初中英语句子结构-ppt

Grammar,sentences,课件制作者May,句子成份,句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（subjectgroup）,谓语部分（predicategroup）,句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Membersofsentence:S-subjectP-predicativeO-objectAttri.-attributeAdv.-adverbOc-objectcomplement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1)主语（subject）,Ilikefootball.,Theboyneedsapen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由担任,常置于句首。,2)谓语（predicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由担任。常置于主语后。,Thetrainleavesat6oclock.,Iwantaticket.,动词不定式,动名词或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.,7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,3)宾语（object）,4)表语（predicative）,Hewonthegame.,表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。,Tomelosthislifeinthebigfire.,Heisastudent.,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。,表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dontforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了),除了be系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。,注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.,注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.,1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）,6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）,5)宾补（objectivecomplement）,补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。,Theymadehimking.,Iconsiderthebooktooexpensive.,6)定语（attributive）对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。,Theblackbikeismine.,(),（六）宾语补足语,宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing,anything,everything,something等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语我告诉他一些有趣的事情。Itellhimsomethinginteresting.说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。TheboysintheroomareinClassTen.,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）,5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句),7)状语（adverbial）,用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,Iamverysorry.Weoftenhelphim.WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.（从句作时间状语),（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,9种状语种类如下：,1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe-)等，如：Tobefrank,Idontquiteagreewithyou.,四、选择填空：,()1._willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather_.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted_.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet,()4.Hegotup_yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor_attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.dying()6._wereallverytired,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we,()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch_.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis,()9.Thedog_mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where,句子成分详解表,句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,.简单句,1.Thingschanged.2.Treesaregreen.3.Wedontbeatchildren.4.Hegavehissisterthepiano.5.Ifoundthebookeasy.,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,Nobodywent.Shebecameadoctor.Thecarcaughtfire.Iwillwriteyoualongletter.Iwilllethimgo.,Practice,主+谓,主+谓+表,主+谓+宾,主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语,主+谓+宾+宾补,.并列句,Thisismeandthesearemyfriends.Theymuststayinwater,ortheywilldie.Itsnotcheap,butitisverygood.Itwaslate,soIwenttobed.,and,or,but,so,Heknockedatthedoor;therewasnoanswer.Yourealive!Andshesdead.,并列句1.并列关系并列句连词有：and,notonlybutalso,neithernor2.转折关系并列句连词有：but,yet,however3.选择关系并列句连词有：or.,eitheror.4.因果关系并列句连词有：for,so,therefore,例句并列关系：Ihopehimandhehelpme转折关系：Hetriedopenthedoor,buthecouldnt选择关系：Eitheryouarefoolishorheis因果关系：thestudentsareonholidays,thereforeyoucanseethemtoday。,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,.