《英语语法》课件

AbriefintroductionofthesubjectGrammar（英语语法课程简介）,Whatisgrammar?TheimportanceofgrammarItsimportanceinEnglishsubjectItsimportanceinmajorsstudySomeinterestingexamplesingrammarMeansoflearninggrammar,（语法的定义）Grammaristhestructuralsystemofalanguage.Ifwesayvocabularyisjustlikebricksorconcreteinbuilding,thengrammarisjustlikerebar.Grammarmakesyourlanguagecorrectandaccurate.,听说读写中语法的重要性：Grammarisimportantindevelopingstudentslistening,speaking,readingandwritingabilities.一道TOFLE听力题Hedoesntexercisebecausehelikesto.Helikestoexercisebyhimself.Heexercisesforreasonsotherthanenjoyment.Hesgladhedoesnthavetoexercise.Hedoesnthaveenoughtimetoexercise.正确答案B,Payattentiontothesesentences:ThegroupsfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeentestinginIndonesia.ThegroupsfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeingtestinIndonesia.ThegroupsfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbetestedinIndonesia.ThegroupsfirstbookoninformationsystemsisbeingtestedinIndonesia.这是专业生听写中的错误举例，最后一句是正确的句子。下页同。,ThebookscouldbeprintorreadonacomputerorcopyontoaCDorDVD.ThebookscouldbeprintedorreadonacomputerorcopyontoaCDorDVD.ThebookscouldbeprintedorreadonacomputerorcopiedontoaCDorDVD.,Observethefollowingsentencesinmajorswriting:（观察学生作文中的语法错误）Somepeopleholdtheansweris“yes”.Weshouldbehonesty.Withoutdoubtness,honestnessisaverysignificantpolicyforagoodperson.Butistellingthetruthalwaysbetterthantelllies?Mymotherwassoangrythatgoingtopunishusstrictly.Somepeoplesuspectthatisitreallyimportanttobehonesty?,Lookatthissentence:（其他有趣的例子）Watchwaslost.A/Thewatchwaslost.This/Thatwatchwaslost.My/Marys/Anoldmanswatchwaslost.One/Every/No/Neitherwatchwaslost.Another2examples:Hisallbooksareonthedesk.Mythatdictionarywasbroughtlastyear.,Allhisbooksareonthedesk.Mydictionary/Thatdictionarywasbroughtlastyear.Thatdictionaryofminewasbroughtlastyear.,GrammaticalHierarchy（语法层次）,ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguageisorganizedintofiveranks:thesentence,theclause,thephrase,thewordandthemorpheme.Eachrankiscomposedofoneormorethanonegrammaticalunitoftheimmediatelowerrank.Thesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunitwhilethemorphemeistheminimumorthelowestrank.,Morphemes（词素）:theminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunit,thesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeechFreemorphemes:acompletemeaning,asimplewordBoundmorphemes:onlyexistsasaninflectionalorderivationalaffixes.Allomorphs:thevariantsofthesamemorphemes,WordsThewordiscomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.Classficationintermsofword-formationSimplewords,derivativesandcompoundsClassficationintermsofgrammaticalfunctionClosed-classwordsandopen-classwords,Phrases（词组）Thephraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.Generally,thephraseisagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead.五种词组ThenounphraseTheverbphraseTheadjectivephraseTheadverbphraseTheprepositionalphrase,Note:（名词词组的结构模式）Thegeneralpatternofanounphraseis:(determiner)+(premodifier)+noun+(postmodifier)Usually,apronounstandsforanounphrase,butnotanoun.eg.Thebasketballplayerslostthegame.Theyhadplayedpoorly.,Clauses（分句）Theclauseiscomposedofoneormorethanonephrase.Afull-fledged(fledge,v.