7.English Paragraph Writing 英语段落写作ppt课件

EnglishParagraphWriting,Whatisaparagraph?,Itisapartofalargerpieceofwritingcomposition.Aparagraphisaunitofthought.Itmustbeaboutonesingletopic.Eachsentenceshouldbelogicallyandstructurallyjoinedtotheonebeforeit.Aparagraphmustbeadequately充分地developed.,ParagraphStructure段落结构,TopicSentence(Beginning)主题句Supportingideas/sentences支撑句Concludingsentence结论句,Findoutthetopicsentence,supportingsentencesandtheconcludingsentenceofthefollowingparagraph.,Musicaffectsusinmanyways.Itcanaffectusphysiologically.Excitingmusiccanincreaseourheartrate,ourbreathing,andourbloodpressure.Calmingmusiccanrelaxourmusclesandevenlowerourskintemperature.Musiccanaffectusphysicallytoo.Everyonehasfoundthemselvestappingtheirfeetorwantingtogetupanddancetotheirfavoritesong.Musiccandefinitelyaffectourmoodandemotions.Musicisslowandquietmakesusfeelrelaxedandlessstressed,andstimulatingmusiccanenergizeusandmakeusfeelplayfulandalive.,Findoutthetopicsentence,supportingsentencesandtheconcludingsentenceofthefollowingparagraph.,Musicaffectsusinmanyways.Itcanaffectusphysiologically.Excitingmusiccanincreaseourheartrate,ourbreathing,andourbloodpressure.Calmingmusiccanrelaxourmusclesandevenlowerourskintemperature.Musiccanaffectusphysicallytoo.Everyonehasfoundthemselvestappingtheirfeetorwantingtogetupanddancetotheirfavoritesong.Musiccandefinitelyaffectourmoodandemotions.Musicisslowandquietmakesusfeelrelaxedandlessstressed,andstimulatingmusiccanenergizeusandmakeusfeelplayfulandalive.,Topicsentence主题句,atthebeginning:mostlyattheend:sometimesinthemiddle：rarely,Pleasewriteatopicsentenceforthefollowingparagraph.,Somesportsmenusemusictohelpthemtrainandperformbetter.Peoplelistentomusictopassthetimewhiledrivingthroughtraffic.Couplesmightusemusictocreatearomanticevening.Somebusinessesevenusemusictoincreaseproductivityandefficiency.,Pleasewriteatopicsentenceforthefollowingparagraph.,We/Peopleoftenusemusictodocertainthings.Somesportsmenusemusictohelpthemtrainandperformbetter.Peoplelistentomusictopassthetimewhiledrivingthroughtraffic.Couplesmightusemusictocreatearomanticevening.Somebusinessesevenusemusictoincreaseproductivityandefficiency.,Atopicsentenceshould,beacompletesentence.(subject+Verb)controlallthesupportingideas.beclearandconcise.nottoogeneral,andnottoospecific.,Musicaffectsusinmanyways.Itcanaffectusphysiologically.Excitingmusiccanincreaseourheartrate,ourbreathing,andourbloodpressure.Calmingmusiccanrelaxourmusclesandevenlowerourskintemperature.Musiccanaffectusphysicallytoo.Everyonehasfoundthemselvestappingtheirfeetorwantingtogetupanddancetotheirfavoritesong.Musiccandefinitelyaffectourmoodandemotions.Musicisslowandquietmakesusfeelrelaxedandlessstressed,andstimulatingmusiccanenergizeusandmakeusfeelplayfulandalive.,TooGeneral,Musicisgoodforus.Itcanaffectusphysiologically.Excitingmusiccanincreaseourheartrate,ourbreathing,andourbloodpressure.Calmingmusiccanrelaxourmusclesandevenlowerourskintemperature.Musiccanaffectusphysicallytoo.Everyonehasfoundthemselvestappingtheirfeetorwantingtogetupanddancetotheirfavoritesong.Musiccandefinitelyaffectourmoodandemotions.Musicisslowandquietmakesusfeelrelaxedandlessstressed,andstimulatingmusiccanenergizeusandmakeusfeelplayfulandalive.,TooSpecific,Musicaffectsusphysiologically,physically,andemotionally.Excitingmusiccanincreaseourheartrate,ourbreathing,andourbloodpressure.Calmingmusiccanrelaxourmusclesandevenlowerourskintemperature.Everyonehasfoundthemselvestappingtheirfeetorwantingtogetupanddancetotheirfavoritesong.Musicisslowandquietmakesusfeelrelaxedandlessstressed,andstimulatingmusiccanenergizeusandmakeusfeelplayfulandalive.,SupportingSentences,