生物专业英语上传ppt课件.ppt

1.1WhatisBiology?1.2TheOriginofLife1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife1.4TheHistoryofBiologyAdditionalReading,Chapter1Biology,1,Biologyisthestudyoflife.Alongsidephysicsandchemistry,biologyisoneofthelargestandmostimportantbranchesofscience.Atthehighestlevel,biologyisbrokendownbasedonthetypeoforganismbeingstudied:zoology,thestudyofanimals;botany,ofplants;andmicrobiology,ofmicroorganisms.EachfieldhascontributedtomankindortheEarthswell-beinginnumerousways.Mostprominently:botany,toagriculture;zoology,tolivestockandprotectionofecologies;andmicrobiology,tothestudyofdiseaseandecosystemsingeneral.,1.1WhatisBiology?,2,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases,biologybaildin.生物学organism:gnizmn.生物体zoologyzuldin.动物学botanybtnin.植物学microbiologymaikrubaildin.微生物学microorganismmaikru:gnizmn.微生物well-beingwelbi:in.健康，福利agriculturegrikltn.农业livestocklaivstkn.家畜，牲畜ecologyi:kldin.生态学diseasedizi:zn.疾病ecosystemekusistmn.生态系统,3,Besidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied,biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub-disciplines,whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories.Thisincludesbiochemistry,theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry;molecularbiology,whichlooksatlifeonthemolecularlevel;cellularbiology,whichstudiesdifferenttypesofcellsandhowtheywork;physiology,whichlooksatorganismsattheleveloftissuesandorgans;ecology,whichstudiestheinteractionsbetweenorganismsthemselves;ethology,whichstudiesthebehaviorofanimals,especiallycomplexanimals;andgenetics,overlappingwithmolecularbiology,whichstudiesthecodeoflife,DNA.,1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued),4,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),classificationklsifikeinn.分类，类别biochemistrybaiukemistrin.生物化学molecularbiology分子生物学molecularlevel分子水平cellularbiology细胞生物学physiologyfizildin.生理学tissuetisju:n.（生物的）组织organ:gnn.（生物的）器官interactionintrknn.相互关系，相互作用ethologyi:ldin.动物行为学geneticsdinetiksn.遗传学overlapuvlpn.重叠，重复codekudn.密码，法则,5,Thefoundationsofmodernbiologyincludefourcomponents:celltheory;thatlifeismadeoffundamentalunitscalledcells;evolution,thatlifeisnotdeliberatelydesignedbyratherevolvesincrementallythroughrandommutationsandnaturalselection;genetheory,thattinymolecularsequencesofDNAdictatetheentirestructureofanorganismandarepassedfromparentstooffspring;andhomeostasis,thateachorganismsbodyincludesacomplexsuiteofprocessesdesignedtopreserveitsbiochemistryfromtheentropiceffectsoftheexternalenvironment.,1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued),6,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),celltheoryn.细胞理论evolutioni:vlu:nn.进化randommutation随即突变naturalselection自然选择genetheory基因理论molecularsequence分子序列parentprntn.亲本，母本offspring:fsprin.后代，子孙homeostasishumisteisisn.自动平衡，体内平衡entropiceffect熵效应,7,ThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx-raycrystallographyinthe1950s,althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails,andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety.Butitshouldbemadeclearthatwearemovingtowardscompleteunderstanding:life,whilecomplex,consistsofafiniteamountofcomplexitythatonlyappreciablyincreasesonrelativelylongtimescalesofhundredsofthousandsormillionsofyears.Evolution,whilecreative,operatesslowly.,1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued),8,Inrecentyears,muchexcitementinbiologyhascenteredonthesequencingofgenomesandtheircomparison,calledgenomics,andthecreationoflifewithcustom-writtenDNAprogramming,calledsyntheticbiology.Thesefieldsaresuretocontinuegrabbingtheheadlinesinthenearfuture.,1.1WhatisBiology?