装上羽毛,长羽毛)clauseisstructurallyasequenceofphrasesandlogicallyaconstructionof“subject+predicate”.IndependentanddependentclausesSimpleandcomplexclausesMainandsubordinateclausesFiniteandnon-finiteclausesVerblessclauses,SentencesThesentenceisthehighestrankofgrammaticalunit.Basedononeormorethanoneclause,thesentenceisalsothebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscourse;itcanstandaloneandperformafunctioninsocialcommunication.Thus,asentencecanbedefinedasagrammaticalunitthatcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction.,1.Fullandminorsentences2.Simple,compound,complexandcompound-complexsentences,一些新闻常见的不完全句,（PremierWensays）diplomaticsnubagainstChinainCopenhagenstillamysteryU.S.responsiblefordisruptionsinrelations:ChinesepremierChinatoincreaseimports,promotebalancedtrade:PremierWenHKtoseegradualprogressinpromotingdemocracy:Premier,ChapteroneSentenceStructure（句子结构）,BasicStructures:SSubjectVVerbCComplementOObject(DirectObject（halflinkingv）adj;Hesingsbeautiful.Itsoundsbeautiful.Hebecameateacher.Hebecamestrong.,Halflinkingverb,常见半系动词：1.感官动词和表示“似乎，好像”等意义的词2.表示状态转变的动词Themilkgoessour.Mydreamscometrue.3.表示保持某种状态的系动词,系动词be的搭配,BeComplementIsheinorout?Heisupstairs.Heisathome.Sheisinhospital.Mypurposeistohelphimout.Itisexciting./Weareexcited.Myjobistakingcareofthebaby.Thenewsisdisappointing./Wearedisappointed.,不同视角分析句子,Heisabletohelpme.（SVO)Heisabletohelpme.(SVC),动词选择决定句子结构,Ittookme25yuantobuythiscoat.Thiscoatcost25yuan.Ispent25yuanonthecoat./inbuyingthecoat.,Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes（基本句型的转换与扩大）,TransformationAnaffirmativeclauseanegativeoneAstatementaquestionAnactiveclauseapassiveoneExpansionAddingmodifiersatvariouslevelsExpandingthroughcoordinationandsubordination,Somedifficultsentences（难句分析）Writingincreasedasaproblemasstudentsdiscovereddifficultiesinwritingpapersthattheywerenowexpectedtohandin.IlookedoverthebrownvastautumnearthaboutmewhereIhadworkedwheneverythingwasgreenandgrowing,wherebirdssanginthespringairastheybuilttheirnests.Whileitisnotpossibletoknowthetrueamountofcrimecommittedbypeoplereleasedfromprisoninanygivenyear,wedoknowtheextenttowhichthoseunderparolearejailedagainformajorcrimeconvictions.Whileelitecollegesanduniversitiesstillhavehighstandardsofadmissions,someofthe“exclusive”prisonsnowrequireaboutfivepriorseriouscrimesbeforeaninmateisacceptedintotheircorrectionalprogram.,试分析文本中的句子：APumaatlarge逃遁的美洲狮Pumasarelarge,cat-likeanimalswhicharefoundinAmerica.WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.However,astheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.Thehuntforthepumabeganinasmallvillagewhereawomanpickingblackberriessawalargecatonlyfiveyardsawayfromher.Itimmediatelyranawaywhenshesawit,andexpertsconfirmedthatapumawillnotattackahumanbeingunlessitiscornered.Thesearchproveddifficult,forthepumawasoftenobservedatoneplaceinthemorningandatanotherplacetwentymilesawayintheevening.Whereveritwent,itleftbehinditatrailofdeaddeerandsmallanimalslikerabbits.Pawprintswereseeninanumberofplacesandpumafurwasfoundclingingtobushes.Severalpeoplecomplainedofcat-likenoisesatnightandabusinessmanonafishingtripsawthepumaupatree.Theexpertswerenowfullyconvincedthattheanimalwasapuma,butwherehaditcomefrom?Asnopumashadbeenreportedmissingfromanyzoointhecountry,thisonemusthavebeeninthepossessionofaprivatecollectorandsomehowmanagedtoescape.Thehuntwentonforseveralweeks,butthepumawasnotcaught.Itisdisturbingtothinkthatadangerouswildanimalisstillatlargeinthequietcountryside.,Thirteenequalsone十三等于一Ourvicarisalwaysraisingmoneyforonecauseoranother,buthehasnevermanagedtogetenoughmoneytohavethechurchclockrepaired.Thebigclockwhichusedtostrikethehoursdayandnightwasdamagedmanyyearsagoandhasbeensilenteversince.Onenight,however,ourvicarworkupwithastart:theclockwasstrikingthehours!Lookingathiswatch,hesawthatitwasoneoclock,butthebellstruckthirteentimesbeforeitstopped.Armedwithatorch,thevicarwentupintotheclocktowertoseewhatwasgoingon.Inthetorchlight,hecaughtsightofafigurewhomheimmediatelyrecognizedasBillWilkins,ourlocalgrocer.WhateverareyoudoinguphereBill?askedthevicarinsurprise.Imtryingtorepairthebell,answeredBill.Ivebeencomingupherenightafternightforweeksnow.Yousee,Iwashopingtogiveyouasurprise.Youcertainlydidgivemeasurprise!saidthevicar.Youveprobablywokenupeveryoneinthevillageaswell.Still,Imgladthebellisworkingagain.Thatsthetrouble,vicar,answeredBill.Itsworkingallright,butImafraidthatatoneoclockitwillstrikethirteentimesandtheresnothingIcandoaboutit.Wellgetusedtothat,Bill,saidthevicar.Thirteenisnotasgoodasone,butitsbetterthannothing.Nowletsgodownstairsandhaveacupoftea.,Anunknowngoddess无名女神Sometimeago,aninterestingdiscoverywasmadebyarchaeologistsontheAegeanislandofKea.AnAmericanteamexploredatemplewhichstandsinanancientcityonthepromontoryofAyiaIrini.Thecityatonetimemusthavebeenprosperous,foritenjoyedahighlevelofcivilization.Houses-oftenthreestoreyshigh-werebuiltofstone.Theyhadlargeroomswithbeautifullydecoratedwalls.Thecitywasequippedwithadrainagesystem,foragreatmanyclaypipeswerefoundbeneaththenarrowstreets.ThetemplewhichthearchaeologistsexploredwasusedasaplaceofworshipfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.untilRomantimes.Inthemostsacredroomoftemple,clayfragmentsoffifteenstatueswerefound.Eachoftheserepresentedagoddessandhad,atonetime,beenpainted.ThebodyofonestatuewasfoundamongremainsdatingfromthefifteenthcenturyB.C.ItsmissingheadhappenedtobeamongremainsofthefifthcenturyB.C.ThisheadmusthavebeenfoundinClassicaltimesandcarefullypreserved.Itwasveryoldandpreciouseventhen.Whenthearchaeologistsreconstructedthefragments,theywereamazedtofindthatthegoddessturnedouttobeaverymodern-lookingwoman.Shestoodthreefeethighandherhandsrestedonherhips.Shewaswearingafull-lengthskirtwhichswepttheground.Despitehergreatage,shewasverygracefulindeed,but,sofar,thearchaeologistshavebeenunabletodiscoverheridentity.,ThedoublelifeofAlfredBloggs阿尔弗雷德.布洛格斯的双重生活Thesedays,peoplewhodomanualworkoftenreceivefarmoremoneythanpeoplewhoworkinoffices.Peoplewhoworkinofficesarefrequentlyreferredtoaswhite-collarworkersforthesimplereasonthattheyusuallywearacollarandtietogotowork.Suchishumannature,thatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecomingwhite-collarworkers.Thiscangiverisetocurioussituations,asitdidinthecaseofAlfredBloggswhoworkedasadustmanfortheEllesmereCorporation.Whenhegotmarried,Alfwastooembarrassedtosayanythingtohiswifeabouthisjob.HesimplytoldherthatheworkedfortheCorporation.Everymorning,helefthomedressedinasmartblacksuit.Hethenchangedintooverallsandspentthenexteighthoursasadustman.Beforereturninghomeatnight.Hetookashowerandchangedbackintohissuit.AlfdidthisforovertwoyearsandhisfellowdustmenkepthissecretAlfswifehasneverdiscoveredthatshemarriedadustmanandsheneverwill,forAlfhasjustfoundanotherjob.Hewillsoonbeworkinginanoffice.Hewillbeearningonlyhalfasmuchasheusedto,buthefeelsthathisriseinstatusiswellworththelossofmoney.Fromnowon,hewillwearasuitalldayandotherswillcallhimMr.Bloggs,notAlf.,Ex.1C1.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.2.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,makingairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome./Sweepingthroughourbedroomwindowsalmosteverysummernight,thecoolingnortheastwindmadeairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome.3.