学术英语(一)unit6重点词汇

Discussthewordsmeaning,Exercise1,Exercise2,Exercise3,Discussthewordsmeaning,methodology:Wevebeendevelopinganewmethodologyforassessingnewproducts.,thesetofmethodsandprinciplesusedinstudyingaparticularsubjectordoingaparticularkindofwork,1.Readthesentencesbelowandusecontexttowritethedefinitionsoftheunderlinedwords.Onewordhasbeendoneforyou.,e.g.,enact:Inordertopreventemployeesfrombehavingbadly,herecentlynotedthatcompaniesenactincreasinglyelaboratecodesofconduct.,tomakeaproposalintoalaworarule,Whenagovernmentorauthorityenactsaproposal,theymakeitintoalawe.g.Theauthoritieshavefailedsofartoenactalawallowingunrestrictedemigration.(迄今为止，当局没能制定一部允许无限制移民的法律。)Ifpeopleenactastoryorplay,theyperformitbyactinge.g.TokyoGovernorShintaroIshiharamadeafarce（闹剧）oftryingto“purchase”theislands,andJapaneseright-wingershavecontinuedtoenactthatfarce.（东京都知事石原慎太郎制造了“购岛”闹剧，日本右翼分子仍要继续上演这出闹剧。）,Discussthewordsmeaning,2.shield:Hehelduphishands,shieldinghiseyesfromthesun.,VERBIfsomethingorsomeoneshieldsyoufromadangerorrisk,theyprotectyoufromit.e.g.Intheolddays,PekingOperadidnotpermitwomenperformers,possiblytoshieldwomenfromunwantedattention.（旧时，京剧里不允许女性表演，也许是为了保护妇女受到不必要的关注。）N-COUNTususingSomethingorsomeonewhichisashieldagainstaparticulardangerorriskprovidesprotectionfromit.e.g.Theimmunesystemisourbodysshieldagainstinfection.(免疫系统是我们的身体防范感染的保护层。),toprotectsomeoneorsomethingfrombeingharmedordamaged,Discussthewordsmeaning,treatment:Medicaltreatment,orevendiagnosticexamination,cancauseadverseeffectsinapatient.,somethingthatisdonetocuresomebodywhoisinjuredorill,Discussthewordsmeaning,Treatmentismedicalattentiongiventoasickorinjuredpersonoranimale.g.TheofficialwiththeMinistryofHealthsaidthattheAIDStreatmentfeesarerelativelyhighandhavenotyetbeenincludedinthenewruralcooperativemedicalinsurance.（卫生部的官员说，艾滋病的治疗费用比较高，还未纳入到新农合医疗保险中。)Yourtreatmentofsomeoneorsomethingisthewayyoubehavetowardsthemordealwiththem.e.g.Civilrightsgroupshavecomplainedabouttheharshtreatmentofprisoners.(人权组织抱怨过对待囚犯的严酷。),4.incorporate:Weveincorporatedmanyenvironmentally-friendlyfeaturesintothedesignofthebuilding.,toincludesomethingaspartofagroup,system,planetc.,Discussthewordsmeaning,VerbIfsomeoneorsomethingisincorporatedintoalargegroup,system,orarea,theybecomeapartofit.e.g.beV-ed+intoTheagreementwouldallowtherebelstobeincorporatedintoanewnationalpoliceforce.(条约允许将叛乱分子纳入到新国家的警察队伍中。)Vn+intoThepartyvowedtoincorporateenvironmentalconsiderationsintoallitspolicies.(政党誓言要将环保理念囊括到它推行的政策之中。),guideline:Mostofusarefamiliarwiththefoodpyramid,thegovernmentsguidelinesforhealthfuleating.,rulesorinstructionsaboutthebestwaytodosth.,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-COUNTusuplIfanorganizationissuesguidelineson（orfor）something,itissuesofficialadviceabouthowtodoe.g.+onThegovernmentshouldissueclearguidelinesonthecontentofreligiouseducation.(政府应该发布关于宗教教育内容的清晰指南。)+forAnewsetofguidelinesforteachershasarousedcontroversy.(一套新的教师指南引发了争议。),6.conceive:Languagemaybeconceivedofasaprocesswhicharisesfromsocialinteraction.,toimagineaparticularsituationortothinkaboutsth.inaparticularway,Discussthewordsmeaning,Ifyouconceiveofsomething,youimagineitorbelieveit.e.g.V+ofIjustcantevenconceiveofthatquantityofmoney.