(Continued),9,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),x-raycrystallographyx射线晶体衍射学genomedi:numn.基因组genomicsdnumiksn.基因组学syntheticbiology合成生物学,10,NotestotheDifficultSentences,Besidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied,biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub-disciplines,whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories.,生物学的内容除了包括根据所研究生物种类的不同对其进行分类的有关知识，还包括许多其它专业化的分支学科知识，这些学科知识可能集中在一类生物或者生活在同一生境的各类生物方面。,11,NotestotheDifficultSentences(Continued),ThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx-raycrystallographyinthe1950s,althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails,andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety.,直到20世纪50年代，用X射线衍射得到DNA的结构之前，人们对于生物学的认识一直是粗浅的。尽管人们对生物学进行了不断地探索，但生命现象如此的复杂，以至于彻底研究清楚可能需要成百上千年的时间。,12,1.1Exercises-Matching,1).biologya).thestudyofanimals2).zoologyb).theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry3).botanyc).thestudyofthebehaviorofanimals4).microbiologyd).thestudyoflife5).biochemistrye).looksatlifeonthemolecularlevel6).molecularbiologyf).studiesthecodeoflife7).ecologyg).thestudyofplants8).ethologyh).thestudyofmicroorganisms9).geneticsi).studiestheinteractionsbetweenorganisms,daghbeicf,13,Theoriginoflifearethoughttohaveoccurredsometimebetween4.4billionyearsago,whentheoceansandcontinentswerejuststartingtoform,and2.7billionyearsago,whenitiswidelyacceptedthatmicroorganismsexistedinvastnumbersduetotheirinfluenceoverisotoperatiosintherelevantstrata.Whereexactlyinthis1.7billionyearrangethetrueoriginoflifecanbefoundislesscertain.Acontroversialpaperpublishedin2002bytheUCLApaleontologistWilliamSchopfarguedthatwavygeologicalformationscalledstromalitesinfactcontain3.5billionyear-oldfossilizedalgaemicrobes.SomepaleontologistsdisagreewithSchopfsconclusionsandestimatethefirstlifeataround3.0billionyearsofageinsteadof3.5billion.,1.2TheOriginofLife,14,EvidencefromtheIsuasupracrustalbeltinWesternGreenlandsuggestsanevenearlierdatefortheoriginoflife-3.85billionyearsago.S.Mojzismakesthisestimatebasedonisotopeconcentrations.BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon-12,areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher-than-normalratioofCarbon-12toitsheavierisotope,Carbon-13.Thisiswidelyknown,buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward,andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleaguesconclusions.,1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued),15,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases,originoflife生命的起源isotopeaistupn.同位素stratastreitn.地层geologicaldildikladj.地质学的stromalitestrumtlaitn.叠层石fossilizefsilaizvt.&vi.使成化石,使陈腐algaeldi:n.水藻，海藻alga的复数形式microbemaikrubn.微生物paleontologistplintldistn.古生物学家supracrustalsju:prkrstladj.(地层、岩组等)覆盖基底岩石的,上地壳的carbonk:bnn.碳sedimentsedimntn.沉淀,16,Wedonotknowtheexactgeologicalconditionsofthisplanet3billionyearsago,butwedohavearoughidea,andcanrecreatetheseconditionsinalaboratory.StanleyMillerandHaroldUreyrecreatedtheseconditionsintheirfamous1953investigation,theMiller-Ureyexperiment.Usingahighlyreduced(non-oxygenated)mixtureofgasessuchasmethane,ammonia,andhydrogen,thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganicmonomers,suchasaminoacids,inacompletelyinorganicenvironment.Now,free-floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself-replicating,metabolism-imbuedmicroorganisms,buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted.,1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued),17,geologicalcondition地质条件laboratorylbrt:rin.实验室oxygenateksidineitv.以氧处理,氧化n.氧化剂methanemeeinn.甲烷，沼气ammoniamunjn.氨hydrogenhaidrdnn.氢organic:gnikadj.