AUSTRALIA-1_高中英语PPT课件下载.ppt

chapter1thelandandthepeoplesofthedreaming,thenaturalenvironmentofaustraliadistinctivefeaturesofthelanddistinctiveanimalsofthelandtheindigenouspeoplesdreaminganddreamtimetheconceptofterranulliusimpactofcolonizationontheindigenouspeoplespoliciesofsegregationandassimilation,foraround40,000yearsbeforeeuropeansettlementcommencedinthelate18thcentury,theaustralianmainlandandtasmaniawereinhabitedbyaround250individualnationsofindigenousaustralians.aftersporadicvisitsbyfishermenfromtheimmediatenorth,andeuropeandiscoverybydutchexplorersin1606,theeasternhalfofaustraliawasclaimedbythebritishin1770andinitiallysettledthroughpenaltransportationtothecolonyofnewsouthwales,foundedon26january1788.,thepopulationgrewsteadilyinthefollowingyears;thecontinentwasexplored,andduringthe19thcenturyanotherfivelargelyself-governingcrowncolonieswereestablished.,on1january1901,thesixcoloniesbecameafederation,andthecommonwealthofaustraliawasformed.sincefederation,australiahasmaintainedastableliberaldemocraticpoliticalsystemandremainsacommonwealthrealm.thepopulationisalmost21.9million,withapproximately60%concentratedinandaroundthemainlandstatecapitalsofsydney,melbourne,brisbane,perth,andadelaide.thenationscapitalcityiscanberra,locatedintheaustraliancapitalterritory(act).,australiaisadevelopedcountry,withaprosperousmulticulturalsocietyandhasexcellentresultsinmanyinternationalcomparisonsofnationalperformancesuchashealthcare,lifeexpectancy,quality-of-life,humandevelopment,publiceducation,economicfreedom,andtheprotectionofcivillibertiesandpoliticalrights.australiancitiesalsoroutinelyrankamongtheworldshighestintermsoflivability,culturalofferings,andqualityoflife.itisamemberoftheunitednations,g-20majoreconomies,commonwealthofnations,anzus,oecd,andthewto.,canberra,canberra(pronounced/knbr,knbr/3)isthecapitalcityofaustralia.withapopulationofover345,000,itisaustraliaslargestinlandcityandtheeighthlargestaustraliancityoverall.thecityislocatedatthenorthernendoftheaustraliancapitalterritory,280km(170mi)south-westofsydney,and660km(410mi)north-eastofmelbourne.thesiteofcanberrawasselectedforthelocationofthenationscapitalin1908asacompromisebetweenrivalssydneyandmelbourne,australiastwolargestcities.,canberraballoonfiesta,namadginationalpark,astheseatofthegovernmentofaustralia,canberraisthesiteofparliamenthouse,thehighcourtofaustraliaandnumerousgovernmentdepartmentsandagencies.itisalsothelocationofmanysocialandculturalinstitutionsofnationalsignificance,suchastheaustralianwarmemorial,nationalgalleryofaustralia,nationalmuseumofaustraliaandthenationallibraryofaustralia.thefederalgovernmentcontributesthelargestpercentageofgrossstateproductandisthelargestsingleemployerincanberra.,sydney,sydney(pronounced/sdni/3)isthelargestcityinaustralia,andthestatecapitalofnewsouthwales.sydneyhasametropolitanareapopulationofapproximately4.34million4andanareaofapproximately12,000squarekilometres.itsinhabitantsarecalledsydneysiders,andsydneyisoftencalledtheharbourcity.,sydneyisthesiteofthefirstbritishcolonyinaustralia.thecityishometotheiconicsydneyoperahouse,harbourbridgeanditsbeaches.sydneyisoneofthemostmulticulturalcitiesintheworld,reflectedinitsroleasamajordestinationforimmigrantstoaustralia.,sydneyoperahouse,adelaide阿德莱德,adelaide(pronounced/dled/3)isthecapitalandmostpopulouscityoftheaustralianstateofsouthaustralia,andisthefifth-largestcityinaustralia,withapopulationofmorethan1.1million.4itisacoastalcitysituatedontheeasternshoresofgulfst.vincent,ontheadelaideplains,northofthefleurieupeninsula,betweenthegulfst.vincentandthelow-lyingmountloftyranges.itisroughly20km(12mi)fromthecoasttothefoothillsbutsprawls90km(56mi)fromgawleratitsnorthernextenttosellicksbeachinthesouth.,darwin,northernterritory,darwin(pronounced/drwn/3,locallydawn4)isthecapitalcityofthenorthernterritory,australia.situatedonthetimorsea,darwinhasapopulationof120,652,makingitbyfarthelargestandmostpopulatedcityinthesparselypopulatednorthernterritory,buttheleastpopulousofallaustraliascapitalcities.itisthesmallestandmostnortherlyoftheaustraliancapitalcities,andactsasthetopendsregionalcentre.,melbourne,melbourne(pronounced/mlbn/3orlocallymlbn4)isthecapitalandlargestcityofthestateofvictoria,andthesecondmostpopulouscityinaustralia.themelbournecitycentreistheanchorofthelargergeographicregionandstatisticaldivisionknownasthegreatermelbournemetropolitanarea5ofwhichmelbourneisthecommonname.in2008,ithadapopulationofapproximately3.9million.,top:melbournecitycentre,centre/left:flindersstreetstation,centre/right:shrineofremembrance,centre:federationsquare,bottom/left:melbournecricketground,bottom/right:royalexhibitionbuilding.,thecityissituatedonthebrisbaneriveronalow-lyingfloodplainbetweenmoretonbayandthegreatdividingrangeinsouth-easternqueensland.thelocalindigenouspeopleknewtheareaasmian-jin,meaningplaceshapedasaspike.5brisbaneisnamedaftersirthomasbrisbane,thegovernorofnewsouthwalesfrom1821to1825.brisbanesdemonymisabrisbanite.,brisbane,brisbane布里斯班(pronounced/brzbn/4)isthestatecapitaloftheaustralianstateofqueenslandandisthelargestcityinthatstate.withanestimatedpopulationofapproximately2million,itisalsothethirdmostpopulouscityinaustralia.,1.thelandandclimate,thecontinentofaustralialiesbetweenequatorialsoutheastasiaandtheantarctic.withacoastlineof30000kilometersandalandareaof7682300km2,itisthelargestislandintheworld.,itslandareaalmostequalsthatoftheunitedstates.itisalsothesmallest,flattestanddriestcontinentintheworld.,thecountryalsoincludestasmania,anislandjusttothesouth,thetorresstraitsislandsoffthenortherncoastofthemainlandandasmallnumberofislandsinthepacificandtheindianoceans.,thecountryalsoincludestasmania,anislandjusttothetorresstraitsislandsoffthenortherncoastofthemainlandandasmallnumberofislandinthepacificandtheindianoceans.,澳大利亚还包括位于其大陆南方的一个岛，即塔斯马尼亚岛，和距其大陆北部海岸不远的托雷斯海峡群岛，以及太平洋和印度洋中的一些岛屿。,太平洋和印度洋中的ashmoreislands(阿什莫尔和卡捷岛)、christmaisland(圣诞岛)、cocos(keeling)islands(科科斯(基灵)群岛)、coralseaislands(珊瑚海群岛)、norfolkisland(诺福克岛)、australiaantarcticterritory(澳大利亚南极领地)和heardandmacdonaldislands(赫德和麦克唐纳群岛)是澳大利亚的海外领地。,thecontinentisthoughttohaveformedthedisintegrationofgondwana-thegreatsouthernsupercontinent-inaprocessofseparationoccurringfrom250to90millionyearsago.isolatedfromothermajorlandmasses,australiasdistinctivefloraandfaunaevolvedthroughitslongperiodasanislandcontinent.animalsthatareuniquetothecontinentinclude:,theplatypus-oftendescribedastheworldsmostunusualanimalbecauseitisasmall,web-footed,egg-layingmammalwithabilllikeaduckandcanstayunderwaterforaslongas14minutes;,thekangaroo-amacropod(meaninglargefooted)whichissometimesasmuchastwometersinheight.itsitsuprightonitsextremelypowerfulbacklegsandmovesbyjumping.itisalsoamarsupialwhichmeansthattheyoung“joeys”，orbabykangaroos,liveinthemotherspouchuntiltheyarereadytofendforthemselves;,thekoala-anothermarsupialbutonewhichlookslikeasmall,woolly,greyandwhitebear.itlivesmainlyinthebranchesoftrees,especiallytheeucalyptuswhoseleavescomprisethekoalasmaindiet.,thewombat-asquat,round,bear-like,burrowingmarsupial,aboutonemeterinlength,withshortlegs,smallearsandeyesandathick,coarsefurofbrownorgrey.,however,itisinthemediterraneanandtemperateclimatesofthehillsandfertileplainsborderingtheeast,southandthesouthwestofthecontinentthat80%ofaustralianslivetoday.,thelandscapeofthecountryisextremelyvariable.inthenortharetropicalrainforests;snowfieldsoccupytheplateaulandscapesofthesoutheastwhilst,inthecentreandthewesternareasofthecontinent,twothirdsofthelandisdesertorsemi-desert.,twoofthecountrysmostdistinctivephysicalfeaturesarethegreatdividingrangeandthegreatbarrierreef.thegreatdividingrangeextendsasanalmostunbrokenseriesofplateausdowntheeastcoastofaustralia,fromnorthernqueensland,throughnewsouthwalesandintovictoria,whilst,offshore.,5inthenortharetropicalrainforests;snowfieldsoccupytheplateaulandscapesofthesoutheastwhilst,inthecentreandthewesternareasofthecontinent,twothirdsofthelandisdesertorsemidesert：北部有热带雨林；东南的高原区被雪地覆盖，而澳大利亚大陆的中部和西部的三分之二是沙漠或半沙漠地区。,6howeveritisinthemediterraneanandtemperateclimatesofthehillandfertileplainsborderingtheeast,southandthesouthwestofthecontinentthat80ofaustralianslivetoday：但是，今天80的澳大利亚人都住在澳大利亚大陆的东部、南部和西南部边缘地区的山丘和肥沃的平原上，处于地中海式气候或温带气候区内。,6however,itisinthemediterraneanandtemperateclimatesofthehillandfertileplainsborderingtheeast,southandthesouthwestofthecontinentthat80%ofaustralianslivetoday.但是，今天80的澳大利亚人都住在澳大利亚大陆的东部、南部和西南部边缘地区的山丘和肥沃的平原上，处于地中海式气候或温带气候区内。,7thegreatdividingrange：大分水岭。澳大利亚大分水岭沿着大陆的东部边缘，从昆士兰省的北部开始，绵延不断，形成一系列几乎不间断的高地，一直穿过到新南威尔士省和维多利亚省，延伸到塔斯马尼亚南部海边。,8thegreatbarrierreef：大堡礁位于昆士兰省东北部海洋中，沿着昆士兰省的海岸绵延2000多公里，是世界上最长的珊瑚礁。大堡礁是一个重要的海洋生态系统，其中的岛屿和珊瑚礁中生存着许多稀有的海洋动植物。大堡礁已被列为世界自然遗产。,thegreatbarrierreef,thelargestcoralstructureintheworld,extendsforover2000kilometersalongthecoastofqueensland.,mountaugustus,claimedtobetheworldslargestmonolith,51islocatedinwesternaustralia.at2,228metres(7,310ft),mountkosciuszkoonthegreatdividingrangeisthehighestmountainontheaustralianmainland,althoughmawsonpeakontheremoteaustralianterritoryofheardislandistallerat2,745metres(9,006ft).,thelandscapesofthenorthernpartofthecountry,withatropicalclimate,consistofrainforest,woodland,grassland,mangroveswamps,anddesert.theclimateissignificantlyinfluencedbyoceancurrents,includingtheindianoceandipoleandtheelniosouthernoscillation,whichiscorrelatedwithperiodicdrought,andtheseasonaltropicallowpressuresystemthatproducescyclonesinnorthernaustralia.52theclimateofaustraliavarieswidely,butbyfarthelargestpartofaustraliaisdesertorsemi-arid40%ofthelandmassiscoveredbysanddunes.onlythesouth-eastandsouth-westcornershaveatemperateclimateandmoderatelyfertilesoil.thenorthernpartofthecountryhasatropicalclimate:partistropicalrainforests,partgrasslands,andpartdesert.,byfarthelargestpartofaustraliaisdesertorsemi-aridlandscommonlyknownastheoutback.australiaistheflattestcontinent,withtheoldestandleastfertilesoils,andisthedriestinhabitedcontinent.onlythesouth-eastandsouth-westcornersofthecontinenthaveatemperateclimate.thepopulationdensity,2.8inhabitantspersquarekilometre,isamongthelowestintheworld,althoughagreatproportionofthepopulationlivesalongthetemperatesouth-easterncoastline.,2.thepeoples,wedonotknowexactlyhowlongthecountryhasbeenoccupiedbuttheearliestdiscoveredsiteofoccupationisabout47000yearsold.thepeoplesofthedreamingbelongedtoover500differentgroupsornationswithdifferentlanguagesandculturesbuttheywereboundtogetherbytheirbeliefinthedreaming.