Supportingsentencesshould,describe,explain,andprovethetopicsentence.beclosetothetopicsentence.supportthetopicsentence.beclosetoeachother.belogical.,Direction:decidewhichisthetopicsentenceoftheparagraphfirst.Then,arrangethesupportingsentencesinlogicalorder.,a.Lateron,peoplebegantowriteonpiecesofleather,whichwererolledintoscrolls.b.Intheearliesttimes,peoplecarved(carve:雕刻)orpaintedmessagesonrocks.c.IntheMiddleAges,heavypapercalledparchment（羊皮纸）wasusedforwriting;bookswerelaboriously（艰苦地，费力地）copiedbyhand.d.Withtheinventionoftheprintingpress（印刷机）inthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury,themodernprintingindustrywasborn.e.Someformsofwrittencommunicationhavebeenusedthroughoutthecenturies.,Someformsofwrittencommunicationhavebeenusedthroughoutthecenturies.Intheearliesttimes,peoplecarvedorpaintedmessagesonrocks.Lateron,peoplebegantowriteonpiecesofleather,whichwererolledintoscrolls.IntheMiddleAges,heavypapercalledparchmentwasusedforwriting;bookswerelaboriouslycopiedbyhand.Withtheinventionoftheprintingpressinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury,themodernprintingindustrywasborn.,Readthefollowingparagraphcarefully.Thenunderlinethecontrollingideaandcrossoutthesentencesthatdonothelptodevelopthecontrollingidea.,Oncepeoplewereverymuchafraidofghosts鬼.Theirfearledthemtodevelopelaborate精细的rituals典礼towardoff避开encounters遭遇withthedead.Forexample,sinceprimitive原始的peoplebelievedthatghostscouldcapturetheirspiritatfunerals葬礼,theycarriedwoodenimagesofthemselvesinthehopethattheghostswouldbefooledintocarryingofftheimages.Imageshavebeenpopularwithpeoplefromprimitivetimesuntiltoday.Oncepeoplebelievedthattakingapictureofsomeonewouldrobthepersonofhisorhersoul灵魂.Itispossible,too,thatthetraditionofsittingupwiththedeadcomesfromabeliefthatghostsescapeinthenight.Certainlytheritualoflayingtombstones墓碑isderivedfromasuperstition迷信aboutthedead.Peopleoncebelievedthatstonespiledontopofagravewouldkeepthedeadpersonsghostfromescapingandhaunting（haunt:鬼神出没）theliving.Eventuallythenumberofstonesdiminished减少untilonlyonestone,thetombstone,wasleftasareminder提醒oftheancientsuperstition迷信.,Readthefollowingparagraphcarefully.Thenunderlinethecontrollingideaandcrossoutthesentencesthatdonothelptodevelopthecontrollingidea.,Oncepeoplewereverymuchafraidofghosts鬼.Theirfearledthemtodevelopelaborate精细的rituals典礼towardoff避开encounters遭遇withthedead.Forexample,sinceprimitive原始的peoplebelievedthatghostscouldcapturetheirspiritatfunerals葬礼,theycarriedwoodenimagesofthemselvesinthehopethattheghostswouldbefooledintocarryingofftheimages.Imageshavebeenpopularwithpeoplefromprimitivetimesuntiltoday.Oncepeoplebelievedthattakingapictureofsomeonewouldrobthepersonofhisorhersoul灵魂.Itispossible,too,thatthetraditionofsittingupwiththedeadcomesfromabeliefthatghostsescapeinthenight.Certainlytheritualoflayingtombstones墓碑isderivedfromasuperstition迷信aboutthedead.Peopleoncebelievedthatstonespiledontopofagravewouldkeepthedeadpersonsghostfromescapingandhaunting（haunt:鬼神出没）theliving.Eventuallythenumberofstonesdiminished减少untilonlyonestone,thetombstone,wasleftasareminder提醒oftheancientsuperstition迷信.,Pleasewritesomesupportingsentencesforthefollowingtopicsentence,TheNewYearisatimeforresolution.,Pleasewritesomesupportingsentencesforthefollowingtopicsentence,TheNewYearisatimeforresolution.Mentally,atleast,mostofuscouldcompileformidablelistsofdosanddonts.Weresolvetogetupearliereachmorning,eatless,findmoretimetoplaywiththechildren,doathousandandonejobsaboutthehouse,benicetopeoplewedontlike,drivecarefully,andtakethedogforawalkeveryday.However,mostofusfailinoureffortsatself-improvementbecauseourschemesaretooambitiousandweneverhavetimetocarrythemout.Wealsomakethefundamentalerrorofannouncingourresolutionstoeverybodysothatwelookevenmorefoolishwhenweslipbackintoourbadoldways.,ConcludingSentence,ConcludingSentence,Concludes/summarizestheentireparagraph.inconclusion;insummary;inbrief;inshort;toconclude;tosumup;allinall,Whichsentenceistheconcludingsentenceofthefollowingparagraph?,Thecafeteriafoodisterribleinourcampus.Firstofall,themashedpotatoescouldbeusedtomakeacollage大杂烩.Next,themeatmustbecutinsmallpiecesbecauseitstootoughtochew.Finally,thevegetablesarecookedsolongyoucanttellthestringbeansfromthespinach.Inshort,ourschoolcafeteriaservesfoodthatisunfitforstudentconsumption.,Thecafeteriafoodisterribleinourcampus.Firstofall,themashedpotatoescouldbeusedtomakeacollage大杂烩.Next,themeatmustbecutinsmallpiecesbecauseitstootoughtochew.Finally,thevegetablesarecookedsolongyoucanttellthestringbeansfromthespinach.Inshort,ourschoolcafeteriaservesfoodthatisunfitforstudentconsumption.,Pleasewriteashortconcludingsentenceforthefollowingparagraph.,Cultureshockhasfourmainstages.Inthefirststage,everythinginthehostculture东道国isexcitingandnew.Inthesecondstage,visitorsstartfeelingfrustrated失意的，受挫折的duetoproblems.Afterthisstageoffrustration,visitorsstarttorelaxandlaughmore.Inthefinalstage,thevisitorsstarttofeeladjusted（adjust调整，使适合）inthehostcountry.ConcludingSentence:?,Pleasewriteashortconcludingsentenceforthefollowingparagraph.,Cultureshockhasfourmainstages.Inthefirststage,everythinginthehostcultureisexcitingandnew.Inthesecondstage,visitorsstartfeelingfrustratedduetoproblems.Afterthisstageoffrustration,visitorsstarttorelaxandlaughmore.Inthefinalstage,thevisitorsstarttofeeladjustedinthehostcountry.Followingtheinitial初步的adjustment调整periodoflivinginadifferentculture,comesatruesenseofbelonging,beingonewithhostculture.,Pleasefindoutthetopicsentenceandsupportingideas，andconcludingsentenceforthefollowingparagraph.,Generallyspeaking,Englishisadifficultlanguageformetolearn.Forexample,vocabularyisaproblem.Sometimes,severalwordslike“thin”,“slender”,“skinny”,or“slim”havealmostthesamemeaning.Howcanyoutellwhichwordtouse?Pronunciationishardalso.Mytonguewillnotmakesoundssuchas“the”,“g”,and“k”.Furthermore,writingpresentsawholegroupofdifferentobstacles:grammar,wordorder,andspelling.TheseareonlysomeofthedifficultiesIhavewiththislanguage.,Generallyspeaking,Englishisadifficultlanguageformetolearn.Forexample,vocabularyisaproblem.Sometimes,severalwordslike“thin”,“slender”,“skinny”,or“slim”havealmostthesamemeaning.Howcanyoutellwhichwordtouse?Pronunciationishardalso.Mytonguewillnotmakesoundssuchas“the”,“g”,and“k”.Furthermore,writingpresentsawholegroupofdifferentobstacles:grammar,wordorder,andspelling.TheseareonlysomeofthedifficultiesIhavewiththislanguage.,Pleasefindoutthetopicsentenceandsupportingideas，andconcludingsentenceforthefollowingparagraph.,Makethefollowinggroupsofsentencesinorderbyfirstchoosingoneasthetopicsentence.,a.Forexample,youdontneedmanyclothes.b.However,despitetheseadvantages,thosewhohavelivedinwarmclimatesandincoldclimatesoftenpreferacoldclimatebecauseitislessmonotonousandofferswintersports.c.Inaddition,youdonthavetoshovelsnoworpayheatingbills.d.Livinginaplacewheretheweatherisalwayswarmhasitsadvantages.e.Youcanwearlightweight,inexpensive,andeasy-to-cleancottonclothingallyear.,Makethefollowinggroupsofsentencesinorderbyfirstchoosingoneasthetopicsentence.,d.Livinginaplacewheretheweatherisalwayswarmhasitsadvantages.a.Forexample,youdontneedmanyclothes.e.Youcanwearlightweight,inexpensive,andeasy-to-cleancottonclothingallyear.c.Inaddition,youdonthavetoshovelsnoworpayheatingbills.b.However,despitetheseadvantages,thosewhohavelivedinwarmclimatesandincoldclimatesoftenpreferacoldclimatebecauseitislessmonotonousandofferswintersports.,Whichsentencedoesnotdevelopthecontrollingidea?,Topicsentence:Ienjoyweekends.a.IcansleeplateonSaturdaymorning.b.MyfriendsandIcanvisitandrunaround.c.Icandoallkindsofshopping.d.SchoolassignmentsaredueonSunday.e.WeusuallygoforarideonSundayafternoons.,Whichsentencedoesnotdevelopthecontrollingidea?,Topicsentence:Ienjoyweekends.a.IcansleeplateonSaturdaymorning.b.MyfriendsandIcanvisitandrunaround.c.Icandoallkindsofshopping.d.SchoolassignmentsaredueonSunday.e.WeusuallygoforarideonSundayafternoons.,Whatmakesagoodparagraph?,EffectiveParagraphs,Aparagraphisaunitofthought;itisatonceaunitinitselfandpartofalargerwhole,thatis,theessay.Aparagraphislikeamini-essay;itshouldbeunified统一的,coherent连贯的andwelldeveloped.,ParagraphUnity,Aparagraphisunifiedwhenallthesentencesintheparagrapharefocusedononecentralthoughtoronasingletopic.Whenyouwanttointroduceanewthoughtortopic,youshouldbeginanewparagraph.,ParagraphUnity,Unityofaparagraphisconcernedwithitscontent.Ifallthesentencesintheparagraphleadtoonecentraltheme一个中心思想,theparagraphisunified.Thecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.Itoftenappearsatthebeginningoftheparagraph;however,itmayalsobefoundinthemiddleorattheendofaparagraph.,Myfathersfaceisrough.Hiscomplexion面色isleathery像皮革的andwrinkled皱的.Therearelargepores毛孔intheskinthatcoverhisnoseandcheeks.Hisnose,brokentwiceinhislife,makeshimlooklikeaboxerwhohaslosttoomanyfights.Hismouth,unlesshesmiles,lookshardandthreatening.Hischinismassive厚重andangular尖角的.Shavedornot,myfathersfaceisrugged.,Myfatherisverystrictwithhischildren,especiallyme.hewontletmeoutofwork.Frankly,IdontcarewhetherIgotoschoolornot.Schoolissuchawasteoftime.Therearentanygoodjobs,anyway.Mymotherdoesntagreewithmyfather.Theyquarrelalot.SometimesIwishtheywouldgetadivorce,butthenwhowouldIlivewith?,Myfathersfaceisrough.Hiscomplexion面色isleathery像皮革的andwrinkled皱的.Therearelargepores毛孔intheskinthatcoverhisnoseandcheeks.Hisnose,brokentwiceinhislife,makeshimlooklikeaboxerwhohaslosttoomanyfights.Hismouth,unlesshesmiles,lookshardandthreatening.Hischinismassive厚重andangular尖角的.Shavedornot,myfathersfaceisrugged.,Myfatherisverystrictwithhischildren,especiallyme.hewontletmeoutofwork.Frankly,IdontcarewhetherIgotoschoolornot.Schoolissuchawasteoftime.Therearentanygoodjobs,anyway.Mymotherdoesntagreewithmyfather.Theyquarrelalot.SometimesIwishtheywouldgetadivorce,butthenwhowouldIlivewith?,Isthisparagraphunified?Ifnot,pleaserewriteitandmakeitunified.,Oneofthefirstproblemsthatstudentshaveislearningtouseacomputer.Allstudentswererequiredtobuyacomputerbeforeschoolstarted.Throughoutthefirstsemesterwetookaspecialcoursetoteachustouseacomputer.Mynotebookcomputerhasalargememoryandcandowordprocessingandspreadsheets.Ithasaharddriveandamodem.MyparentswerehappythatIhadacomputer,buttheywereconcernedabouttheprice.Tuitionwashigh,andwhentheyaddedinthepriceofthecomputer,itwasalmostoutofreach.Tooffset弥补expenses,Igotapart-timejobintheschoollibrary.NowIamdeterminedtoovercome“computeranxiety”andtomastermycomputerbytheendofthesemester.,Isthisparagraphunified?Ifnot,pleaserewriteitandmakeitunified.,Oneofthefirstproblemsthatstudentshaveislearningtouseacomputer.Allstudentswererequiredtobuyacomputerbeforeschoolstarted.Throughoutthefirstsemesterwetookaspecialcoursetoteachustouseacomputer.Mynotebookcomputerhasalargememoryandcandowordprocessingandspreadsheets.Ithasaharddriveandamodem.MyparentswerehappythatIhadacomputer,buttheywereconcernedabouttheprice.Tuitionwashigh,andwhentheyaddedinthepriceofthecomputer,itwasalmostoutofreach.Tooffset弥补expenses,Igotapart-timejobintheschoollibrary.NowIamdeterminedtoovercome“computeranxiety”andtomastermycomputerbytheendofthesemester.,OneofthefirstproblemsthatIhadasacollegestudentwaslearningtousemycomputer.Allfirst-yearstudentswererequiredtobuyacomputerbeforeschoolstarted.Throughoutthefirstsemester,wetookaspecialcoursetoteachustousethecomputer.Intheorythissystemsoundedfine,butinmycaseitwasdisaster.Inthefirstplace,theclosestIhadevercometoacomputerwasthehand-heldcalculatorIusedinmathclass.Inthesecondplace,Icouldnottype.Andtomakemattersworse,manyofthepeopleinmycomputerorientationcourse电脑入门课alreadyknewhowtooperateacomputer.BytheendofthefirstweekIwasconvinced确信thatIwouldneverbeabletoworkwithmycomputer.,Usethefollowingsentenceasbeginningtopicsentencetowriteashortbutunifiedparagraphs.,Youngpeoplefeeltheneedfortheirparentstotreatthemequally.,ParagraphCoherence,ParagraphCoherence,Aparagraphiscoherentwhenitdevelopsnaturally自然地andsmoothly平稳地,andonesentenceleadslogicallytoanother.,Coherence,Coherenceofaparagraphisconcernedwithitsform,oritsorganization.Thesentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder,andthetransitions过渡shouldbesmoothandnatural.Asaresult,thereaderfindsiteasytofollowthewriterstrainofthought思路andunderstandwhatheistalkingabout.,Comparethefollowingtwoparagraphs,Roybroughthisbasketball.Weplayedbasketball.Weplayedfortwohours.Wewerehot.Wewerethirsty.ConnieandRoysmombroughtuslemonadeandsandwiches.Weatethemforlunch.Wehadalotoffun.Roybroughthisbasketballsowecouldplay.Weplayedfortwohours.Bythetimewefinishedplaying,wewerehotandthirsty.Luckily,ConnieandRoysmomshowedupjustthenandbroughtuslemonadeandsandwichesforlunch.Wehadalotoffun.,Whatmakesacoherentparagraph?,1.GoodTransitionsCoherencemaynotbeperfectevenifthewriterarrangeshissentencesinaclear,logicalorder.Hehastousegoodtransitionssothatonesentencerunssmoothlytoanother.,Togetthemostoutofhistextbooks,astudentshouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,heshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,heshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsashereads.Next,heshouldmakenotesofthemajorpointsofeachchapter.Afterthat,heshouldtesthimselftobesurethathecananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassandinexaminations.Finally,heshouldreviewhisnotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartohim.,BecausetheClubTropicislocatedinaremoteplace,thiscausedmanyinconveniencesamongsomevacationers.Thequalityofthefoodwaspoor.Peoplewantedachoiceofentertainmentintheevening.Mostofusspenttoomuchtimetogetherdayafterday.Peopleexpectedtobeabletogooutforamealiftheyfeltlikeit.,Togetthemostoutofhistextbooks,astudentshouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,heshouldmakeapreliminarysurvey预测ofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,heshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulate明确表达questionsashereads.Next,heshouldmakenotesofthemajorpointsofeachchapter.Afterthat,heshouldtesthimselftobesurethathecananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassandinexaminations.Finally,heshouldreviewhisnotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartohim.,BecausetheClubTropicislocatedinaremoteplace,thiscausedmanyinconveniencesamongsomevacationers.Thequalityofthefoodwaspoor.Peoplewantedachoiceofentertainmentintheevening.Mostofusspenttoomuchtimetogetherdayafterday.Peopleexpectedtobeabletogooutforamealiftheyfeltlikeit.,Whatmakesacoherentparagraph?,2.LogicalsentencesThesentencesinaparagraphmustbelogicallyrelatedtotheonebeforeandafterthem.,Thefollowingparagraphlackcoherence.Pleasechangetheorderofsentencestomakethemcoherent.,Ihadaterriblemorningtoday.Inthemiddle