《植物向哪里生长》

语法专题八定语从句,-2-,高考感悟,考点归纳,1.(2016全国乙,语法填空)ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,IwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.,when分析句子结构可知,此处用when引导定语从句,修饰themid-1980s。定语从句的主干IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter不缺少主语或者宾语的成分,因此要用关系副词when做状语。,-3-,高考感悟,考点归纳,2.(2016全国丙,语法填空)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius,livedfromroughly551to479B.C.,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.3.(2014课标全国,语法填空)Maybeyouhaveahabitisdrivingyourfamilycrazy.,2.who根据对逗号前后内容的分析可以看出空格处所在句子为非限制性定语从句,其先行词Confucius指人,故用who引导该定语从句并作从句的主语。3.that/which这里的意思是:也许你有一个能使你的家人发疯的习惯。这里habit是先行词,which或that引导的是定语从句,并且在从句中做主语,不能省略,故用that/which。,-4-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,关系代词有who,whom,which,that和whose,另外,as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有when,where和why,在定语从句中充当状语。1.who指人,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。Happinessandsuccessoftencometothosewhoaregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengths.幸福和成功经常属于那些善于认识自己长处的人。2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。Doyouknowtheboy(whom)wemetatthegate?你认识我们在门口碰到的那个男孩吗?,-5-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,3.which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Theexactyear(which/that)AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.安杰拉和她的家人在中国共同度过的确切年份是2008年。4.that指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.她就是那位我非常想见的明星。Amongthemanydangers(which/that)sailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.在海员们要面对的许多危险中,最严重的可能就是雾。,-6-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,5.whose可指人或物,修饰名词或代词,在定语从句中充当定语。“whose+名词”可改为“the+名词+ofwhich/whom”或“ofwhich/whomthe+名词”。Thebooksonthedesk,whosecoversareshiny,areprizesforus.桌子上的这些书是给我们的奖品,它们的封面很亮。Acompanywhoseprofitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.国内市场利润下降的公司会寻求到国外发展的机会。Thehousewhosewindowsareverylargeismyuncles.=Thehouseofwhichthewindowsareverylargeismyuncles.那个窗子非常大的房子是我叔叔的。,-7-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,6.as可指人也可指物,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语。(1)引导限制性定语从句,先行词前常有as,thesame,so,such修饰,且在从句中做主语、宾语或表语时,关系代词要用as。Itwassodifficultaproblemasnobodyinmyclasscouldworkout.(as做workout的宾语)这个问题很难以至于我们班里没有人能解出来。注意so/such.that结构中,that引导结果状语从句,只起连接作用,不充当从句的任何成分。Itwassodifficultaproblemthatnobodyinmyclasscouldworkitout.(workout已经有宾语,that只起连接作用),-8-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,(2)as可以引导非限制性定语从句,代指整个主句的内容,从句中常用的谓语动词为see,say,hear,expect,know,report等,常译为“正如,正像”,其引导的从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。Thenumberofsmokers,asisreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如所报道的,吸烟者的数量在仅仅一年中下降了百分之十七。,-9-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,7.when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语。其先行词是表示时间的名词time,day,week,year,month等,常用onwhich,inwhich,atwhich,duringwhich等代替。Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily,Alexisalwayslongingforthetimewhenheshouldbeabletobeindependent.作为家中最小的孩子,亚历克斯总是渴望自己能够独立的日子。Iamlookingforwardtothedaywhen/onwhichmydaughtercanreadthisbookandknowmyfeelingsforher.我一直期盼那一天,我的女儿能够读懂这本书并且知道我对她的情感。,-10-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,8.where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词,可以用“介词+关系代词”代替。Thehousewhere/inwhichhelivesisneartheriver.他住的房子在河边。注意高考对where的考查趋于复杂,先行词由“明显的地点”转为“模糊的地点”,或者说“抽象的地点”。这些名词有:stage,case,position,situation,point,occasion,activity等。Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivitieswhere/inwhichtheycangainexperienceforgrowth.学生应该参与社区活动,在这些活动中他们能获取成长的经验。,-11-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,9.why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语,可用forwhich来替代。why不可引导非限制性定语从句。Tellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyoucamelate.告诉我你来晚了的原因。注意用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。,-12-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,something,all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等不定代词修饰时。Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。2.先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时。ThisisthelastplacethatIwanttovisit.这是我最不想参观的地方。,-13-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,3.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。ThisisthebestnovelthatIhaveeverread.这是我读过的最好的一部小说。4.先行词是数词或被序数词修饰时。ThisisthethirddictionarythatIhaveused.这是我用过的第三本字典。