unit 7 阅读技巧、文化背景和好句子分析numbers and omensppt课件

UNIT7:NumbersandOmens,数字与吉凶,Readingskills-scanning,1.HowdidCutronacarryoutherstudiesofcollegestudents?Shecomparedtheircollegeentranceexamscorestogradepointaverages.Studentsalsofilledoutquestionnairesontheirfamilies.2.WhatarethetwokeyfindingsbyCutrona?Studentswiththecheerleadingparentsshowedlessanxietyaboutchallenges;loweranxietywaslinkedtomoreself-confidence,whichpredictedbettergrades.Havingsupportivefriendsorromanticpartnersdidntaffectgradepointaverage.),3.WhatisCutronasconclusionbasedonherfindings?Parentsattitudestowardtheirchildrenseemtoaffectthewaystudentsthinkofthemselvesandself-imageseemstoinfluenceperformance.,Culturalandbackgroundnotes,1)TheIChingorBookofChangesAcompilationwhichrecordsanancientChinesesystemofdivination.Inthesystem,anoracleiscastbyflippingcoinsormoretraditionally,bymanipulatingyarrowstalks.Theoracleisoneof64differenthexagrams.Thehexagramitselfiscomposedoftwotrigrams,eachconsistingofthreelines.Thoselinesareeitherstraight(Yang)orbroken(Yin).,2)Yin-YangMeaningmuchmorethanjustfemale/male,Yin-YangaretheChinesetermsforthebasicpolaritiesoftheUniverse.Yangistime,light,strong.Yinisspace,dark,weak.Yangisthedirectionupwards；Yindownwards.Yangistheclosedcircle；Yinistheopenangle.Yangisclockwise；Yincounter-clockwise.Yangishard,resistantandtense；Yinissoft,yieldingandrelaxed.,3)thefiveelementsMetal,wood,water,fireandearth.ThefollowingistheproductivecycleofthefiveelementsinancientChinesephilosophy.WoodburnsproducingFire.FireleavesbehindEarth.EarthisthesourceofMetal.MetalliquefiesintoflowingliquidlikeWater.WaterthenbecomesthenourishmentfortheWood.,4)LaoTzuAlsocalledTaoTeChing(literally,theclassicofthewayofvirtue),isattributedtoLaoTzu,thoughscholarsdisagreeabouthisactualexistence.Initsverypoeticform,itteachesthatthereisadynamic,cosmicstructureunderlyingeverythingthathappensintheworld.WehumansneedtodiscoverthatWay(Tao),whichisimmanentinallaspectsoftheworld,notaruleimposedfromwithout;andweneedtofitintoit,lettingthingstaketheircourse,notexertingourselvesinoppositiontoitbytryingtobendthingstoourwill.Ournaming(describing)ofthingsalwaysfallsshortofthewaythingsare,sincethingsarenotlimitedasourlanguagepresupposes.EventheTaowhichwearetryingtotalkabouthereeludesourwords.Theoriginalpolarityisthatofbeingandnon-being,anditwillbefoundtointerplaythroughouttheworld,withnon-being(emptiness,whatisnot)havingasmuchsignificanceasdoesbeing(thefullnessofthings,whatis).ThusthenotionoftheTaorecapturestheearlierChineseconceptofYinandYang,thepolaritiesrunningthroughallthings.,5)doingthesevensTraditionalChinesefuneralceremony,traditionallylastsover49days,thefirstsevendaysbeingthemostimportant.Prayersaresaideverysevendaysfor49daysifthefamilycanaffordit.Ifthefamilyisinpoorcircumstances,theperiodmaybeshortenedtofrom3to7days.Usually,itistheresponsibilityofthedaughterstobearthefuneralexpenses.Theheadofthefamilyshouldbepresentfor,atleastthefirstand,possiblythesecond,prayerceremony.Thenumberofceremoniesconductedisdependentonthefinancialsituationofthefamily.Theheadofthefamilyshouldalsobepresentfortheburialorthecremation.,6)ghostmonthTheseventhmonthofthelunaryearwhenGhostFestivaliscelebrated.JustasWesternpeoplehaveHalloweenforghosts,Chinesepeoplealsohaveaholidaytofetethedepartedspiritsoftheunderworld-GhostFestival.ItisapopularoccasioncelebratedthroughoutChinaonthe15thdayoftheseventhlunarmonth.Historically,familiesoffersacrificesofthenewlyharvestedgraintodepartedancestorsonthisday.TheChinesebelievethatthedeadbecomeghostsroamingbetweenHeavenandearth.SpiritswithoutdescendantstocareforthemareprayedtoduringGhostFestivalsothattheymayalsoenjoythewarmthoflifeamongtheliving.Thiscustom,anextensionofthetraditionalChineseethicofuniversallove.,Languagenotes,1)ManyforeignvisitorscanthelpbutexclaimthattheChinesearereallycreativeandcanlinenumbersupsoauspiciously.（许多外国游客赞叹不已，说中国人真有创造性，竟能够把数字排列得如此“吉祥”。）Tolinesthupmeanstoarrangeororganizesth.e.g.Heslinedupalivebandfortheparty.2)Chinesenotonlyusenumberstoappealforgoodfortune,theyalsobringthemouttochewpeopleout.（中国人不仅用数字来求好运，而且还用数字骂人.）Tochewsb.outmeanstospeakangrilytosb.e.g.Hechewedouthissecretaryforbeinglatetowork.,3）.andawholesetofauspiciousness-attractingandevil-expellinghabitstookshape.（.于是就形成了一整套祈福避祸的风俗习惯。）Totakeshapemeanstotakeonadefiniteform.e.g.Theplanisbeginningtotakeshapeinmymind.4)Weoftensaythreeyangmakegoodfortunetodescribethehopethatmisfortunewillbeheldatbayandgoodluckwillfollow.（我们常说“三阳开泰，以期远离凶险，万事亨通。）Toholdsbatbaymeanstoprevent(anenemy,pursuers,etc)fromcomingnear.e.g.Imtryingtoholdmycreditorsatbay.,5).saysthattheonlysignificancenumbershaveiswhatpeopleascribetothem.（李恒力认为数字和祸福并无任何联系，他们的意义是人们强加上去的。）Toascribesthtosb/sthmeanstoconsidersthtobecausedby,writtenbyorbelongingtosb/sth.e.g.Heascribedhisfailuretobadluck.ThisplayisusuallyascribedtoShakespeare.Youcantascribethesamemeaningtobothwords.6)Theyaremorewaryofone,three,five,seven,andnine.（他们对一、三、五、七、九等数字比较谨慎。）Tobewaryofistobecautiousof.e.g.Shewaswaryofstrangers.,7)Thusinodd-numberedmonthsholidayshavebeenstipulatedtohelppeoplegetby.（因此单月里定下了一些节日让人们来过。）Togetbyistomanagetolive.e.g.Howdoeshegetbyonsuchasmallsalary?8)Wheninquiringintotheothersnameandtheeightcharacterhoroscopeoftheotherparty.（向女方“问名”或互换“生辰八字”时.）Toinquireintosthmeanstotrytolearnthefactsaboutsth.e.g.Wemustinquirefurtherintothematter.,9)ThenumberofcharactersintheChinesetextwouldalwayshavetoadduptoanevennumber.（所用字数也要凑成偶数.）Toadduptomeanstoamountto.e.g.Thesenumbersaddupto100.10).ThusfivefitsinwellwiththeideaofthemeanalwayspromotedbyConfucianscholars,hehaswritten.（.“因此五正好符合儒家所提倡的中庸思想”，他这样写道。）Tofitinwithsthmeanstobeinharmonywithsth.e.g.Dotheseplansfitinwithyourarrangements?,11)Sixisthelargestnumberon