李观仪《新编英语教程》第5册 UNIT11

Unit11,CultivatingaHobbyWinstonChurchill,CulturalBackgroundTextanalysisWritingSkillQuestionsontheTextLanguagePointsDiscussionExercises,Culturalbackground,AbouttheauthorSirWinstonChurchillWinstonChurchill(1874-1965),Britishstatesmanandauthor.BesidesbeingoneoftheoutstandingleadersinworldhistoryandoneofthegreatBritishprimeminister,Churchillwasaprolificwriterandanamateurpainter.HereceivedtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1953.Hispaintingsweregivenaretrospectiveone-manshowinthegalleriesoftheRoyalAcademyofArtsin1958.,Back,TextAnalysis,Thisessayisanexposition.Thethemeisaboutthesignificanceofcultivatingahobby.Accordingtotheauthor,thesignificanceofahobbyliesinitsrelaxingthemindofrational,industrious,usefulhumanbeings.Toexplainhowahobbyworks,hefirstofallexplainswhatworryreallyis.(para.1)Nowweseethathobbyistheonlywaytoattenuateworry,soitsofthefirstimportancetoapublicman.Buthowcanahobbybecultivated?Para2answersthequestion.Inordertobetterexplainhowhobbyattenuateworry,theauthorclassifiespeopleinto3catagraries:thosewhoaretoiledtodeath,thosewhoareworriedtodeath,andthosewhoareboredtodeath.(para.3and4)Inthisway,hestatesthathobbyshouldberightlychosen.Thoughhobbycanreleaseworry,itcanonlydototherational,industrious,usefulhumanbeing.Soinpara.5,Churchillagaindividespeopleintotwo,Back,classes:thosewhoseworkisworkandwhosepleasureispleasure;andthosewhoseworkandpleasureareone.Thus,thethirdcategoryofhumanbeingsinthefirstclassification,i.e.,thosewhoareboredtodeath,isexcluded.Obviously,inChurchillsopinion,thesecantberegardedasrational,industrious,usefulhumanbeings,andintheircase,nohobbycanhelptorelievetheirboredom.,Back,WritingSkill,MetaphorMetaphorisoneofthefiguresofspeechusedincomparingpersons,objects,actions,andideas.Ametaphorisanimpliedorindirectcomparisoninwhichthepersonsorthingscomparedare,ingeneral,notsimilar,forexample,“Theloveofmoneyistherootofallevil.”Inthepresentessay,inanumberofplaces,Churchillspeaksmetaphorically,creatinganimaginativeandemotionalimpression.(findoutthemetaphors),Back,UseofSynonymousExpressionsInwriting,repetitionofsomeimportantwords,phrasesorgrammaticalstructuresisoftenusedtogainemphasis.e.g.1.Itisnousedoingwhatyoulike;youhavegottodowhatyoudo.2.Thatisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.3.Wewillneverparley.WewillnevernegotiateBut,arepeatedwordorphrase,bycallingattentiontoitselfratherthantoitsmeaning,cansometimesbedistractingandmayconsequentlyweakenyourwriting.,Back,e.g.Thisinterestinginstructorknowshowtomakeanuninterestingsubjectinteresting.(revised)Thisinstructorknowshowtomakeadullsubjectinteresting.WinstonChurchillwasskillfulinusingsynonymousexpressions.(findoutthesynonymyofworryandhobbyinthisessay.),Back,QuestionsontheText,1.While“worry”isdefinedasa“spasmofemotion”inthefirstsentenceofthepassage,whatotherphrasesareusedinthefirstparagraphtorefertothisannoyingstateofthemind?“its(theminds)convulsivegrasp”,“the(old)unduegrip”2.Whatdoestheword“attended”online5mean?accompanied3.Inpara.2Churchillusesametaphortodescribethecultivationofahobby.Identifythemetaphorandthenexplainit.Thelastsentence“Theseedsmustbecarefullychosenwhenneeded.”Thecultivationofahobbyiscomparedtothatofaplant.Firstofall,therighthobby(theseedofaplant)mustbecarefullychosenforaperson(goodground);thentheprocessofcultivatingahobby,likethatofgrowingaplant,requirescareandeffort.Onlyinthiswaycanonereapinduetimethefruitofoneslabourtherelaxingeffectofoneshobby.,Back,4.Inpara.3Churchillbroadlydivideshumanbeingsintothreeclasses:thosewhoaretoiledtodeath,thosewhoareworriedtodeath,andthosewhoareboredtodeath.WhatkindsofpeopledoyouthinkChurchillhadinmindwhenhemadesuchaclassification?“Thosewhoaretoiledtodeath”refertomanuallabourers,blue-collarworkers.(para.3)“Thosewhoareworriedtodeath”refertopeoplewhoworkwiththeirbrains,e.g.,professionals,publicmen.