5.当先行词同时含有表示人和物的名词时。Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwewereinterestedin.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。6.以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句,为避免重复时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingunderthetree?站在树下的那个人是谁?,-14-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,注意QingdaoisthemostbeautifulcitywhereIhaveeverworked.(即使有最高级修饰先行词city,但从句中work为不及物动词,先行词只做其地点状语,故要用关系副词)前面所述几种情况已有前提:需要用关系代词时,遇到这几种情况才选用that。,-15-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,1.在“介词+关系代词”的结构中,关系代词只能用指物的which和指人的whom。ThisisthetrainbywhichwewenttoBeijing.这就是我们去北京乘的那列火车。2.在非限制性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开,若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句)中。IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek,whichmyclassmatesrecommendedtome.上周我在图书馆里借了夏洛克福尔摩斯这本书,书是我的同学向我推荐的。,-16-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,3.指人时,当先行词为everybody,anybody,everyone,anyone等时,关系代词要用who,不用that。Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?有谁能回答这个问题?4.先行词本身是指示代词that或those时,关系代词应用which。Whatsthatwhichsheislookingat?她正在看什么?,-17-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,1.位置不同。which引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as引导的定语从句位置较灵活,也就是说as从句可置于所限制的句子前、插在句子中或放在句子后。Itisatrulydelightfulplace,whichlooksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.它确实是一个宜人的地方。与一百年前的样子一样,有着弯弯曲曲的小径和漂亮的村舍。Mike,asyouknow,isanhonestman./Mikeisanhonestman,asyouknow./Asyouknow,Mikeisanhonestman.如你所知,迈克是个诚实的人。,-18-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,2.先行词不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。Asweallknow,heisveryproud.(先行词为一个句子)众所周知,他很骄傲。Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一个词)他是自大的,而他弟弟从不自大。,-19-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,3.意义不同。as一般译为“正如,就像”;which一般译为“这一点,这件事”。John,asyouknow,ismybestfriend.正如你所知,约翰是我最好的朋友。HehasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdontbelieve.他已去过巴黎十多次了,这一点我不相信。4.关系不同。当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时,关系词往往只用which。Tomwaslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.汤姆上学迟到了,这使他老师很生气。,-20-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,注意as多用于下列习惯用语中:asanybodycansee正如大家能看到的那样aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样ashasbeensaidbefore如之前所述asismentionedabove正如上面所提到的,-21-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,1.在“介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose。ThepersontowhomyoullwriteisMrBall.TheoldmanwastalkingwithMrSmith,inwhosehospitalIwasoperatedon.2.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词及名词、数词。Hehastwosons,bothofwhomwerekilledinthewar.Iliveinahouse,thewindowofwhichfacesthesouth.,-22-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选择可根据定语从句中谓语动词和介词的习惯搭配、先行词和介词的习惯搭配来确定,有时也需要结合句意。Inthestreettherewasntanypersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.Thebossinwhosecompanymyfatherworkedisaverykindperson.4.“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句中,定语从句常和先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。Helivesinabighouse,infrontofwhichstandsatallappletree.注意在一些固定搭配的短语动词中,由于动词和介词不能分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。Thisisthebook(which/that)Imlookingfor.不可以说:ThisisthebookforwhichImlooking.,-23-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,5.fromwhere虽为“介词+关系副词”结构,但也可引导定语从句,where往往指代前面表示具体位置的介词短语。Hestoodontopofthehill,fromwherehecouldseethewholevillage.(where指代ontopofthehill,指的是“从山顶那个地方看”,而不是指“山”),-24-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:idea,fact,truth,evidence,news,thought。同位语从句主要由that引导,在从句中不做成分,有时也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,在从句中充当成分。Thenewsthatourteamwonmadeusexcited.(ourteamwon是news的内容,that不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:Thenewswasthatourteamwon.)Thenewsthathetoldmewasexciting.(hetoldme缺少一个直接宾语,由that充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:Thenewswasthathetoldme.),-25-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连接词。Ourclasshassixtystudents,mostofwhomstudyhard.(逗号后为另一个句子,两个句子之间要用连接代词whom,为定语从句)Ourclasshassixtystudents,andmostofthemstudyhard.(逗号后为另一个句子,且已经有并列连词and,故用them即可,为并列句)Ourclasshassixtystudents.Mostofthemstudyhard.(两句之间为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连接词),-26-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必有先行词,而状语从句(如时间状语从句和地点状语从句)则是做整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。