八上unit-3-4课文、语法

Unit3Computers,ReadingComputerfactsSmallerandbetterInthe1940s,thefirstcomputerswerebiggerthancars.Nowcomputersarebecomingsmallerandbetter.Somecomputersaretiny.Youmaybeunawareofthem.ThereisprobablyoneinsideyourTVorwashingmachine.Youdependonyourcomputersmorethanyourealize.,Whatcanwedowithcomputers?Wecanusecomputerstocalculate.Theycancalculateatafasterspeedthanwecanandalmostnevergivewronganswers.Wecanalsotypeanddrawthingswiththem.Inaddition,computerscandoimportantjobslikeoperatingrailwaysandflyingplanesandspaceships.,Isacomputercleverthanme?Theansweris“No”.Yourbraincanproducenewideasbutcomputerscannot.However,onedaycomputersmaybeabletodoabetterjobthanhumanbeings.Forexample,theymaybebetterthandoctorsatdoingtheirjob.Whatwillhappentousifcomputerscandoallofourjobs?Willwehavenothingtodo?Computersmaychangeourlives,butwilltheymakethembetter?,1、factn.事实，真相Infact事实上，其实Asamatteroffact事实上，其实2、inthe1940s在20世纪90年代（的时候）3、smallerandsmaller越来越小4、beunawareof没意识到5、insideprep.在里面6、dependv.依靠，依赖dependentadj.依赖的，依靠的dependableadj.可靠的dependon/upon依靠，依而定dependonit毫无疑问，没问题Italldepends.这也难说，要看情况而定。,7、dowith处理(与what搭配）dealwith处理（与how搭配）8、atafasterspeed以一个更快的速度9、givewronganswers/giveawronganswer给出错误的答案10、withprep.和人一起；具有；用11、additionn.加法，增加物inaddition另外inadditionto除了之外12、likev.喜欢Prep.像likesth.喜欢某物liketodosth.=likedoingsth.喜欢做某事,13、oneday（过去或将来的）某天someday(将来的）某天14、beabletodosth.=can能够做某事15、Forexample例如（一个例子）Suchas例如（多个例子）16、bebetteratdoingsth.更擅长做某事begoodatdoingsth.擅长做某事begoodfor.对有好处begoodto.对友好17、havenothingtodo无事可做18、makev.制作，使得，让makesb.dosth.使得某人做某事makesb.adj.使得某人,MorepracticeComputergameproblemsGoodafternoon,parentsandteachers.Thankyouforyourattendingthismeeting.Lastweek,oneofourstudentswenttohospital.ThestudentplayedcomputergamesontheInternetalldaySaturdaywithoutstoppingtodrink,eatorsleep.Finally,hebecameveryill.,Somestudentsplaycomputergamesfortoolong.Thisisaseriousproblem.Inthepast,studentsusedtoplayoutsidemoreoften,butNowtheyspendmoretimeinfrontofcomputers.Thisisbadfortheirhealth.,Tomorrowwellhavesomeexpertsheretotalktothestudentsaboutthebadeffectsofplayingcomputergames.Theyllalsogivesomeadviceonhowtousecomputersforstudying.Ihopewecanallworktogethertostopstudentsfromspendingtoomuchtimeplayingcomputergames.Thankyouforyourtime.,1Thankyou/thanksfor(doing)sth.因而感谢某人2With+n./prep/doing有Without+n./prep/doing没有，缺乏3OntheInternet在网上4Usedtodosth.过去常常做Beusedtodoingsth.习惯做某事5Sb.spendtime/moneyonsth.某人在某物上花钱/时间Sth.costsmoney某物花钱Payforsth.为某物付钱Ittakessb.sometimetodosth.花某人多少时间做某事6Infrontof在的前面(范围之外）Inthefrontof在的前面（范围之内）7Bebadfor对有害/?/?8Givesomeadvice给建议,9Hopeforsth.希望得到某物Hopetodosth.希望做某事Hope(that)+句子希望10Stoptodosth.停下来去做某事（做别的事）Stopdoingsth.停止做某事（停止正在做的事）Stopsb.fromdoingsth.阻止某人做某事11.Bydoingsth.通过做某事12.Haveto不得不（客观的）Must必须（主观的）13.Howoften多久一次（问频率）14.Much+比较级的多15.Oneof+最高级+n.(Pl.)之一16.Become+adj.变得17.Lookforwardto(介词）期望所有的介词后面加动词，都加动词的ing形式。