(我只是无法想象那么多的钱。)Ifyouconceive(of)somethingasaparticularthing,youconsiderittobethatthing.e.g.Vn+asTheancientsconceivedtheEarthasafloatinwater.(古人认为地球是漂浮在水上的。)V+ofWeconceiveofthefamilyasbeinginaconstantstateofchange.(我们认为家庭总是处于变化的状态。),accusation:Bytheway,thereiswidespreadaccusationthatthecoalcompaniesdidagreatharmtotheecologyenvironmenthere.,astatementsayingthatsb.isguiltyofacrimeorofdoingsth.wrong,Discussthewordsmeaning,oftNthatIfyoumakeanaccusationagainstsomeone,youcriticizethemorexpressthebeliefthattheyhavedonesomethingwrong.e.g.KimrejectsaccusationsthatCountrymusicisover-sentimental.(Kim否认指责乡村音乐过度多愁善感的说法。)Collocation：makeanaccusation（against）faceanaccusationdenyanaccusationfalseaccusations(of,that)wildaccusations,8.intensive:Nomatterwhattheillnessis,peopleinhospitalintensivecareunitstendtohaveelevatedbloodsugarlevels.,adepartmentinahospitalthattreatspeoplewhoareveryseriouslyillorbadlyinjured,orthecontinuousandthoroughtreatmentgiventopatientsthere,Discussthewordsmeaning,ADJusuADJnIntensiveactivityinvolvesconcentratingalotofeffortorpeopleononeparticulartaskinordertotrytoachieveagreatdealinashorttime.e.g.aone-weekintensivecourseinEnglish(一周的英语强化课程)Collocations:intensive(efforts,negotiation,study,training,treatment),9.pilot:Theexpansionofapilotpaymentsystembymobilephonethisweekhasquickeneditsstride.,asmallstudy,projectetcwhichiscarriedoutasatesttoseeifanidea,productetcwillbesuccessful,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-COUNTusuNnApilotschemeorapilotprojectisonewhichisusedtotestanideabeforedecidingwhethertointroduceitonalargerscale.e.g.ChinasgovernmenthasrecentlyapprovedtheestablishmentofaneweconomicinlandpilotzoneinnorthwesternNingxiaHuiAutonomousRegion.(中国政府近日批准在宁夏回族自治区建立一个崭新的内陆经济试验区。),10.provision:Theprovisionshallapplytoallpatentsexistingatthetimewhenitcomesintoeffect.,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-COUNTAprovisioninalaworanagreementisanarrangementwhichisincludedinit.e.g.Theagreementincludesaprovisionforeachsidetochecktheothersidesweapons.(协议包含一项条款,允许每一方都可以核查对方的武器。）N-UNCOUNTTheprovisionof(orfor)somethingistheactofgivingitormakingitavailabletopeoplewhoneedorwantit.e.g.+ofThedepartmentisresponsiblefortheprovisionofnurseryforchildrenwithspecialneeds.(部门有义务为有特殊需求的孩子们提供托儿所。）,aconditioninanagreementorlaw,11.immunity:Herecentlyreoccupiedhisparliamentaryseatthoughsomesuggestthiswaslargelyanattempttosecureimmunityfromprosecution.,thestateorrightofbeingprotectedfromparticularlawsorfromunpleasantthings,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-UNCOUNT+frombeingabletoescapefromaparticularprocessorsituatione.g.Thepoliceareofferingtowitnessesimmunityfromprosecution.(警察正在对证人授予豁免权。)diplomaticimmunity外交豁免权N-UNCOUNT+tobeingunabletobeinfectedbyadiseasee.g.Birdsinoutsidecagesdevelopimmunitytoairbornebacteria.