Doyouknowthetimewhenhewillcomeback?(定语从句,前面有先行词time)Iwillgoshoppingwhenhecomesback.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词)Putthebookwhereitbelongs.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用towhich)Putthebookintheplacewhereitbelongs.(定语从句,前面有先行词place),-27-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当itis/was后出现表示地点或时间的名词时,其后所接的从句是定语从句还是强调句,要看将itis/was和that(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),若句式完整则为强调句。ItwasSundaywhenhecameback.(定语从句)ItwasonSundaythathecameback.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语onSunday,去掉Itwas和that后句式完整),-28-,高考感悟,考点归纳,一,三,二,四,五,七,六,1.当先行词为way,意为“方法、方式”,且在定语从句中做主语、宾语时,可用关系代词which或that;做状语时,要用inwhich或that或不填任何关系词。Theway(that/inwhich)hefinishedthetasksuccessfullywasdifficulttounderstand.(做状语)Thewaythat/whichheexplainedtomewasnotdifficulttounderstand.(做宾语)2.当先行词为time时,若表示“一段时间”,后面定语从句用when引导,也可用at/duringwhich;若表示“次数”,后面定语从句用that引导,that可以省略。TherewasatimewhenwehadnoTVsets.Thisisthesecondtime(that)thepresidenthasvisitedourcountry.,-29-,.单句填空1.Isitaplacewithalotofopenspacespeoplecanexerciseandenjoythefreshair?(2016山西第二次四校联考)2.Thesedogsarefamilypetswithspecialtraining,allowsthemtogointopublicbuildingsandcomfortpeopleinneed.(2016石家庄一模),1.where分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为openspaces,关系词在定语从句中做地点状语,故用关系副词where。2.which此处是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词为“specialtraining”。故应填which。,-30-,3.Itinvolvesallpeople,thosecomeupwiththeideaofthework,performitandprovidenecessaryequipmentandmaterials,andpeoplewhomakeuptheaudienceforthework.(2016山西考前质检)4.someoneoncesaid,“Artislife.”(2016山西考前质检),3.who先行词是those,指人,从句中缺少主语。故填who。4.AsAs引导非限制性定语从句,句意为“正如某人说过的”。故填As。,-31-,8.Imlookingatthephotographyousentmewithyourletter.9.Theyexpecthisdecisionsoon,shouldhelpthemsolvetheproblem.10.Thepresidentofthecompany,Ireallyadmire,isvisitingusnextweek.,8.that/which先行词是物photograph,且在从句中做宾语,故应用which或that连接。9.which此处是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词为“hisdecision”。故应填which。10.who/whom先行词为thepresident,指人,且在从句中做admire的宾语,故应填who/whom。,-32-,11.Theamusementparkpeopleofallagescometorelaxandhavefunwillclosenextyear.12.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mosthadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.,11.where分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,先行词为theamusementpark,关系词在定语从句中做地点状语,故用关系副词where。12.ofwhichwhich的先行词是windows,windows在从句中当介词of的宾语,介词后面不能用关系代词that,故应填ofwhich。,-33-,13.Rachel,sheplacedthegreatesttrust,failedtomatchherexpectations.14.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson,shecouldturnforhelp.,13.inwhomplacetrustinsb.是固定短语,意为“信任某人”,先行词是Rachel,在从句中做in的宾语,故应填inwhom。14.towhom先行词为asingleperson在从句中做宾语,“向某人求助”应该用turntosb.forhelp,因此先行词做to的宾语。故应填towhom。,-34-,15.Scientistshavesearchedforalongtimeforareasonsomanybeesaredisappearing.,15.why分析句子结构可知空格后为定语从句。先行词是areason,关系词在定语从句somanybeesaredisappearing中做状语,故用why来引导。,-35-,.单句改错1.OnedayIsawasecond-handbicycle,thatwasonlyonehundredyuan.Iaskedmyfatherforthemoney.(2016四川绵阳第二次诊断)2.ActuallysheisanexchangestudentfromIreland,whomhasbeenstudyinginmyschoolfortwomonths.(2016湖南东部六校联考),1.thatwhich前面有逗号,故应用which引导非限制性定语从句,且在从句中做主语。2.whomwho本处先行词为anexchangestudent,指人,关系词在定语从句中做主语,故应用关系代词who。,-36-,3.Surprisingly,Iwasgiventhesilvermedal,thatincreasedmyconfidence.(2016合肥第一次质检)4.Localpeopleliveinoldhouses,theyareveryfriendly.(2016郑州第二次质量预测),3.thatwhich本句为非限制性定语从句,并且关系词指代前面整句话,故改为which。4.they前加and或theywho当地人在老房子中居住,他们很友好。由句意可知,两句间为并列关系,故用并列连词。或者“Localpeople”为先行词,后面用who引导非限制性定语从句。,-37-,5.YoucanfindallkindsofdeliciousfoodinBeijing,ofthatthemostfamousistheBeijingroastduck.(2016济南一模)6.Hewrotemanychildrensbooks,nearlyhalfofthemwerepublishedinthe1990s.,5.thatwhichwhich引导定语从句,在从句中做介词of的宾语。6.themwhich句意:他写了很多本儿童读物,其中将近一半是于20世纪90年代出版的。此处是“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为books,指物,故把them改为which。,-38-,7.OppositeisSt.PaulsChurch,whichyoucanhearsomelovelymusic.8.Theresultsoftheexperimentprovedtobeverygood,thatwasmorethanweexpected.,7.whichwhere句意:对面是圣保罗教堂,在那里你可以听到一些动听的音乐。分析句意及句子结构可知,先行词St.PaulsChurch;St.PaulsChurch是一个表示地点的名词,定语从句youcanhearsomelovelymusic不缺少主语或者宾语,因此应该把which改为where。8.thatwhich句意:实验的结果证明很好,这远远超出我们的想象。题干中的逗号前是主句,逗号后是非限制性定语从句,that不能引导非限制性定语从句,因此要把that改为which。which表示主句造成的结果,代表主句的内容。,-39-,9.Therearetimesthatyouhavetoactfromtheheart.10.AnneBowman,whomrecentlymadeastudy,asked125undergraduatestude