,Unit4Inventions,Unit3order订货；订购compare比较；对比monitor显示器speaker扬声器mainunit主机keyboard键盘mouse鼠标type打字brain脑control操纵，控制expensive昂贵的tiny极小的；微小的depend依靠；依赖calculate计算speed速度operate操作；控制railway铁路系统company公司price价格total总额；总计inch英寸sell（sold，sold）出售；售卖popular受欢迎的workas从事工作(be)unawareof没意识到；未察觉dependon依靠inaddition除以外（还）grandtotal总计；共计lookforwardto期盼；期待,Unit4advertisement广告funny滑稽的；好笑的create创造；创作telephone电话；电话机wheel车轮；轮子comfortable使人舒服的；舒适的carriage四轮马车century世纪passenger乘客；旅客invent发明；创造practical有用的；适用的since从以后；自以来distance距离；间距mobilephone移动电话；手机anytime在任何时候develop开发；研制lamp灯candle蜡烛daytime白天；日间dust灰尘；尘土special特殊的；特别的wing翅膀；机翼introduction引言insteadof代替；作为的替换petrol汽油sincethen自那以来keepintouchwith与保持联系inthedaytime在白天keepoff不接触；远离atthesametime同时,ReadingGreatinventionsGreatinventionschangetheworld.Theyhelppeopleliveabetterlife.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostimportantinventionsinhistory.,ThewheelThewheelperhapsisthegreatestinventioninhistory.Afteritsinvention,travelingbecamefasterandmorecomfortable.Afewyearsago,peoplestartedtousewheelsoncarriages.Intheearly19thcentury,thefirsttrainsbegantocarrypassengers.Atthestartof20thcentury,carsbecamepopular.Withoutthewheel,wewouldnothavetheseinventions.,ThetelephoneAlexanderGrahamBellinventedoneofthefirstpracticaltelephonesin1876.Sincethen,peoplehavebeenabletospeaktoeachotheroverlongdistances.Todaymillionsofpeopleacrosstheworldownmobilephones.Theyallowpeopletokeepintouchwitheachotheranytime,anywhere.,ThelightbulbThomasEdisondevelopedthefirstpracticallightbulbin1879.Beforetheinventionofthelight,peoplehadtouseoillamps,gaslampsorcandlestoseeatnight.Withlightbulbs,peoplecandoAsmanythingsintheeveningsastheycaninthedaytime.Canyouimaginelivingwithoutthem?,1.Co.把变成2.Helpsb.(to)dosth.帮助某人做某事Helpsb.withsth.帮助某人做某事3.Liveabetterlife过一个更好的生活Livea.Life过一个的生活4.Threeof.中的三个5.Inhistory在历史上6.Afewyearsago几年前7.Starttodosth.=startdoingsth.开始做某事atthestartof.在的开端atthestartof20thcentury在20世纪初8.Bepopularwith/among.受的欢迎9.With/without+n有/没10.Sincethen自从那时起，从那时以来,11.Beabletodosth.能够做某事12.Eachother=oneanother相互13.Overlongdistances14.Allowsb.todosth.允许某人做某事Allowdoingsth.允许做某事15.Keepintouchwith.=stayintouchwith.和保持联系16.Haveto不得不17.Asmuch/many+n(pl.)as.和一样多18.Inthedaytime在白天19.Intheevening=atnight在晚上20.Imaginedoingsth.想象做某事,MorepracticeApengiantDoyouknowLaszloBiro?Maybeyoudonot,butyouprobablyusehisinventioneveryday,andyoumayevenhaveitinyourhandrightnow!,Biro(1899-1985)wastheinventoroftheballpointpen.HewasborninBudapest,Hungary.Inthe1930s,whenheworkedasanewspapereditor,heusedafountainpenalmosteveryday.However,hehadtorefillitallthetime.Theinkalsodidnotdryeasily,anditsometimesmadeamessonthepaper.Birowantedabetterpen.Hisbrother,George,helpedhimdevelopaspecialink.Theinkdriedeasily.Thentheydevelopedanewtypeofpen.,Therewasatinyballatthetipofthepen.Theballrolledinkontothepaperasitmoved.Theycallitthe“ballpoint”pen.Theballpointpenwasagreatsuccess.Everyoneloveit.Nowmillionsofpeopleuseitallovertheworldeveryday.Peoplewillalwaysrememberbiroforhisinvention.TodayinmanyEnglish-speakingcountries,peoplestillusetheword“biro”torefertoanykindofballpointpen.,1.Rightnow现在，此刻2.Justnow刚才3.Workas+职业从事4.Allthetime一直；总是5.Makeamess弄得一团糟6.Onthepaper在纸上7.Atthetipof.在的尖端上8.Allovertheworld全世界9.InmanyEnglish-speakingcountries在许多说英语的国家里10.Referto.提及，涉及，参考11.Refer.to.把归功于，把提交给12.Akind/typeof.