器官的,有机的monomermnmn.单体aminoacid氨基酸inorganicin:gnikadj.无机的,无生物的self-replicateselfreplikeitv.自我复制metabolismmetblizmn.新陈代谢,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),18,InthelargewarmoceansofearlyEarth,quintillionsofthesemoleculeswouldrandomlycollideandcombine,eventuallymakingarudimentaryproto-genomeofsomesort.However,thishypothesisisconfusedbythefactthattheenvironmentcreatedintheMiller-Ureyexperimenthadhighconcentrationsofchemicalsthatwouldhavepreventedtheformationofcomplexpolymersfromthemonomerbuildingblocks.,1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued),19,quintillionkwintiljnn.百万的三次方moleculemlikju:ln.分子rudimentaryru:dmentri:adj.基本的,初步的,未充分发展的proto-genomen.原始的基因组hypothesishaipsisn.假说,假设,猜测polymerplimn.多聚体,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),20,Inthe1950sand1960s,anotherresearcher,SidneyFox,madeanearly-Earth-likeenvironmentinalabandstudiedthedynamics.Heobservedthespontaneousformationofpeptidesfromaminoacidprecursors,andsawthesechemicalssometimesarrangedthemselvesintomicrospheres,orclosedsphericalmembranes,whichhesuggestedwereprotocells.Ifcertainmicrospheresformedwhichwerecapableofencouragingthegrowthofadditionalmicrospheresaroundthem,itwouldamounttoaprimitiveformofself-replication,andeventuallyDarwinianevolutionwouldtakeover,creatingeffectiveself-replicatorsliketodayscyanobacteria.,1.2TheOriginofLife(Continued),21,dynamicsdainmiksn.力学,动力学,动态peptidepeptaidn.肽membranemembreinn.薄膜，膜状物proto-celln.细胞的原始状态microspheremaikrsfin.微球体,微滴primitiveprimitivadj.原始的,简陋的self-replicationn.自我复制Darwinianevolution达尔文进化cyanobacteriasainubktin.蓝细菌cyanobacterium的复数形式,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),22,BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon-12,areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher-than-normalratioofCarbon-12toitsheavierisotope,Carbon-13.Thisiswidelyknown,buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward,andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleaguesconclusions.,NotestotheDifficultSentences,因为生命优先吸收同位素碳-12，所以在生命存在的地方含有比正常值更高的碳-12与更重的同位素碳-13的比值。这是众所周知的，但是用沉淀物来解释并不够直接，所以古生物学家们并不完全认同他们同行的结论。,23,Usingahighlyreduced(non-oxygenated)mixtureofgasessuchasmethane,ammonia,andhydrogen,thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganicmonomers,suchasaminoacids,inacompletelyinorganicenvironment.Now,free-floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself-replicating,metabolism-imbuedmicroorganisms,buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted.,NotestotheDifficultSentences(Continued),这些科学家使用高度还原的（非氧化）甲烷、氨和氢等的气体混合物，在一个绝对无机环境中合成了氨基酸等基本的有机单体。尽管这些游离氨基酸远不同于现在的自我复制并具有各种新陈代谢的微生物，但是它们至少暗示生命是怎样发生的。,24,1.2Exercises-Matching,1).stromalitesa).ascientistwhostudiespaleontology,learningabouttheformslifethatexistedinformergeologicperiods,chieflybystudyingfossils.2).proto-genomeb).aproposedexplanationforaphenomenon.3).paleontologistc).theprimitiveformofagenome4).Proto-celld).wavygeologicalformations5).hypothesise).theprimitiveformofacell,dcaeb,25,1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife,Biologyisthesciencethatdealswiththestudyofvarietiesoflivingorganismsincludingourselves.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesinthefactthatbiologyattemptstofindouttheunifyingprinciplethatexistsamongdiverseorganismshavingmorphologicalandfunctionalinequalities.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifecanbeconsideredfromthetwonaturaldivisionsofthescienceitself,plantlifeandanimallife.,26,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases,morphologicalm:fldikladj.形态学的functionalfknladj.功能的,实用的inequalityinikwltin.不平等,不平均,不平坦divisiondivinn.