(生活在室外鸟笼的鸟类对空气中传播的细菌有免疫能力。),12.conformity:Thecontentsofabillofexchangemustbeinconformitywiththatoftherelativecontract.,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-UNCOUNTIfsomethinghappensinconformitywith（orto）somethingsuchasalaworsomeoneswishes,ithappensasthelawsaysitshould,orasthepersonwantsitto.e.g.Wemustactinconformitywith(to)localregulations.(我们的行为必须符合当地的规定。),compliancewithstandards,rules,orlaws,13.subsidy:Theseprojectsaremostlypoliticallydrivenandrunmainlyonexternalmoneysourcesandsubsidyotherthanowngeneratedfunds.,moneythatispaidbyagovernmentororganizationtomakepriceslower,reducethecostofproducinggoods,etc,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-COUNTAsubsidyismoneythatispaidbyagovernmentorotherauthorityinordertohelpanindustryorbusiness,ortopayforapublicservice.e.g.Europeanfarmersareplanningamassivedemonstrationagainstfarmsubsidycuts.(欧洲农民们正在计划举行一次大规模的示威活动，抗议削减农业补助。),14.incentive:Awardsprovideanincentiveforyoungpeopletoimprovetheirskills.,somethingthatencouragesyoutoworkharder,startanewactivity,etc,Discussthewordsmeaning,NoftNto-infIfsomethingisanincentivetodosomething,itencouragesyoutodoit.e.g.Awardsprovideanincentiveforyoungpeopletoimprovetheirskills.Politicalleadersunitedyesterdaytocondemnthelatestwaveofviolence.(奖励为年轻人提供了鼓励，让他们提高自己的技能。)Collocation:create/provide/givesomebodyanincentiveeconomic/financial/taxetcincentives,15.align:Thetestisbeingrevisedtoalignitwithwhatstudentsneedtoknowbeforeenteringcollege.,topubliclysupportapoliticalgroup,country,orpersonthatyouagreewith,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBIfyoualignyourselfwithaparticulargroup,yousupportthembecauseyouhavethesamepoliticalaim.e.g.HehasattemptedtoaligntheSocialistswiththeenvironmentalmovement.(他已经努力让社会主义者与环保运动结成联盟。)alignmentn.,16.column:HewritesaweeklycolumnforTheTimes.,anarticleonaparticularsubjectorbyaparticularwriterthatappearsregularlyinanewspaperormagazine,Discussthewordsmeaning,Noun-Countpartofanewspaper(ormagazine)dealingwithaparticularsubjectorwrittenbythesamejournaliste.g.thefashion,motoring,financial,etccolumn(时装、汽车、财经等专栏)Noun-Countatallsoliduprightstonepostusedtosupportabuildingorasadecoratione.g.Thetempleissupportedbymassivecolumns.(此庙由粗大的柱子支撑着。),17.escalate:Itwillbeinterestingtoseehowmuchtheviolencewillescalateifnothingchangesandtheunstablegovernmentisnotrepaired.,iffighting,violence,orabadsituationescalates,orifsomeoneescalatesit,itbecomesmuchworse,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBIfabadsituationescalatesorifsomeoneorsomethingescalatesit,itbecomesgreaterinsize,seriousness,orintensity.e.g.+intoHerfearisescalatingintopanic.(她的恐惧正在升级为恐慌。)escalationn.,18.encompass:ThehumanrightsenjoyedbytheChinesecitizensencompassanextensivescope,includingnotonlysurvival,personalandpoliticalrights,butalsoeconomic,culturalandsocialrights.,toincludeawiderangeofideas,subjects,etc.,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBIfsomethingencompassesparticularthings,itincludesthem.e.g.Thestudyencompassesthesocial,political,andeconomicaspectsofthesituation.(这个研究包含了这个形势的社会、政治以及经济方面。),19.demonstrate:Thefindingsinthisyearsreportdemonstrateacontinuingtrendinscientificinnovation.,toshoworprovesomethingclearly,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBTodemonstrateafactmeanstomakeitcleartopeople.e.g.VthatYouhavetodemonstratethatyouarereliable.