(para.3)“Thosewhoareboredtodeath”refertopeoplewhoarenotdoinganythingseriously,perhapstheleisuredclass.The4thparagraphrefersparticularlytothisclassofnon-industriousanduselesscreatures.5.WhydoesChurchillclassifyasunfortunatethosepeoplewhocancommandeverythingtheywant,gratifyeverycapriceandlaytheirhandsonalmosteveryobjectofdesire?DoyouthinkChurchillsattitudetowardsthosepeopleisreallyoneofsympathy?Thesepeoplearesimplyhopeless;nothingworkstorelievethemoftheirboredom.Churchilldoesnotreallyfeelsympathetictowardsthem.Notethephrase“avengingboredom”.Heseemstothinkthatthisiswhattheydeserve.,Back,6.Howdoyouunderstandtheword“discipline”online30?Regularity,amoreregularizedwayoflife.7.Canyousuggestoneortwoofthesimplestandmostmodestformsofpleasure?Jogging,takingawalk,listeningtomusicontheradio,watchingTV,gardening.8.Inwhatsensearethesecondclassofpeople,i.e.,thosewhoseworkandpleasureareone,“Fortunesfavouredchildren”?Thereisneveraclashbetweenworkandpleasure.Theyarealwayshappytowork.9.Howdoyouinterprettheword“grudged”inpara.5?acceptedwithgreatreluctance.10.Whatdoestheword“it”online42referto?Theirwork.11.Identifytheexpressionsinthelasttwosentencesusedtorefertothenotionof“hobby”.Analternativeoutlook,achangeofatmosphere,adiversionofeffort,ameansofbanishingit(work)fromtheirminds.,Back,LanguagePoints,spasm:Literally,spasmisasuddenuncontrolledtighteningofmusclese.g.muscularspasm,facialspasm.Spasmmayalsorefertoasuddenviolenteffort,feeling,oracte.g.aspasmofanger/excitement/grief/coughing2.insinuate:tosaysomething(unpleasant)withoutsayingitdirectlye.g.Areyouinsinuatingthatthemoneywasstolen?,Back,3.improvise:dosomethingoffhandorwithoutpreparatione.g.Iforgottobringthenotesformyspeech,soIjusthadtoimprovise.4.tend:takegoodcareof,lookaftere.g.Theheadnursetendedthepatientswithgreatcare.Thefarmertendedhissheepwithlovingcare.5.athand:(formal)nearintimeorplacee.g.Healwayskeepsadictionaryathand.TheChristmasDayisathand.,Back,6.gratifyeverycaprice:satisfyeverywhimgratify:satisfyadesiree.g.Thissetofencyclopaediaswillgratifyherthirstforknowledge.caprice:asuddenwishtohaveordosomethingwithoutanyreason.e.g.Ihopeyourdecisiontoquitthejobisjustacaprice.7.layoneshandon;managetoobtaine.g.Hetriestolayhishandsoneverythingthatcomeshisway.,Back,pensation:somethingreceivedasarepaymentforservices,loss,injury,suffering,etc.e.g.Thefulfillmentofadifficulttaskisthebestformofcompensationforyourhardwork.9.Adiversionofeffortachangeinonesattempttodosomethingdiversiona.somethingthatturnsonesattempttodosomethinge.g.Whathesaidwasadiversiontothemainpoint.b.Somethingthatamusese.g.Diversionsaremanyandvariedinlargecities.,Back,Discussion,Discusstherolehobbyplaysinoneslife,Back,Exercises,hobby:indicatesanactivitythatmayinvolvethedevelopmentofintricate（复杂）knowledgeoforcapabilityinalimitedfield.Itparticularlyimpliescollectingortinkering（修补）activities,oftendonebyoneselfathomeandseldominvolvingphysicalexerciseforitsownsake:alifelonghobbyofstampcollecting.(1,3,8)recreation:suggestspleasure-givingrelaxationandlow-key（有节制）activitythatwouldnotbefoundinmostvocations.Thewordsstressisonplayorgames.Thus,unlikehobby,itcanmoreoftensuggestactivitythatisdoneingroupsandincludesphysicalexercise:campsofferingavarietyofrecreationsthatincludedfolkdancing,handicrafts,swimmingandboating.(4),Back,pastime:isclosertohobbythanrecreation,indicatinganythingdonetooccupyonesleisure;byimplication,thewordsuggestsactivityoflittleintrinsic（内在的，固有的）worth:insistingthathispaintingwasmerelyapastimethatkepthimfrombeingbored.Thisdepreciatorynotecanbeevenpronounced:fewpastimesmorefoolishthanautograph（亲笔签名，手稿）collecting.(5,7)sport:pointstoarecreationorpastimethatisprimaryamatterofphysicalexercise,andsuggestsespeciallycompetitivegrouporindividualactivity:(6).Unlikealltheotherwordshere,sportcanindicateanactivitypursuedasamoney-makingvocation:(2),Back,labour:mostimmediatelysuggestsphysicaleffort:thelabouritwouldtaketo