英语周报高中英语 Unit4 Behind beliefs Grammar课件 牛津译林版选修9.ppt

unit4behindbeliefs,grammarandusage,analysisofcomplicatedsentences,youareaswiseassolomon.whatdoesthesentencemean?veryclever.aswiseassolomonisanidiominbible,andinitsolomonwasthethirdkingofisraelwhowasknownforhiswisdom.,whatisanidiom?anidiomisagroupofwordsoranexpressionwhosemeaningisnotstraightforward,becauseitoftencannotbeunderstoodbylookingatthemeaningsofitsseparatewords.,。,inthereadingtextbiblicalidiomsinenglish,welearntsomethingaboutidioms.canyourecitethefirstparagraphof?therearethreesentencesinit.,1.anidiomisagroupofwordsoranexpressionwhosemeaningisnotstraightforward,becauseitoftencannotbeunderstoodbylookingatthemeaningsofitsseparatewords.,2.inotherwords,itsmeaningcanbeverydifferentfromtheapparentmeaningsofitscomponents.,3.idiomsoftenuseanumberofwordstorepresentasingleobject,personorconcept,amongotherthings,andunlessyourecognizeanidiomwhenitisbeingused,itiseasytomisunderstandwhatyoureadorhearspoken.,canyouanalyzethesentenceabove?,thesentenceisacomplexsentence.itismadeupofamainclauseandonesubordinate(attribute)clause.,thefirstsentence,acomplexsentenceismadeupofamainclauseandoneormoresubordinateclauses.theyarelinkedbysubordinators(从属连词)suchasbecause,when,where,if,since,that,unless,whereas,whose,whileandalthough.,whatkindsofcomplexsentencedoyouknow?一、名词性从句1.包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句2.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：,discussion,连接词:that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分）连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词:when,where,how,why,e.g.itisapitythatyoudidntgotoseethefilm.shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.thenewsthattomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.,二、定语从句定语从句中的所有关系词不但有具体意义而且都在从句中担当一定的成分。关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that等。关系副词：when,where,why等。在定语从句中，关系副词=介词+which,e.g.thosewho/thatareintheirfortiesarerequiredtohaveaphysicalexaminationthisafternoon.hehasfoundagoodjobforwhichheisqualified.therearelotsofexamplesofidiomswhereanimalsareusedtocreateanimage.,三、状语从句1.时间状语从句由as,while引导时，表示主句和从句的动作同时发生，或一个动作发生在另一个动作或过程中。由after,when引导时,表示主句动作在从句后。由before,when引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作前。,4)由whenever,every/eachtime引导时，表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生。5)由assoonas引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间后。6)由just/hardlywhen,nosoonerthan引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之前。,e.g.wecanleavewhenyouareready.aftershepackedupherthings,marywenttobookherticket.,2.原因状语从句由because,as,since或复合连词nowthat,inthat等引导3.地点状语从句由where,wherever引导。4.条件状语从句由if,as(so)longas,unless引导。,5.目的状语从句由sothat,inorderthat,incase等引导。6.结果状语从句由sothat,sothat,suchthat引导。7.让步状语从句由though,eventhough,however,nomatterhow/what/who等引导。,8.比较状语从句由than,themorethemore,asas引导。9.方式状语从句由inthesameway,as等引导。,e.g.asthesunrosethefogdispersed.whenevershehadacold,sheateonlyfruit.nowthatwehavedecoratedthehouse,wecanmovein.thethreadbreakswhereitisweakest.,robbiedidntfeelasshedid.sheoughttocomedownjustincaseanythinghappened.ifnecessary,ringmeathome.,inotherwords,itsmeaningcanbeverydifferentfromtheapparentmeaningsofitscomponents.,thesentenceisalongsimplesentence.,thesecondsentence,everysentenceofthistypecontainsasubjectandapredicate.inthesesentences,itisusefultoidentifythesubjectandthepredicate.,thesubjectiswhatthesentenceisaboutandthepredicatetellsussomethingaboutthesubjectandalwaysincludesaverb.,e.g.islamwasstartedabout1,400yearsagobyamancalledmuhammad.,idiomsoftenuseanumberofwordstorepresentasingleobject,personorconcept,amongotherthings,andunlessyourecognizeanidiomwhenitisbeingused,itiseasytomisunderstandwhatyoureadorhearspoken.,thethirdsentence,thesentenceisacomplex-compoundsentence.thishappenswhencoordination(并列关系)andsubordination(从属关系)occurinthesamesentence.,incompoundsentences,therearetwoormoreclauses.theyareusuallylinkedbycoordinatorssuchasand,orandbut.eachclausecanstandonitsown.,e.g.peoplewhofollowthisreligionstudybuddhistsutrasandtheyfollowtheteachingsofbuddha.sheisafunnygirl,yeticannothelplikingher.youmusthurry,oryouwontmakeitforthetrain.,thesimplesentence,subject+predicate,thecompoundsentence,subject+predicate+and/or/but+subject+predicate,thecomplexsentence,mainclause+subordinateclause,thecomplex-compoundsentence,thesimplesentence+and/or/but+thecomplexsentence,summary,长难句分析步骤：1.首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2.如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾补；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主、谓、宾各自的修饰语。,按照所确定的各个成分，给出全句大意。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大、文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。,3.如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。,4.如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；,然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。,注意事项,1.是否有同位语和插入语。2.是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3.替代词的所指对象。4.判断并列成分的层次。5.句首的并列连词and,or,but,for通常起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。,6.在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7.非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。,8.在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语（单个词、短语或从句）究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。,wanggangfoundanarticleonawebpageaboutearlyreligions.lookatthetextbelowanddecideifeachsentenceis(a)alongsimplesentence,(b)acompoundsentence,(c)acomplexsentence,or(d)acompound-complexsentence.,analyzelongandcomplicatedsentences.answers:1c2a3d4c5c6c7b,wanggangisreadingaboutenglishproverbs.hehastakensomenotesandwantstousetheminhisessay.lookateachgroupofsentencesandhelpwanggangcombinethemtoformonecomplicatedsentence,usingwordsinbracketstohelpyou.,1.oneenglishproverbistheearlybirdcatchestheworm.thisproverbisfrequentlyusedtotalkabouthardworkbeingthekeytosuccess.(which)_,oneenglishproverbistheearlybirdcatchestheworm,whichisfrequentlyusedtotalkabouthardworkbeingthekeytosuccess.,2.theproverbgreatmindsthinkalike,butfoolsseldomdifferisveryfamous.thisproverbisusuallyshortenedtogreatmindsthinkalike.(although)_,theproverbgreatmindsthinkalike,butfoolsseldomdifferisveryfamousalthoughitisusuallyshortenedtogreatmindsthinkalike.,3.theproverbdontcountyourchickensuntiltheyarehatchedmeansdontcountonsomethinggoingwelluntilithappens.thisproverbisverypopular.(and)_,theproverbdontcountyourchickensuntiltheyarehatchedmeansdontcountonsomethinggoingwelluntilithappens,andthisproverbisverypopular.,4.theproverbmakehaywhilethesunshinesisveryold.itcomesfromtheolddays.peopleallworkedonfarms.(and,when)_,theproverbmakehaywhilethesunshinesisveryold,anditcomesfromtheolddayswhenpeopleallworkedonfarms.,haveatry:wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,_wegavesomebellsandglasses.a.towhichb.towhomc.withwhomd.withwhich,consolidation,hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,_hewentontocambridge.a.fromwhichb.afterthatc.afterwhichd.fromthis,theplace_thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe_thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.a.which;whereb.atwhich;whichc.atwhich;whered.which;inwhich,that/which,why,comescoming;or:autumncomes,andleavesturnyellow.,findthemistakeinthefollowingsentencesandtrytocorrectthengivethereason.,2.haveyoueveraskedhimthereasonwhymayexplainhisbeinglate?,1.autumncomes,leavesturnyellow.,3.ifamangoestoworkgo