ChapterI3Chinesepeople

Chinesepeople,56ethnicgroups,安徽怀远第一中学新课标下高中英语教学中的中国文化习俗渗透研究课题组编辑整理,Contents:,Part1:IntroductionPart2:HistoryPart3:PopulationandLocationPart4:EthnicminoritiesinFujianProvincePart5:EthnicinHongKong,MacauandTaiwanPart6:Myview,First:Introduction,EthnicgroupsinChinaareoftencallednationalitiesinofficialEnglish-languagedocumentsofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,suchasthenations1982-adoptedconstitution.ThisisinthenamingstyleoftheSovietUniongovernment.TheChinesewordminzu(民族)isusedtotranslatetheGermanandRussianwordsforpeopleandnationalityasusedinMarxist-Leninistideology.However,alltheethnicminoritiesinChinaareChinesecitizens,regardlessofthefactthattheyaresometimesreferredtoasdifferentnationalitiesinEnglish,andtheChinese-languagetermthatisusedtorefertodifferentethnicgroups,minzu,isnotspecificoncitizenshipstatus.Officially,English-languagetermssuchasethnicminorities,ethnicgroups,andnationalminoritiesarealsousedinPRCpublications.,Second:History,TheimmediaterootsoftheZhonghuaminzulieintheQingdynastyfoundedbytheManchuclanAisinGioro（满族氏族:新爱觉罗-傅仪）inwhatistodaynortheastChina.TheQingEmperorssoughttoportraythemselvesasidealConfucianrulersfortheHanChinese,GrandkhansfortheMongols,andChakravartin(转轮圣王)kingsforTibetanBuddhists.Beforetheriseofnationalismpeopleweregenerallyloyaltothecity-state,thefeudalfiefanditslordor,inthecaseofChina,tothedynasticstate.TheconceptofZhonghuaminzuwasfirstpubliclyespousedbyPresidentYuanShikaiin1912,shortlyaftertheoverthrowoftheQingDynastyandthefoundingoftheRepublicofChina.,Nationalismspreadintheearly19thcenturytocentralEuropeandfromtheretoeasternandsoutheasternEuropeandintheearly20thcenturynationalismbegantoappearinChina.HanChinesenationalistssuchasSunYat-seninitiallyplannedtoexpeltheManchusasforeigninvadersandestablishaChinesenation-statemodelledcloselyafterGermanyandJapan.,FacingtheimminentindependenceofOuterMongoliafromChina,YuanShikaistated,OuterMongoliaispartofZhonghuaminzutheChinesenationandhasbeenofonefamilyforcenturies(外蒙同為中華民族，數百年來儼如一家).AfterthefoundingofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,theconceptofZhonghuaminzubecameinfluencedbySovietnationalitiespolicy.Officially,thePRCisaunitarystatecomposedof56ethnicgroups,ofwhichtheHanethnicgroupisbyfarthelargest.TheconceptofZhonghuaminzuisseenasanall-encompassingcategoryconsistingofpeoplewithinthebordersofthePRC.,Third:Population:,TheHanChinesearethelargestethnicgroup,wheresome91.59%ofthepopulationwasclassifiedasHanChinese(1.2billion).BesidesthemajorityHanChinese,55othernationalitiesorethnicgroupsarerecognisedinmainlandChinabythePRCgovernment,numberingapproximately105millionpeople,mostlyconcentratedinthenorthwest,north,northeast,south,andsouthwestbutwithsomeincentralinteriorareas.ThemajorminorityethnicgroupsareZhuang(16.1million),Manchu(10.6million),Hui(9.8million),Miao(8.9million),Uyghur(8.3million),Tujia(8million),Yi(7.7million),Mongol(5.8million),Tibetan(5.4million),Buyei(2.9million),Dong(2.9million),Yao(2.6million),Korean(1.9million),Bai(1.8million),Hani(1.4million),Kazakh(1.2million),Li(1.2million),andDai(1.1million),Part:Themainethnicgroupsandlocation:,HanChineseconstituteabout92%ofthepopulationofthePeoplesRepublicofChina(mainlandChina),98%ofthepopulationoftheRepublicofChina(Taiwan),78%ofthepopulationofSingapore,andabout20%oftheentireglobalhumanpopulation.Thereissubstantialgenetic,linguistic,cultural,andsocialdiversityamongthesubgroupsoftheHan,mainlyduetothousandsofyearsofimmigrationandassimilationofvariousregionalethnicitiesandtribeswithinChina.TheHanChineseareasubsetoftheChinesenation(Zhonghuaminzu).ManyHanandotherChinesealsocallthemselvesDescendantsoftheYanDi(YanEmperor)andHuangDi(YellowEmperor)(Chinese:炎黃子孫or炎黄子孙).,Part:EthnicminoritiesinChina,EthnicminoritiesinChinarefertothenon-HanChinesepopulationinthePeoplesRepublicofChinaandtheRepublicofChina.ThePeoplesRepublicofChina(PRC)officiallyrecognizes55ethnicminoritygroupswithinChinainadditiontotheHanmajority.Asofthemid-2000s,thecombinedpopulationofofficiallyrecognisedminoritygroupsnumberedat123.33million,comprising9.44%ofmainlandChinaandTaiwanstotalpopulation.Inadditiontotheseofficiallyrecognizedethnicminoritygroups,therearePRCnationalswhoprivatelyclassifythemselvesasmembersofunrecognizedethnicgroups(suchasJewish,Tuvan,OiratandIliTurki).Also,foreignnationalswhohavebecomeChinesecitizensformanotherseparategroup.Bydefinition,theseethnicminoritygroups,togetherwiththeHanmajority,makeupthegreaterChinesenationalityknownasZhonghuaMinzu.ChineseminoritiesalonearereferredtoasShaoshuMinzu.,TheZhuangareanethnicgroupofpeoplewhomostlyliveintheGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegioninsouthernChina.SomealsoliveintheYunnan,Guangdong,GuizhouandHunanprovinces.Theyformoneofthe55minorityethnicgroupsofficiallyrecognizedbythePeoplesRepublicofChina.Theirpopulation,estimatedat18millionpeople,putsthemsecondonlytotheHanChineseandmakestheZhuangthelargestminorityinChina.TheManchupeople:areaTungusicpeople（通古斯满语族）whooriginatedinManchuria(todaysnortheasternChina).ThenumberofChinesetodaywithsomeManchuancestryisquitelarge-with10.68millionmembers(inChina),Manchuisthe3rdlargestethnicgroupinChinaaftertheHanandtheZhuang.TheHuipeople(Chinese:回族)areanethnicgroupinChina,typicallydistinguishedbytheirpracticeofIslam,andmanyofwhomaredirectdescendantsofSilkRoadtravelers.InmodernPeoplesRepublicofChina,theterm“Huipeople”referstooneoftheofficiallyrecognized56ethnicgroupsintowhichChinesecitizensareclassified.Underthisdefinition,theHuipeoplearedefinedtoincludeallhistoricallyMuslimcommunitiesinPeoplesRepublicofChinathatarenotincludedinChinasotherethnicgroups,Fourth:TheethnicsinFujianProvince:,Fujianisanmulti-ethnicarea,inadditiontoHan,theethniclocationisbroadandithasalonghistory.Fujianhasapopulationof34,880,000people.Thereare54ethnicconstituteswhilethemajorpopulationisHan.Theethnicpopulationis583,800,whichaccountingfor1.71%ofthetotalpopulationoftheProvince.TheShe(畲)peopleisthemostpopulousminorityinmainlandandsecondedbytheGaoshanpeople(高山族).FujianisalsooneofthebirthplaceoftheHuipeople.,TheShepeopleinFujian:,TheShe(畲)people(SheHakka:sa;Cantonese:s;Fuzhou:sia)areaChineseethnicgroup.Theyformoneofthe56ethnicgroupsofficiallyrecognizedbythePeoplesRepublicofChina.TheyarethelargestminorityinFujianprovince.TheyarealsopresentintheprovincesofZhejiang,Anhui,JiangxiandGuangdong.,TheShepeopleinMunicipalities:,FuzhouMunicipalityXiaocangShe-nationEthnicTownship(小沧畲族乡)inLianjiangCountyNingdeMunicipalityMuyunShe-nationEthnicTownship(穆云畲族乡)inFuAnCityKangcuoShe-nationEthnicTownship(康厝畲族乡)inFuAnCityBanzhongShe-nationEthnicTownship(坂中畲族乡)inFuAnCityXiamenShe-nationEthnicTownship(硖门畲族乡)inFudingCityYantianShe-nationEthnicTownship(盐田畲族乡)inXiapuCountyShuimenShe-nationEthnicTownship(水门畲族乡)inXiapuCountyZhangzhouMunicipalityLongjiaoShe-nationEthnicTownship(隆教畲族乡)inLonghaiCityHuxiShe-nationEthnicTownship(湖西畲族乡)inZhangpuCountyChilingShe-nationEthnicTownship(赤岭畲族乡)inZhangpuCountyLongyanMunicipalityGongzhuangShe-nationEthnicTownship(宫庄畲族乡)inShanghangCountyLufengShe-nationEthnicTownship(庐丰畲族乡)inShanghangCounty,Fifth:EthnicinHongKong,MacauandTaiwan,HongKongandMacauarespecialadministrativeregionsofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.ThegovernmentsofHongKongandMacaudonotusetheofficialPRCethnicclassificationsystem,nordoesthePRCsofficialclassificationsystemtakeethnicgroupsinHongKongandMacauintoaccount.Asaresult,minoritygroupssuchasFilipinos,Indonesians,EuropeansandSouthAsiansinHongKong,aswellasPortugueseandMacanese(土生葡人peopleofmixedChinese-Portugueseancestry)inMacau,donotappearinthePRCslistofethnicitiesinChina.,Taiwaneseaborigines:ThePeoplesRepublicofChinagovernmentofficiallyreferstoallTaiwaneseaboriginesasGaoshan,whereastheRepublicofChina(Taiwan)recognizes14groupsofTaiwaneseaborigines.ThetermGaoshanhasadifferentconnotationinTaiwanthanitdoesinmainlandChina.WhileseveralthousandsoftheseaborigineshavemigratedtoFujianprovinceinmainlandChina,mostremaininTaiwan.DuetothecontestedpoliticalstatusandlegalstatusofTaiwan,thePRCclassificationofTaiwaneseaboriginesmaybecontroversial.,Myview:,WhileHanChinesemakeupthevastmajorityofChinastotalpopulation,thepopulationdistributionishighlyunevenwithlargepartso