(你必须证明你是可信赖的。)VERBWhenpeopledemonstrate,theymarchorgathersomewheretoshowtheiroppositiontosomethingortheirsupportforsomething.V+againstWhataretheydemonstratingagainst?(他们在游行抗议什么呢？)V+forInthecitiesvastcrowdshavebeendemonstratingforchange.(城市里，很多人群在游行，要求改革。),20.expire:Theycanbefiredtomorroworwhenevertheircontractsexpire.,ifanofficialdocumentexpires,itcannolongerbelegallyused,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBWhensomethingsuchasacontract,deadline,orvisaexpires,itcomestoanendorisnolongervalid.e.g.HehadlivedillegallyintheUnitedStatesforfiveyearsafterhisvisitorsvisaexpired.(他的访问签证到期后，他在美国非法居住了5年时间。)expirationn.uncountable过期,21.trigger:Weknowthatskippingmealscantriggermigraines(偏头痛),anditmayalsotriggertension-typeheadaches.,tomakesomethinghappenveryquickly,especiallyaseriesofevents,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBIfsomethingtriggersaneventorsituation,itcausesittobegintohappenorexist.e.g.Theassassinationtriggeredoffawaveofrioting.(刺杀事件引发了一轮暴乱。)N-COUNTThetriggerofagunisasmallleverwhichyoupulltofireit.e.g.Amanpointedagunatthemandpulledthetrigger.(一个人将枪瞄准他们，扳动了扳机。),pensate:Ifyoudonthavetheresources,youhavetocompensatewithintelligentstrategy.,topaysomeonemoneybecausetheyhavesufferedinjury,loss,ordamage,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBTocompensatesomeoneformoneyorthingsthattheyhavelostmeanstopaythemmoneyorgivethemsomethingtoreplacethatmoneyorthosethings.e.g.Thefirmwillcompensateworkersfortheirlossofearnings.(公司会对工人收入的损失进行补偿。)VERBIfyoucompensateforalackofsomethingorforsomethingyouhavedonewrong,youdosomethingtomakethesituationbetter.e.g.Thefilm,likemostold-schoolsuperheromovies,canonlycompensateforthelackoforiginalitybygivingviewersplentyofaction.(这部电影，就像大多数老派的有关超级英雄的电影一样，只能让观众看到许多的武打动作，以此弥补原创性的缺乏。),23.eligible:Butpeoplewhohavealreadymodifiedtheirmortgagesarestilleligible,aslongastheymeetalloftheotherrequirements.,beableorallowedtodosomething,Discussthewordsmeaning,ADJusuv-linkADJ,ADJto-infSomeonewhoiseligibletodosomethingisqualifiedorabletodoit,forexamplebecausetheyareoldenough.e.g.+toOver500,00018-year-oldswillbecomeeligibletovotethisyear.(今年会有50多万年公民年满18，获得参选资格。)+forYoucouldbeeligibleforauniversityscholarship.(你可能资格获得大学奖学金。)eligibilityn.资格,24.file:Atthetime,herparentstriedtofileaclaimwiththatgovernment-createdsystem.,togiveadocumenttoacourtorotherorganizationsothatitcanbeofficiallyrecordedanddealtwith,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBIfyoufileaformalorlegalaccusation,complaint,orrequest,youmakeitofficially.e.g.Thestafffiledaformalcomplaintagainstthedepartment.(全体职员发起了对这个部门的正式投诉。)Collocations:fileacomplaint/lawsuit/petitionetc(againstsomebody)发起（针对某人的）投诉，起诉，请愿等filefor提交,25.outcome:Unfortunately,measuringperformancebyclinicaloutcomeiseasiersaidthandone.,thefinalresult,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-COUNTususingTheoutcomeofanactivity,process,orsituationisthesituationthatexistsattheendofit.e.g.+ofItwasimpossibletopredicttheoutcomeoftheelection.(要预测选举的结果是不可能的。),26.convince:Persuasion,notcoercion,istheonlywaytoconvincepeople.,tomakesomeonefeelcertainthatsomethingistrue,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBIfsomeoneorsomethingconvincesyouofsomething,theymakeyoubelievethatitistrueorthatitexists.e.g.Theofficialswereeagertoconvinceusofthesafetyofthenuclearreactors.(官员急于让我们确信核反应堆的安全性。)VERBIfsomeoneorsomethingconvincesyoutodosomething,theypersuadeyoutodoit.e.g.IvebeentryingtoconvinceJeantocomewithme.(我已经努力说服简跟我一起走。),27.diagnosis:Informationgainedfromthatresearchcouldinturnbeusedforearlydiagnosisofbraindeformitiesorcancerinhumans.,theprocessofdiscoveringexactlywhatiswrongwithsomeoneorsomething,byexaminingthemclosely,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-VARDiagnosisisthediscoveryandnamingofwhatiswrongwithsomeonewhoisillorwithsomethingthatisnotworkingproperly.e.g.+0fIneedtohaveasecondtesttoconfirmthediagnosisofkidneydisease.(我需要进行第二次检查,对肾病的诊断进行确认。)Wordfamilydiagnosev.诊断diagnosablen.可诊断的diagnosabilityn.可诊断性,28.identify:Hesaidsomanynewkindsofbirdsareshowingup,andvillagersneedaguidebooktoidentifythem.,torecognizesomethingordiscoverexactlywhatitis,whatitsnatureororiginis，etc.,Discussthewordsmeaning,VERBIfyouidentifysomething,youdiscoverornoticeitsexistence.e.g.VnScientistsclaimtohaveidentifiednaturalsubstanceswithcancer-combatingproperties.(科学家们声称已经发现了有抗癌特性的自然物质。)VERBIfyouidentifysomeoneorsomething,younamethemorsaywhoorwhattheyare.e.g.Vn+asThereportersidentifiedoneofthesixAmericansasanArmySpecialist.(记者们认出六个美国人中，有一个是军事专家。)identifyn.身份identitycard身份证,29.credit:Wedontmindwhogetsthecreditsolongaswedontgettheblame.,approvalorpraisethatisgiventosomeoneforwhatheorshehasdone,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-UNCOUNTIfyougetthecreditforsomethinggood,peoplepraiseyoubecauseyouareresponsibleforit,orarethoughttoberesponsibleforit.e.g.+forCreditforthiswingoestoeverybodyintheteam.（这场胜利赢来的赞誉属于团队的每一个成员。）N-UNCOUNToftonNIfyouareallowedcredit,youareallowedtopayforgoodsorservicesseveralweeksormonthsafteryouhavereceivedthem.e.g.Mostnewcarsareboughtoncredit.(大多数新车都是以赊贷的方式购买的。)More,credit:.,Discussthewordsmeaning,Collocations:oncredit赊帐，贷款doonescredit为某人添彩，为某人增光take/claim/deserveetc(the)credit接受/索取/值得赞誉Wordfamily:credibleadj.可信的，可靠的incredibleadj.令人难以置信的credibilityn.可信性creditorn.债主,30.consent:Wewillnotshareyourpersonally-identifyinginformationwiththird-partyadvertiserswithoutyourconsent.,permissiontodosomething,Discussthewordsmeaning,N-UNCOUNTusuwithpossIfyougiveyourconsenttosomething,yougivesomeonepermissiontodoit.FORMALe.g.Herparentsgavetheirconsenttothemarriage.(她的父母同意了这门婚事。)VERBIfyouconsenttosomething,youagreetodoitortoallowittobedone.FORMALe.g.Herarelyconsentstodointerviews.(他很少同意做采访。),certificate,certifiable,certification,certifier,stimulus,stimulation,stimulant,stimulating,conception,conceivable,inconceivable,effective,effectiveness,ineffective,ineffectiveness,investor,investee,investment,investible,2.Findmorewordsofeachwordfamily.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.,Discussthewordsme