.Theleavesarealternate,inappearancesimilartoalargeFatsiaorsweetgumleaf,15-35cmacross,palmatelylobedwithfiveorsevenlobes,eachlobewithafinelytoothedmargin.TreeswithdeeplylobedleaveswereformerlydistinguishedasK.septemlobusvar.maximowiczii.Theflowersareproducedinlatesummerinlargeumbels20-50cmacrossattheapexofastem,eachflowerwith4-5smallwhitepetals.Thefruitisasmallblackdrupecontaining2seeds.,刺楸属Kalopanax,1种,产东亚,我国广泛分布刺楸Kalopanaxseptemlobus形态：落叶乔木,树干通直,枝粗壮,都是有宽大皮刺,单叶互生.掌状5-7裂,缘有细齿,叶柄长,伞形花序聚生或顶生圆锥状.花小而白色,果熟时蓝黑色,花期7-8月。生长习性：暖温带树种,喜光,稍耐荫,对气候适应性强。园林用途：树干耸直,叶大枝疏,满树是刺,并富野趣,加之花色斑斓,逗人喜爱,是花叶俱佳的观赏树种,孤植树。,八角金盘属Fatsia,本属2种,一种产日本,一种产台湾八角金盘FatsiajaponicaItisanevergreenshrub,withstout,sparselybranchedstems.Theleavesarealternately-arranged,large,20-50cminwidthandonapetioleupto50cmlong,leathery,palmatelylobed,with7-9broadlobes,dividedtohalfortwo-thirdsofthewaytothebaseoftheleaf;thelobesareedgedwithcoarse,bluntteeth.Theflowersaresmall,white,borneindenseterminalcompoundumbelsinlateautumnorearlywinter,followedbysmallblackfruit.,八角金盘属Fatsia,本属2种,一种产日本,一种产台湾八角金盘Fatsiajaponica常绿灌木,茎高4-5米,常丝生,叶革质,掌状7-9深裂,径20-40cm.边缘有齿,叶柄长10-30cm,花小,白色,果实径约8mm,夏秋间开花。分布：原产日本,中国南方庭院中有栽培习性：性喜荫,有下木之王之称,喜温暖湿润气候,不耐干旱,耐寒性不强。用途：叶大光亮而常绿,托以长炳,形状似金盘,常有8裂片,故得八角金盘,是很好的观叶树种。对二氧化硫抗性极强,常做工矿绿化,林下成片种植也很好,北方盆栽,常室内观赏。,山茱萸科Cornaceae,TheDogwoodfamily(Cornaceae)isawidespreadfamily,mostlyinthenorthtemperatezone.Thefamilymostlycompriseswoodyshrubsandtrees.这科约14属,160余种,主产北半球,中国产5属40种。乔木,灌木,罕草。单叶对生,罕见互生.花多两性.排成聚伞,伞形头状,圆锥花序,花各部4,罕5,雄蕊与花瓣同数。多为核果,少为浆果。,梾木属Cornus,Mostspecieshaveoppositeleavesandafewhavealternate.Flowershavefourparts.Headsofsmallwhiteflowers,eachwithfourpetalsjoinedasatube,areproducedinmidsummer,followedbyblackberries.Thefruitofallspeciesisadrupewithoneortwoseeds.,梾木属Cornus,乔,灌木,多为落叶性,单叶对生,稀互生,全缘,常具2叉贴生柔毛,有叶柄.花小,两性,排列成生聚伞花序,花序下无叶状总苞,花部4数,子房下位2室,果为核果。本属共百余种,中国产28种,分布于东北,华南及西南,而主产于西南。,灯台树(瑞木)Cornuscontroversa,落叶乔木,侧枝轮状着生,层次明显.枝紫红色,无毛,叶互生,叶侧脉6-8对,叶表深绿,叶背灰绿色,叶常集生枝端,花伞房状聚伞花序顶生.花白色,核果由紫红色变成蓝黑色.花期5-6月.,红瑞木Cornusalba,落叶灌木,枝鲜红色,无毛,髓大而白色,单叶对生,侧脉5-6对,叶表暗绿色,叶背粉绿色,话小,黄白色,成顶生伞房状聚伞花序.核果白色或略带兰色。产于我国北部及西伯里亚,陕西有。喜光,耐半荫,耐寒,耐湿。红瑞木的枝条终年鲜红色,秋叶也为鲜红色,都很美观。,毛棶木车辆木小六谷油树CornusWalteri,落叶乔木,叶对生,椭圆状卵形,全缘,羽状侧脉4-5对,背面密背贴生短柔毛,伞房状聚伞花序顶生,花白色,茎约1.2cm,核果圆球形,黑色,花期5