一种13.Ontoprep到上去14.Intoprep.进入到里面去15.As作为;当=when;像,形容词、副词比较级、最高级,一、变化规则,规则变化,不规则变化,二、含义&用法,三、其他用法,1.越来越:?Sheisgrowingtallerandtaller.Hestudiesharderandharder.越,越:?Themoreyouknow,themoreyoudontknow.Thefasteryourun,thelesstimeyoullwaste.2.两者中“较的”的那一个:?theyoungerofthebrothers3.一个较:?Thispairofshoesistooexpensive.Iwantacheaperone.,4.非常:?amostbeautifulcity5.第几:?6.倍数表达1）倍数+比较级+than：比adj.几倍2）倍数+asas/倍数+the+计量名词+of：是的几倍注意：用times表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍用twice或double表示Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesize(theheight)oftheoldone.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.,宾语从句,一、定义二、分类1.由从属连词that引导的宾从2.由从属连词whether和if引导的宾从3.由连接代词、连接副词引导的宾从三、注意事项,一、定义：在句子中充当宾语的从句。Iknowhim.Iknowwhoheis.Iheardthenews.Iheardwhathappenedtohim.,二、分类1.由从属连词that引导的宾从。（1）that可省略that为从属连词，在宾从中无实义，不充当成分，只起引导作用，在口语中可省略。Weknow（that）weshouldstudyhard.Imglad（that）youcome.Sheisverysure（that）shewillwinImafraid（that）youmustleaveatonce.Imsorry（that）Ihurtyou.,（2）that不可省略动词后有两个或以上的宾从时，紧跟在动词后的宾从前可省略that，其余宾从前的that不可省略。Iknow（that）lotsofpeoplewillwatchtheshowandthatmanyfamouspopstarsillcome,too.Shethought（that）shedidnothingwrongandthatherbrotheristheonetoblame.Hesaid（that）youweretooyoungtounderstandthematterandthathewasaskednottotellyou.宾从主语是that时，其前的that不可省略。Hesaidthatthatwaswonderful.Sheagreesthatthatwillbeuseful.,主从句之间有插入语时，that不可省略。Theytoldusonceagainthatthesituationwasserious.JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.宾从中含有主从复合句时，that不可省略。Imafraidthatifyoulostit,youmustpayforit.Ithinkthatunlessyouworkhard,youwontpasstheexam.it作形式宾语代替that引导宾从时，that不可省略。Wetookitforgrantedthattheywouldhelpus.Ifinditnecessarythatweshoulddothehomeworkontime.,2.由从属连词whether和if引导的宾从Whether/ify意为“是否”时引导宾从，在宾从中不充当成分，但含有“是否”之意，不可省略。Imnotsurewhether/ifhewillcome.Idontknowwhether/ifshelikesmypresent.Pleaseletmeknowwhether/ifyoulikethebook.Iwonderwhether/iftheywillbebackintime.,只能用whether不能用if的情况：（1）宾从位于介词后Everythingdependsonwhetheryoubelieveus.Imworryingaboutwhetherheissave.（2）宾从提前时Whethertheycouldfinishtheworkontime,wedontknow.Whetheryouareright,Ihavenoidea.（3）与ornot连用时Icantsaywhetherornottheycancomeontime.Nobodycantellwhetherwechosetherightwayornot.（4）与不定式连用时Icantdecidewhethertoleave.Weareconsideringwhethertowalkthere.,注意：只能用if不能用whether的情况（1）if引导否定概念的宾语从句时HeaskedifIdidntcometoschoolyesterday.（2）if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”Thestudentswillgoonapicnicifitissunny.（3）引导状语从句evenif和asif时Hetalksasifhehasknownallaboutit.,3.连接代词、连接副词引导宾从（1）连接代词：who，whom，which，whose（2）连接副词：where，when，why，how这些代词或副词连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义，不可省略。Heaskedwhothemanis.Doyouknowwhosebookitis?Heaskedwhathecoulddoforthat.Doyouknowwhichansweristhebest?Pleasetellmewheretherightwayis.Canyoutellmehowwecangetthere?Couldyoutellmewhenweshouldmeet?,三、注意事项1.语序：陈述语序即：连接词+从句（主+谓+其他成分）Doyouremember(他多大岁数)?当从句的原句为以下句子以及what,who作主语时，语序不变Whatswrong?Whatsthematter?Whatshappening?Whathappened?Idontknowwhatsthematter.Canyoutellmewhoisoverthere?,howold,he,is,2.时态（1）主句为现在时，宾从可用任意所需要的时态。（主现，从随意）Iwanttoknowwhattimehegotupthismorning.Hewil