选修7第1单元语法：不定式

动词不定式,一不定式的构成二不定式的功能三不定式的否定式四不定式的时态和语态五疑问词+不定式,一、不定式的构成,动词不定式一般由“+动词原形”构成。它在句子中起名词形容词或副词的作用，同时也保留着动词的一些特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。Atthe2004AthensOlympicGames,LiuXiangexcitedallthepeopleoverAsiawhenhebecamethefirstAsiantowinthegoldmedal/inthemens110-metrehurdles.,Toseeistobelieve.ItsimportanttolearnEnglish.,(1).主语,不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.,二、不定式的功能,(2)表语,Myambitionistoworkforafirmwhichdevelopscomputersoftware.Toseeistobelieve.Heistoblamefortheaccident.,(3)宾语,Iwanttogohome.Shemadeitherdutytolookafterthepatient.,think/consider/find/make/feel/believeit+adj./n.+todo,形式宾语6123结构（1）Ithinkitbestthatyoushoulddomoreexercise.(2)Hefounditdifficulttoaccustomhimselftogettingupearly.(3)Shethoughtitnogoodworryingabouthim.IhavenothingtodobutdowhatIshould.IhavenochoicebuttodowhatIshould.,常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：afford,agree,aim,ask,bother,choose,continue,dare,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hate,help,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,refuse,setout,mean,offer,plan,pretend,promise,threaten,want,wishetc.,Thesoldierexpected_(被派往)thefrontandprotecthismotherland.(send),Iexpectyoutogivemesomehelp.,(4)宾补,advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,expect,forbid,force,instruct,invite,oblige,order,permit,persuade,press,recommend,remind,request,teach,tell,train,urge,want,warn等其中helpsb.(to)dosth.,(4).宾补,五看,watch,see,observe,notice,三使,let,make,have,二听,listento,hear,一发现、感觉:,find,feel,注意：当不定式放在下列动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to。常用口诀如下：四看三室（使）两厅（听）一发现、感觉,Imadehimdohiswork.,Hewasmadetodohiswork(byme).,Thedirectorhadherassistantpickupsomehotdogsforthemeeting.,P95I3,Hehasalotofhomeworktodo.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.,(5)定语,(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.),请给我一支写字的笔.,Pleasegivemeapentowritewith.,Themeetingtobeheldisofgreatimportance.不定式表示将来的动作。,Heislookingforaroomtolivein.,something,anything,nothing,everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。Ihavesomethingtosay.介词+which/whom+不定式的结构也可以做定语。Theyoungcoupleneedsalotofmoneywithwhichtobuyanewhouse.在主谓关系中，不定式所修饰的名词或代词前有only,first,last,next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的时候，一般用不定式表达。,Iamalwaysthefirstpersontogettotheoffice.,1.Withsomething_(期待),hedidntwanttowastetimeplayingonlinegamesanymore.(look)2.Itistherulethatthelastperson_(离开公司)shouldcloseallthedoorsandwindows.(leave)3.Afterseveralweeksonalow-caloriediet900caloriesorfewerthebodykeepsenergybyslowingthespeed_(以此速度消耗)calories.(burn),(6)状语Tomakealiving,Vernehadtowriteandsellstories.（表示目的）Iamsoexcitedtobehere!（表示原因）Hearrivedattheairportonlytofindtheplanehadalreadytakenoff.（表示结果）,注意：1.在强调目的状语时，不定式前可以加上inorder或者soas,即“inordertodosth./soastodosth.”有时候为了突出强调目的，可以将这个词组置于句首，但soasto一般不用于句首。Inordertopersuadepeopletodosomething,adsoftenappealtoourhopesanddreamsorouremotions.2.soasto,enoughto,tooto,onlyto,neverto等结构中，不定式表示结果。Shelefthome,nevertoreturn/nevertobeseenagain.,Hearrivedatthestation_(结果却被告知)thatthetrainhadalreadyleft.(tell),三否定nottodo,四、时态与语态,不定式,todo,tobedone,tobedoing,tohavedone,tohavebeendone,-,不定式的时态:,1.ItissaidthatRobothasstudiedabroad.Robotissaidto_.2.ItissaidthatRobotstudiedabroad.-Robotissaidto_.3.ItissaidthatRobotisstudyingabroad.-Robotissaidto_.4.ItissaidthatRobotwillstudyabroad.-Robotissaidto_.,不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。,Hedidntknowwhattosay.他不知道说什么。(宾语)Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语)Myquestioniswhentostart.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语),实战演练,1.Anumberofpaintingsinthiscastlearebelieved_(被毁掉)inafirein2009.(2011)2.Whentheteachercamein,hepretended_(在写)aletter.(write)3.Robertissaid_abroad,butIdontknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying4.ThenextWorldCupisreported_(将举办）inBrazilin2014.(hold)5.Ourdutyis_(服务人民),sowecantbeselfish.(serve)6.Philipseemed_(被介绍给了)toJane.Heknewherwell.(introduce)7.Hefeltnotalittleproud_(应邀参加了)toaninternationalconference.(invite),不定式的语态,1.Ifeelgreatlyhonoured_intotheirsociety.towelcomeB.welcomingC.tobewelcomedD.welcomed2.ThecrowdcheeredwildlyatthesightofLiuXiang,whowasreported_theworldrecordinthe110-meterhurdlerace.A.breakingB.havingbrokenC.tohavebrokenD.tobreak,结论:不定式的主动式表示其逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者;不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者.,注意:,1.Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.形容词easy,difficult,hard等作表语并且不定式动词与句子主语为动宾关系时,不定式通常用主动形式表示被动含义.2.Doyouhaveanythingtobuy?ImgoingtoBeijingnextweek；doyouhaveanything_(要带)toyourbrotherthere?（take）3.Whoistoblameforit?,五疑问词+不定式疑问词what,who,which,when,where,how-等后加上不定式相当于名词性从句。IdidntknowhowIcouldgetbacktothevillage.-Ididntknowhowtogetbacktothevillage.Iveworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_inmynewjob.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects,六不定式的复合结构,1.Itwasunusualforawomantoliveintheforest.Itisnecessary(forsb.)todosth.常见的形容词有：important,necessary,naturaleasy,safe,common,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,impossible,pleasant等。2.Nowdayspeoplesometimessepartatetheirwastetomakeiteasierforit_.A.reusingB.reusedC.reusesD.tobereused3.Itscruelofthemtokillanimals.Itiskind(ofsb.)todosth.常见的有:typical,bad,brave,careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good(好心的),honest,horrible,kind,lazy,modest,naugh