复合句,Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.,Hesaidthathedidntlikeher.,主语从句名词性的从句可作句子主语，这种从句称为主语从句。主语从句的引导词通常有whowhomwhenwherewhywhathowwhichwhosewhether等，主语从句的引导词不能省略，由从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式WhatIsaidisimportanttoyouHowtogetthereisstillnotdecideWhethertodoitornotiswhatwewilldiscusstomorrow是否做那件事是我们每天将要讨论的事,说明：主语从句可以直接放在主语位置，也可用it作做形式主语1.ThatlighttravelsinstraightlinesisknowntoallItisknowntoallthatlighttravelsinstraightlines众所周知，光是以直线运行2.WhentheplaneistotakeoffhasnotbeenannouncedIthasnotbeenannouncedwhentheplaneistotakeoff飞机什么时候起飞还没有公布,1.Itis+形容词+从句2.Itisnecessarythat有必要3.Itisclearthat.很清楚4.Itis(un)likelythat很可能5.Itisimportantthat主要的是.,1.Itis+过去分词+从句2.Itissaidthat据说.3.Itisreportedthat据报道.4.Ithasbeenprovedthat.已证明5.Itmustbepointedoutthat必须指出,定语从句,定语从句又称关系从句：在主句中相当于一个定语，只不过这个定语是一个句子定语从句可以修饰一个名词，代词，或一个句子，被修饰的词叫现行词，从句在其后，由关系代词关系副词引出关系代词有：that.Which,who,whom,whose等关系副词有：when,where,whyThemanwhowrotethisbookinfamousscientist先行词关系代词(定语)ThevillagewhereIwasbornhasgrownintoatown(先行词)关系代词(定语),that,关系代词与先行词的关系,限制性定语从句,先行词,关系代词主语,关系代词宾语,关系代词所有格代替人,who/that,which/that,whom/that,which/that,that,whose=ofwhom代替物,whose=ofwhich代替人和物,代替人,代替物,代替人和物,非限制性定语从句,代替人和物,代替前一句话,which,which,whose,which,关系副词与先行词的关系先行词关系副词在从句中作用时间名词when=at,on,in,时间状语during/which地点名词where=in,at/which地点状语只有reasonwhy=forwhich原因状语例句说明（在定语从句中，关系词在句中一定要担任成分）,关系代词引导的定语从句,Johnisthegirlwho/thatwasinjuredintheaccident,（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）,Hefoundthewatchwhich/thathehadlost（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作宾语）,Themanwhom/thatyousawjustnowisourmanager先行词关系代词（关系代词在从句中作宾语）Thehousewhich/thatwasdamagedinthefirewillberebuilt先行词关系代词（关系代词在从句中作主语）,Isthereanyonewhosenameiswangli?先行词关系代词(关系代词在从句中作主语）Thebuildingwhoseroofwecanseeformhereis（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作宾语）Sheisnolongerthegirlthatshewasinherchildhood先行词关系代词（关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）Thereisnotaneasyquestionthatyouthinkittobe（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作表语，只能用that连接）,注意的问题Oneof+复数名词+关系从句的结构中，关系分词的谓语有两种形式先行词为复数，从句谓语用复数Tomisoneofthosewomen,wholiketoplaybridge当one之前有theonly/right/very等修饰词时，从句谓语根据one而定，用单复数形式Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswholikestogotothetheatre,当关系代词前有介词时，只能用关系代词whom,或which而不能用thatThebookfromwhich(不能用that)Igotalotofusefulinformation先行词介词关系代词waswrittenbyafamousscientist（关系代词which在从句中作介词from的宾语）Tomistheboywithwhom(不用that)youweretalkamomentago先行词介词关系代词（关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语）注：当介词位于从句句末时，关系代词仍可用that也可省去,上两句可改为：Thebookthat/whichIgotalotofusefulinformationfromwaswrittenbyafamousscientistTomistheboythat/whomyouweretalkingwithamomentago,关系副词在定语从句中的应用1.Ishallneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)newchinawasfounded先行词关系代词（关系代词在从句中作时间的状语）2.Hecameatatimewhen(atwhich)wewereinneedofhelp先行词关系代词关系代词在从句中作时间的状语)3.Theschoolwhere(inwhich)Iworkisnotfarfromhere先行词关系代词（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）4.Isthistheplacewhere(atwhich)thattrafficaccidenthappened?先行词关系代词关系代词在从句中担地点状语5.Hedidntgivethereasonwhy(forwhich)hewasabsentyesterday.（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）6.Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hemissedthebuswasthathegotuplate先行词关系代词关系代词在从句中担原因状语,非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句由关系代词which,who,whose,where,when引出，而从句的两面都用逗号与主句隔开，关系代词that不能引起非限制性定语从句名词、代词+of+which+whom引起的定语从句表示部分与整体的关系Therearemanyformsofenergy,eachofwhichisusefulforus非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句总是位于句末，用逗号与主句隔开Hemissedthetrain,whichannoyedhimverymuch（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中作主语）注：关系代词which有时可以用来指代主句的一部分TomcanwritealetterinChinese,whichMarycannot（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担方式状语）,试比较：Julyisthemonthwhenwehavealotofrain（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担状语）Themeetingwillbeputofftillnextmonth,whenwewillhavemadeallthepreparations（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担状语）Iwanttobuythehousewhich(=that)hasagarden(先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担主语）Iwanttobuythehouse,which(不等于that)hasagarden（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担主语）,注：在定语从句中，同样的先行词，由于在从句中担任的作用不同，须选用不同的关系词1.ThisistheplacewhereIspentmychildhood（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担地点状语）2.Thisistheplace,whichIvisitedlastsummer（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）3.Thereasonwhichhegavewasunacceptable（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担宾语）4.Thereasonwhyhedidthatwasunacceptable（先行词）（关系代词）（关系代词在从句中担原因状语）,同位语从句1.同位语从句用于表示名词的内容,对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句的,通常是具有引导内容的名词,在从句中不担任成分，常见的有：fact,idea,news,hope,evidence,suggestion,order,problemThedoctorscametotheconclusionthatthepatientwassufferingfromcancerThediscoverythateveryheavenlybodyhasgravitywasmadebyNewton同位语从句通常由that引出，但随着与其同位的名词不同也可由whether,when,where,how,what,why引出TheyarefacedwiththeproblemwhethertheyshouldcontinuetheworkIhavenoideawhenhewillreturn,有时同位语从句不是紧跟名词后，而是被其它词隔开Anideaoccurredhimthathemightborrowthemoneyfromhisfather发生，出现Theyheardthenewsontheradioyesterdaythatatyphoonwascoming,定语从句和同位语从句的区别从结构上看：同位语由连接词引导。在从句中不担任何成分，定语从句的关系词在从中担任某个成分。Theideathatonecandotheworkwithoutthinkingiswrong(同位语从句that在从句中不担当任何成分)Theideathatyouputforwardatthemeetingiswrong(定语从句that在从句中担任宾语),表语从句表语从句的结构：主语+连系动词+表语从句常用的连系动词有:be,seen,remain,look等Myideaisthatthisplanshouldbecarriedoutimmediately我的建议是这个计划应该立即执行Thequestionremainswhetherweshouldaccepttheirinvitation问题仍然是我们是否应该接受他们的邀请Itlooksthat(asif)itisgoingtorain看起来天要下雨,wherewhyhow引导的从句作thisis或thatis的表语时，它们通常不含有疑问意义,而是分别表示具体的地点，原因.方式.翻译Thatiswhywecalledoffthemeeting这就是我们取消会议的原因Thisishowwedidit我们就用这种方式做的注:主语是reason的表语从句用that引导,不要用becauseThereason(why)hewaslatewasthathemissedthebus,宾语从句充当宾语的从句，叫宾语从句。宾语从句可作动词宾语，介词宾语，和某些形容词的宾语一.作动词宾语Everybodyknowsthatgoodstakesuptheroom(由连词引导)Hewonderedhowthebuildingwerebuilt(由连接副词引导)常跟连接词that引导的宾语从句的动词有：AdmitagreeanswerbelievecommandcomplainconfessDecidedemanddenydoubtdreamexpectexplainfeelhearHopeimagineintendinsistknowmeannoticepreferorderProposereplyreportrequestrequiresayseesuggestsupposethinkurge(激励)wishunderstand,常跟疑问代词whowhom疑问副词whenwherewhyhowwhetherif引导宾语从句的动词有：Adviseaskdiscoverdiscussdoubtfindoutimagineinquire(询问)knowquestionshowtellunderstandwonderA.tell/inform/remind/show/teach+间接宾语+宾语从句”结构HetoldmewherehelivedB.advise/ask/assure/promise/question/warn等+间接宾语+宾语从句+结构中，间接宾语可省略Ipromised(him)thatIwouldgivehimmorehelp我对他的保证将给他更多的帮助,作介词宾语:Thisdependsonhowhardyouwork这取决于你的工作的如何努力IsthereanythingwronginwhatIsaid?A.that引导的宾语从句只限做介词inexceptbutbeside的宾语从句Mendifferentfrombrutesinthattheycanspeakandthink人和兽类的区别在于他们有语言和思想Themealwasverygoodexceptthatthefishwasabittoosalty除了鱼有点咸，这顿是、很好的IwouldhavehelpedyoubutthatIwassobusythen若不是工作忙，我本来时帮助你的,B“介词+it+that“结构Youmaydependonitthattheywillsupportyou你放心,他们会支持你的Illseetoitthateverythingisreadyintime我将负责按时做好一切准备C动词+it+that结构Itakeitthattheywillsucceed我想他们会成功的Thenewspapershaveitthatfirmisalmostbankrupt据报道那家公司几乎破产,Dbe+形容词+that结构类似形容词有:surecertainafraidconfident等TheyareconfidentthattheycandothejobIamnotcertainwhether(if)thetrainwillarriveontime我没有把握火车是否转时达到,宾语从句否定意义的转移在thinkbelievesupposeexpect等动词后跟的宾语中，如果从句谓语动词是否定的一般要将否定词not转移到主句谓语动词上而将从句变为肯定形式Idontthinkhehastimetoplaychesswithyou我没想到他有时间和你下棋Idontsupposeitistherushhouryet我认为现在还未到（交通）高峰时间,宾语从句的时态呼应:宾语从句的时态是在主句的时态其础上向前推进一个时态.