划分,部门,27,Agricultureplaysgreatroleinnarratingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife.Agricultureislargelytheresultofmanstakingtheadvantageoftheinterrelationsofsoil,climateandnaturalhabitattoselectthoseparticularcombinationsthatmeethisbasicrequirements.Thustoprovidenecessaryfood,mandependsentirelyongreenplantsthatcanalonecapturethesolarenergy.Highyieldingvarietiesofcropplantslikerice,wheat,jute,sugarcane,pulsesetcarenowbredexperimentally.Disease-resistantgrainsandvernalizedseedsaremade.Biologicalcontrolstrategiesareundertakenaspestcontrolemphasizingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife.Modernmandoesnotdependonfishingandhuntinglikeourancestorsandinsteadrearsfishesaswellascattleandvariousotherdomesticanimalstogetfoodandothernecessitiesoflife.Thishasresultedinthedevelopmentoffisheryandanimalhusbandry.Theimportanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesintheproductionofclothesandtimberformakingfurniture,insuppliedrawmaterialsforpaper,dyes,etc.Fossilsareimportantinlocatingundergroundoilandnaturalgasreserves.Evencoalandmineraloilformedfromdecomposedplantbodiesarekeytoindustrialprosperity.,1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife(Continued),28,interrelationintrileinn.相互关系habitathbittn.栖息地,产地greenplants绿色植物solarenergy太阳能jutedu:tn.黄麻纤维sugarcane甘蔗pulseplsn.豌豆和豆类等结荚植物可食性种子Disease-resistantadj.抗病的graingreinn.谷物,谷类vernalizev:nlaizv.施以春化处理,以人工方法促进发育biologicalcontrol生物学防治pestcontrol昆虫防治domesticdmestikadj.驯养的fisheryfirin.渔场,渔业animalhusbandry畜牧业decomposedi:kmpuzvi.分解,腐烂vt.腐烂,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),29,Medicaladvancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives.Thestudyofdreadeddiseases,theircausativeagents,cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditaryabnormalitieslikehaemophilia,Downssyndrome,etc.Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics.Biologystudyhasavitalroleincontrollingenvironmentalpollutionandattractedsenseofartandbeauty.,1.3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife(Continued),30,medicalmedikladj.医疗的,医学的,医药的,内科的medicaladvancement医学进展dreaddredadj.可怕的,恐怖的v.恐惧,害怕causativek:ztivadj.引起.的causativeagent病原体，病原物hereditaryhireditriadj.世袭的,遗传的abnormalitybn:mlitin.异常,畸形haemophiliahi:mfilin.血友病,出血不止Downssyndrome唐氏综合症eugenicsju:deniksn.优生学environmentalpollution环境污染,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),31,NotestotheDifficultSentences,Medicaladvancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives.Thestudyofdreadeddiseases,theircausativeagents,cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering.Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditaryabnormalitieslikehaemophilia,Downssyndrome,etc.Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics.,医学上的进展也体现出了生物学在日常生活中的重要意义。研究令人可怕的疾病、治疗疾病的药物、治疗疾病的方法以及药物活性是人类领悟生物学努力使其痛苦最小化的一种方式。生物学的重要意义也体现在人们对血友病、唐氏综合症等遗传畸形疾病的发现和治疗方面。生物学的目的就是致力于借助优生学知识努力改善人的种族。,32,1.3Exercise-Matching,1).agriculturea).geneticallytransmittedortransmittablefromparenttooffspring2).morphologicalb).agroupofhereditarygeneticdisordersthatimpairthebodysabilitytocontrolbloodclottingorcoagulation3).hereditaryc).thecultivationofanimals,plants,fungiandotherlifeformsforfood,fiber,andotherproductsusedtosustainlife.4).haemophiliad).theappliedscienceorthebiosocialmovementwhichadvocatestheuseofpracticesaimedatimprovingthegeneticcompositionofapopulation.5).decomposee).relatingtoorconcernedwiththemorphologyofplants,microorganismsandanimals6).eugenicsf).toseparateintocomponentsorbasicelementsorcausetorot.,ceabfd,33,1.4TheHistoryofBiologyAdditionalReading,Thehistoryofbiologytracesthestudyofthelivingworldfromancienttomoderntimes.Althoughtheconceptofbiologyasasinglecoherentfieldaroseinthe19thcentury,thebiologicalsciencesemergedfromtraditionsofmedicineandnaturalhistoryreachingbacktoayurveda,ancientEgyptianmedicineandtheworksofAristotleandGalenintheancientGreco-Romanworld.,34,ThisancientworkwasfurtherdevelopedintheMiddleAgesbyMuslimphysiciansandscholarssuchasAvicenna.DuringtheEuropeanRenaissanceandearlymodernperiod,biologicalthoughtwasrevolutionizedinEuropebyarenewedinterestinempiricismandthediscoveryofmanynovelorganisms.ProminentinthismovementwereVesaliusandHarvey,whousedexperimentationandcarefulobservationinphysiology,andnaturalistssuchasLinnaeusandBuffonwhobegantoclassifythediversityoflifeandthefossilrecord,aswellasthedevelopmentandbehavioroforganisms.Microscopyrevealedthepreviouslyunknownworldofmicroorganisms,layingthegroundworkforcelltheory.Thegrowingimportanceofnaturaltheology,partlyaresponsetotheriseofmechanicalphilosophy,encouragedthegrowthofnaturalhistory(althoughitentrenchedtheargumentfromdesign).,1.4TheHistoryofBiologyAdditionalReading(Continued),35,medicinemedisinn.医学novelnvladj.新奇的experimentationiksperimenteinn.抽象的实验法classifyklsifaivt.分类,归类diversitydaiv:sitin.多样性,差异microscopymaikr.skupin.显微镜使用,用显微镜检查theologyildin.自然神学mechanicalphilosophy机械论哲学,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases,36,Overthe18thand19thcenturies,biologicalsciencessuchasbotanyandzoologybecameincreasinglyprofessionalscientificdisciplines.Lavoisierandotherphysicalscientistsbegantoconnecttheanimateandinanimateworldsthroughphysicsandchemistry.Explorer-naturalistssuchasAlexandervonHumboldtinvestigatedtheinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment,andthewaysthisrelationshipdependsongeographylayingthefoundationsforbiogeography,ecologyandethology.Naturalistsbegantorejectessentialismandconsidertheimportanceofextinctionandthemutabilityofspecies.Celltheoryprovidedanewperspectiveonthefundamentalbasisoflife.Thesedevelopments,aswellastheresultsfromembryologyandpaleontology,weresynthesizedinCharlesDarwinstheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection.Theendofthe19thcenturysawthefallofspontaneousgenerationandtheriseofthegermtheoryofdisease,thoughthemechanismofinheritanceremainedamystery.,1.4TheHistoryofBiologyAdditionalReading(Continued),37,biologicalsciences生物科学naturalistntrlistn.自然主义者biogeographybaiudigrfin.生物地理学mutabilitymju:tbiltin.易变性speciesspi:i:zn.种类,（单复同）物种embryologyembrildin.胚胎学,发生学spontaneousgeneration自然发生germd:mn.病原微生物mechanismmeknizmn.机制,原理inheritanceinheritnsn.遗传，继承,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),38,Intheearly20thcentury,therediscoveryofMendelsworkledtotherapiddevelopmentofgeneticsbyThomasHuntMorganandhisstudents,andbythe1930sthecombinationofpopulationgeneticsandnaturalselectionintheneo-Darwiniansynthesis.Newdisciplinesdevelopedrapidly,especiallyafterWatsonandCrickproposedthestructureofDNA.FollowingtheestablishmentoftheCentralDogmaandthecrackingofthegeneticcode,biologywaslargelysplitbetweenorganismalbiology-thefieldsthatdealwithwholeorganismsandgroupsoforganisms-andthefieldsrelatedtocellularandmolecularbiology.Bythelate20thcentury,newfieldslikegenomicsandproteomicswerereversingthistrend,withorganismalbiologistsusingmoleculartechniques,andmolecularandcellbiologistsinvestigatingtheinterplaybetweengenesandtheenvironment,aswellasthegeneticsofnaturalpopulationsoforganisms.,1.4TheHistoryofBiologyAdditionalReading(Continued),39,populationgenetics数量遗传学CentralDogma中心法则geneticcode遗传密码organismalbiology有机体生物学proteomicsprutiumiksn.蛋白质组学biologistbaildistn.生物学家moleculartechnique分子技术,ProfessionalWordsandPhrases(Continued),40,Attheb