“thedreaming”or“thedreamtime“isthemostenduringreligioninaustraliatoday.,thedreamtimelaiddownthepatternsoflifefortheaboriginalpeople.梦创时代，是原住民文化的重要组成部分。它是指原住民的神话中所指的远古时期，那时地球形成了其目前的形态，生命和自然的形式和周期也在那时开始。有关梦创时代的传说构成了今天原住民的价值观和社会关系。澳大利亚原住民认为只有在梦境之中，人才可以得到对远古创始期的认知，故称其为dreaming。itisbasedonthecentralprinciplethatthepeoplewholiveonthecontinenthavespecialresponsibilitiestotheland-thatthelandownsthemandthattheyholditintrustasthehomeoftheircreator.梦创时代的信仰基于一条最重要的原则，即生活在澳大利亚大陆上的人们对土地有着特殊责任即他们属于土地，他们只是受托保管他们先人创造者的家园。,3.dreamtimeordreaming,theexpressiondreamtimeismostoftenusedtorefertothetimebeforetime,orthetimeofthecreationofallthings,whiledreamingreferstoanindividualsorgroupssetofbeliefsorspirituality.forinstance,anindigenousaustralianmightsaythattheyhavekangaroodreaming,orwombatdreaming.thesearethemanyseparatestoriesthatexplainthecreationofwhicheverfeaturesofthelandthatformthecountryofanyonegroup.,uluru：乌鲁如岩，曾被自人定居者称为艾尔斯岩(ayresrock)，位于澳大利亚中部，是一块在平坦的沙漠中天然形成的巨大岩石。它也是当地原住民部落的圣地，已被列为世界自然和文化遗产。,devilsmarbles：原住民称其为karwekarlwe，位于澳大利亚中部、北方领土内，巨大的花岗岩巨石叠摞在一起，颇为壮观。同时，这里也是当地原住民的圣地，他们认为这些巨石是他们的祖先彩虹蛇的卵。,becausethepeoplesofthedreamingdevelopedanintricateunderstandingofthelandtheirintellectualskillsbecameimportanttothecolonistsanddeveloperswhotookoverthecountryafter1788.thefirstindustriesthatweredevelopedafterthesettlementswerethesealingindustries.,whitesealers,intasmania,andonkangarooislandinsouthaustralia,werequicktounderstandthevalueoftheknowledgeofthelocalpeopleswhoselandtheyhadinvaded.onbothislandsthesealersabductedyoungindigenouswomenandusedtheirmanualandintellectuallabortocatchandpreparethesealskinsandthemeatandblubberfromwhichthesealersextractedtheirprofit.,later,thepastoralistsexploitedthepeoplesunderstandingofthelandinthedevelopmentofthegreatcattleandsheepstationsthatcreatedmassivewealthforthenewwhiteowners”.,4.contactandtheconceptofterranullius,thebritishwerenotthefirstforeignerstomakecontactwiththepeoplesofthedreaming.in1405,zhudithemingemperorcommissionedhisadmiralzhenghetotake317ofhisshipstothemiddleeastandeasternafrica.therearerockpaintingsinthenorthernterritorywhichcouldbeinterpretedasportrayingchinesejunksweighinganchororimagesofthebuddha.moreover,thekangaroo,ananimalindigenousonlytoaustraliawasknownin15thcenturychina.,althoughchinese,malaysian,indonesian,andarabseafarersmayhavelandedinnorthernaustraliawellbefore1500ad,australiawasessentiallyunknowninthewestuntilthe17thcentury.howeveritdidexistinlatemedievaleuropeanlogicandmythologyasagreatsouthland,orterraaustralis,whichwasthoughtnecessarytobalancetheweightofthenorthernlandmassesofeuropeandasia.terraaustralisoftenappearedonearlyeuropeanmapsasalarge,globe-shapedmassinaboutitscorrectlocation.,therearerecordsintheartofthepeoplesofthedreamingofthearrivalofvariouseuropeantravelers,portuguese,spanishanddutchexplorers.however,itwasthebritishwhotookoverthecountryinthelate18thcentury,declaringittobeterranullius”-anunownedwastelandwhichcould,legitimately,becolonized.,bydeclaringaustraliaterranulliusthebritishwerenotonlyclaimingthattheycouldtakepossessionofthelandbutthattheycoulddismissthosewhohadlivedtherefor18000orsogenerationsasapeoplewhowerenotfullyhumanandwhowerecertainlynotcivilized.the500peoplesofthedreamingwerenotrecognized.theseonemillionorsopeoplewholivedonthelandwereinsteadgroupedtogetherundertheonename:“theaborigines”,thegenerictermmeaning“theoriginalnativesoftheland.”,5.theimpactofcolonisation,approximately20000aborigineswerekilledinviolentskirmishesandmassacresinthefirstdecadesofcolonization.theratioofwhitetoblackdeathsinthesebattlesandskirmisheswasabout1:10.insomeareasmartiallawwasdeclaredagainstthoseaborigineswhoattemptedtopreventthesettlersfromtakingovertheirhuntingandcollectinggrounds.evenmoredisastroustothepeoplesofthedreamingwerethediseasesthatthecolonistsbroughtwiththem.,6.thepoliciesofsegregationandexclusion,bythemid1800sthegovernmentpracticesofviolencechangedtopoliciesofsegregationandexclusion.theaboriginalpeoplewereforciblytakenfromtheirownlandandputonreserveswheretheywereplacedundertheabsolutecontrolofwhiteofficials,oftenchristianmissionaries,whoweregiventhetitleofprotectors.,socialscientistsofthetimeadaptedthegeneraldarwiniantheoryofevolutiontodevelopatheoryofahierarchyofraces,withthewhitecolonisingpeopleslocatedatthetopandtheblacknomadicpeoples,whomtheycolonisedandexploited,atthebottomofthescale.,throughoutthe19thcentury,europeans-bolsteredbytheimageofthemselvesasthesuperior,civilizedpeoples-colonisedseveralcountriesaroundtheworld.inaustralia,the19thandearly20thcenturysocialscientistslegitimatedthisview.socialscientistsofthethroughoutthe19thcentury,europeans-bolsteredbytheimageofthemselvesasthesuperior,civilizedpeoples-colonizedseveralcountriesaroundtheworld.inaustralia,the19thandearly20thcenturysocialscientistslegitimatedthisview.,herbertspencerthemostprominentsocialevolutionistofthisperiod，introducedthetermthesurvivalofthefittesttovalidatethemilitary,politicalandculturalsuperiorityofthecolonialeuropeans.inaustraliatheseracisttheorieslegitimatedevenfurtherformsofexploitationandappropriationoflandasthewhitesettlerstookovermoreofthecountry.meanwhile,onthereserves,thepeoplesofthedreamingweredeniedbasicrightsandfreedoms.,7.thepolicyofassimilation,bythebeginningofthe20thcenturythepolicyofprotectionhadbeenreplacedbythepolicyofassimilation.assimilationwasfoundedonthebeliefthatthewhiteculturewastheprogressiveandsuperiorwhereasthedreamtimewasonlyaformofsuperstition.childrenweretakenawayfromtheirparentstobeplacedinchurch-runinstitutionsandthemissionariesontheprotectedreservessetouttodestroythecultureofthedreamingandtoreplaceitwithchristianity.,asthechildrengrewtoadulthoodmanyofthemhadlostboththeirfamiliesandtheirculture.theywereemployedasdomesticservantsoroncattlestationsbutwerepaidonlywithfoodandclothesorwithwagesthatwereonlyafractionofthosepaidtowhiteworkers.youngaboriginalwomenwerecontinuallyatriskofrapeonthereserves,institutions,andintheirplacesofemployment.,theyhadunequalconditionsofentryintopublichouses,swimmingpoolsandcinemasandwereexcludedfrommainstreameducationandhealthservices.theywerealsoexcludedfrommanyformsofemploymentandfromcitizenship:aboriginalpeoplecouldnotvote.,thedoubleloss,oftraditionalcultureandexclusionfrommainstreamaustraliansocietyandculture,ledtoaboriginalpeoplebeinglabeledaslazy,stupidanddrunkenanddirty.thiscombinationofexclusionarypracticesandculturalprejudicesparalleledthesystemsofapartheidpracticedintheunitedstatesandsouthafrica：这种失去传统文化并被拒之于澳大利亚主流社会之外的双重损失，导致原住民被认为是懒惰成性、愚钝不堪、酗酒和肮脏的。这种隔离和文化偏见相结合的作法与当时美国和南非的种族隔离制度是相类似的。,conclusion,thehistoryofcontacthasbeenahistoryoflossforthepeoplesofthedreaming,ahistoryof:stolenland;stolenwages;stolencultureand;stolenchildren;,谓语（predicate)1、谓语的语法意义：说明主语所做的动作和所处的状态。,2、谓语的构成a.简单谓语一般由一个动词或者动词短语构成。theshipsanktothebottomofthesea.,b.复合谓语，有三种情况：1)由情态动词或