如:主句为过去时,从句要用过去完成时,若从句表示的客观真理或自然观念,其谓语时态仍用一般现在时.Hesaidthathehadlefthisumbrellainthelibrary.他说把伞忘在图书馆里了.TheteachertoldthestudentsthatthepacificoceanisthelargestOceanintheworld.老师告诉学生,太平洋是世界上最大的海洋.,插入疑问句.练习，就划线部分提问，再理解1.IthinkthatJohnwillarriveat5oclockWhendoyouthinkJohnwillarrive?2.TheysaidthattheyhadcleanedtheclassroomWhatdidtheysaytheyhaddone?3.webelievethatpreferwillbegiventheprizeWhodoyoubelievewillbegiventheprize?4.TheyexpectedthattheteacherwouldcriticizepreferWhomdidtheyexpecttheteacherwouldcriticize?,定语从句知识点总结:Which,that引导定语从句在定语从句中,which/that在指代事物时可互换,但在下列情况下不可互换,只用which不用thatA关系代词前有介词时如:ThisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyearB引导非限制性定语从句Johnsdog,whichwasnowveryold,becauseillanddied,C表示继续关系的非限制性定语从句中（这种定语从句的先行词不是一个词，通常是整个句子，定语从句与所修饰的整个句子用逗号开如：Mr.Smithnoddedseveraltimesandsmiled,whichrathersurprisedmeHesawthegirleveryday,whichwasverynaturalManyhasmaderapidprogressinherstudies,whichisknowntousallD当先行词后面有插入语时如：HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhichasIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish,只用that不用whichA.先行词为allmuchlittleeverythinganythingnothingnonetheone等先行词如:IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?ThatsallthatIknowB.先行词前有onlyanyfewlittlenoalloneof等修饰语时如:YoucantakeanyseatthatisfreeThereisalittletimethatwecanspare但Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited这句中用who不用that.若用that有可能理解为office的定语从句改用who,必然理解为person的定语从句,先行词是序数词，或先行词受序数词修饰时如:ThisisthefirstcompositionthatIhavewritteninEnglishD.先行词是最高级形容词或先行词受最高级形容词修饰时如:ThisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshownthisyearE.先行词为联系动词be后面的表语时如:ItsabookthatwillhelpyoualotF.主句以therebe开头时如:Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree,先行词是数词如:YesterdayIcaughttwofish,nowyoucanseethetwofishthatarestillaliveinabasinofwaterH.先行词受same修饰时如：sheiswearingthesamedressthat(=as)sheworeatthemeetingIhavethesameopinionthat(=as)youhaveI.先行词同时含有人和物时如：LaterwevisitedtheschoolandtheteacherthatIhadvisitedlastyear.,先行词为allanyoneoneones指人时多用who不用thatAllwhoheardthenewswereamazedAnyonewhorefusedtobowwasthrownintoprison凡拒绝鞠躬的人都被关进监狱Onewhodoesntworkhardwillneverbehappy在以therebe开头的句子中多用who不用thatThereisastrangerwhowantstoseeyou在非限制性定语从句中,需用who如:AbrahamLincoln,whowasmurderedatatheatreinwashingD.C,diedonApril15,1865,只用that不用who若先行词前有序数词，形容词最高级thelast,same或only修饰时，多用that,如：ThefirstpersonthatIvisitedtherewasMr.GreenHeisthelastmanthatIwanttoseeHeisthefinestworkmatethatIhaveeverworkedwithSheisthesameteacherthatwaspraisedtheotherdaySheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme,当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that,以免与先行词重复如：Whothathascommonsensewilldosuchathing?凡是有常识的人会做出这种事来吗？Whichoneofusthatknowssomethingaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?我们当中懂得一些物理的人谁不知这个呢？Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?站在大门口的那个人是谁？,若先行词兼人或物时须用that如：Hetalkedabouttheteacherandschoolsthathehadvisited若关系代词在从句中作表语须用that如:Heisnotthemanthatheusedtobe,Whose,ofwhom,ofwhich的区别Whose可指人也可指物Ofwhom只指人Ofwhich只指物如：Thisistheboywhosehousecaughtfirelastweek(whose指人)Thetablewhoselegswerebrokenhasbeenrepaired(whose指物)Iwanttotalktothestudentsthehomeworkofwhomhasntbeenhandedin(ofwhom指人)Thatisourroom,thewindowsofwhichfacethesouth(ofwhich指物),状语从句状语从句由从属连接词引导,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1)时间状语从句,Waituntilyouarecalled.Whenspringcame,leavesturngreen.,常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,assoonas,whenever等,2)地点状语从句,Putitwhereyoufoundit.Sitdownwhereveryoulike.,常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere,3)原因状语从句,AsIdidntknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman,常用的关联词有：because,as,since,4)结果状语从句,IwasinthebathsothatIdidnthearthetelephone.,常用的关联词有：so,sothat,suchthat,that,5)目的状语从句,Illshowyousoyouwillseehow