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow,whichfedtwostreamsplungingdowntojoininthevalleybelow.4.Withtheriverononesideandalargetreeprovidingshade,thisisagoodspotforapicnic,andwecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.,5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,MrWoodstoodathisneighboursdoorandknockedagainandagaintillsomeoneopenedit.6.ThetownfolkenviedHorace,whohadcomeintoasmallfortunewithwhichheboughtabighouseandobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintown.7.Standinginfrontofthemirror,Jimlookedathisimage,wonderingatthebigchangethathadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.8.Theideathathisonlydaughterwhomhehadgreatlywrongedmightneverforgivehimalmostdrovehimmad.9.Thestory,writteninplainlanguage,consistsofthreepartswithaninterestingplotcenteringroundanaristocraticfamilylivingin17th-centuryFrance.10.Mud-coveredandshivering,Johnsathunchedoverabowlofhotbrothpreparedbyhisfathertodriveoffthechill.,11.FarabovethewatersofabeautifullakeandoverthctopsofthetallpinetreesgrowingonthesteepslopesofahillstandfiveChinese-stylepavilions.12.Fartherdownthestreet,theoldmanstoppedandleanedagainstalamp-post,listeningtoacheerfulsongcomingoutofarestaurantontheoppositesideofthestreet.13.Sarahsankinthenearestchair,completelyexhausted,herlimbsstiffwithcold,hermindapieceofblank.14.ThroughoutthedayMrsRymerbehavedveryproperly,herpleasant,refinedfacewearingagravelook,herelegantfigurewrappedindeepmourningwhileoccasionallysheutteredasighorasob.15.Tonythoughtitnecessarytobreakthenewstohisfamily,thatMr.Jacob,hisformeremployer,hadpromisedhimahalf-dayjobat20poundsaweek.16.Thethoughtthathemighthavewrongedhisfriendwhohadrenderedhimgoodservicesonmanyoccasionstroubledhismind,alreadyoverburdenedwithworriesandcares.,17.Themenofthedisbandedroyalbodyguard,suddenlyturnedlooseontothestreetofacapitalseethingwithunrest,unemployedandperhapsdisgruntledattheirabruptdismissal,wereapotentiallydangerousclement.18.FormanyyearsLondonhasbeenabusinesscentrewithhotelaccommodationforvisitingbusinessmentogetherwithwell-to-dotravellersbutcompletelyinadequatefortheswarmsofshort-staytouristslandingatHeathrowordisembarkingatDover.19.Nearingthetop,heclimbedrecklesslyfasterandfaster,hiseyesalreadyglowingwithtriumph,butsuddenlyheslippedandfell,tumblingtothegroundandlyingmotionlessthere,acrumpledpileofarmsandlegs.20.BertrandRussellwasoneoftheveryfewpersonswhohavereceivedboththeOrderofMerit,whichwasconferredonhimbytheBritishgovernmentin1949,andtheNobelPrizeforliterature,conferredinNorwayin1950.,ChapterTwo主谓一致Subject-VerbConcord,三个基本原则：ThreePrinciples:GrammaticalConcord语法一致NotionalConcord意义一致PrincipleofProximity就近原则,GrammaticalConcord,Theprincipleofgrammaticalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbmustmatchitssubjectinnumber.Bothboyshavetheirmerits.,Notionalconcord,Theprincipleofnotionalconcordreferstotherulethattheverbcansometimesagreewiththesubjectaccordingtothenotionofnumberratherthantotheactualpresenceofthegrammaticalmarkerforthatnotion.Myfamilyareallworkers.Fifteenmilesseemslikealongwaytome.,当主语是表示度量、时间、金钱等复数名词时，一般根据意义一致的原则，把它们看成一个整体，谓语动词采取单数形式。又如：cf.P43Twentyyearsinprisonwasthepenaltyhehadtopay.Tendollarsisalargesumofmoneyfortheboy.但是，如我们侧重于一个个的个体，也可以用复数形式，如：Twodollarswere(was)foundinhispockets.Twentyyearsinprisonhave(has)passedsincehewassenttoprison.,Proximity,Theprincipleofproximitydenotesagreementoftheverbwithacloselyprecedingnounphraseinpreferencetoagreementwiththeheadofthenounphrasethatfunctionsassubject.Eithermybrothersormyfatheriscoming.,Problemsofconcordwithnounsendingsins以S结尾的名词的主谓一致问题,1.Diseaseandgamenamesendinginsmostdiseases-smeasles,rickets,-s,pmostgamenames-scards-p,2.SubjectnamesendinginsGenerally-sInothersensesthansubjectnames-p3.GeographicalnamesendinginsArchipelagos,mountainranges,straitsandfalls-pCountryname-s4.othernounsendinginsScissors,pincers-pApairofscissors,pincers-s,Archives,arms,clothes-pWhereabouts,dramatics-p,s-ings:clippings,diggings-pTidings-p,s,Problemsofconcordwithcollectivenounsassubject集体名词做主语的一致问题,People,police,cattle,militia,poultry,vermin-pFoliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise-sAudience,committee,class,crew,family,government,public-s,pe.g.Theaudiencewas/wereclappingforalongtime.Acommitteeof/apanelof/aboardof/theboardof+pl.n-s,Problemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubject并列主语的一致问题,1.and,bothand-s,p2.or,eitheror,nor,neithernor,notonlybutalso-proximity,Problemsofconcordwithexpressionsofquantityassubject表数量的短语作主语时的一致问题,1.asingleunit-sindividuals-p2.percentage-determinedbythenounintheof-phrase3.plus,and,multipliesby,times-s,pminus,dividedby-s4.onein/outof+plnoun-s(formal)-p(informal),5.allof,someof,noneof,halfof,mostof,-determinedbythenounintheof-phrase.,Aportionof,aseriesof,apileof,apanelof-sAkindof/sort/typeof-sThiskind/sort,typeof-sThese,thosekinds-pManya,morethanone-sAnaverageof/amajorityof/-determinedbythenotionofthenoun,Anumberofcars_infrontofthebuilding.A.isparkedB.areparkedC.hasparkedD.wasparkedThenumberofprivatecolleges_.A.areincreasingB.havebeenincreasedC.haveincreasedD.hasincreasedC.f.anumber(avariety)of+n.pl.+v.pl.;thenumberof(thevarietyof)+n.pl.+v.s.,Anamountof/aquantityof+u.n.+v.s.Alargeamountofmoneyisspentontheproject.Alargequantityofdesertcoverstheland.But,quantitiesof/amountsof+u.n.+v.pl.Smallamountsoflandwereusedforraisinganimals.Largequantitiesofcoalareneededinthefactoryeveryyear.,Problemsofconcordwithanominalclauseassubject名词性分句做主语的一致问题,What,who,which,how,why,whether-sInSVCconstructionswithawhat-clauseassubject,theverbusuallytakesthesingularform.Butwhenthesubjectcomplementisplural,orwhenthewhat-clauseispluralinmeaning,theverbofthemainclausecanbeplural.Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.,Subject-verbconcordwithanon-finiteclauseassubject,非限定分句中的主谓一致：-sButwhen2ormoresuchclausesarecoordinatedbyand,-s-p,Subject-verbconcordinrelativeclauses-grammaticalconcord关系分句中的语法一致,Oneof-pTheoneof-s,Subject-verbconcordinCleftsentence,分裂句中的主谓一致：ItisIwhoamtoblame.Itismewhoistoblame,Subject-verbconcordinexistentialsentences,存在句中的主谓一致：Determinedbythenumberofthenotionalsubject.Thereis/are,Topicsfordiscussion:1Twofifthsofthepopulationinthedistrictareworkers.这是一个正确的句子。但是，根据所学规则：“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语时，如果of后面的名词是单数，谓语动词用单数”，population一词是单数，为什么这里谓语用了复数are？解答：population作主语时，谓语动词用单数，如：Thepopulationoftheearthisincreasingveryfast.如果百分数或分数+ofpopulation作主语时，谓语动词用复数。2如果percent后面是代词，谓语动词的单复数形式应是什么？思考下面两句话：Twentypercentofit_outofdate.Twentypercentofthem_outofdate.,Key:(is);(are)3以下并列结构的短语指同一种东西或两种抽象的东西被看作是不可分割的一个整体，当它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。你能说出它们的意思吗？1）abowandarrow/acupandsaucer/aknifeandfork/acartandhorse/theneedleandthread2）fishandchips/breadandbutter/hamandeggs/saltandwater/whiskyandsoda3）ironandsteel/bloodandiron/lawandorder/trialanderror/scienceandtechnology4）warandpeace/truthandhonesty/witandhumor/wheelandaxle,解答：1）一副弓箭一套杯碟一副刀叉马车针线2）油煎鱼加炸土豆面包黄油火腿加鸡蛋盐开水掺苏打的威士忌3）钢铁铁血政策法律秩序反复尝试科学技术4）战争与和平真诚机智幽默轮轴4.Thetypeofstoriesmymothertoldmeinmychildhoodhasneverbeenheard.Therearemanykindsofhouseholdappliances(家用电器)now.上面两句的谓语动词使用有误吗？请判断。解答：Thetype/kind/formof+nounusedassubjecttheverbagreeswiththesubjectaccordingtothenumberoftype/kind/form.,5Idiomsappreciation:Timeandtidewait(waits)fornoman.Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthywealthyandwise.Joyandsorrowarenext-doorneighbors.-AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.-Myhouseandhomeisat1707MarylandDrive.Note注意下列句中主语与谓语动词的一致：-DoesntheorIdeserveit?-Dontyouorhedeserveit?译文：岁月不留人。诚实为上策。早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。乐极生悲。,Analysethefollowingsentences:,Wewantedtoavoidthemistakemadebymanycouplesofmarryingforthewrongreasons,andonlyfind