Lecture 3 英汉句子内部衔接的差异与省译和增译

2020/5/10,1,Lecture3,英汉句子内部衔接的差异与省译和增译,2020/5/10,2,Contents,II.CohesiveDevices,I.Remarks,III.OmissioninTranslation,IV.AdditioninTranslation,2020/5/10,3,I.Remarks,1.奈达Translatingmeaning(译意):就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比(contrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis),2020/5/10,4,2.傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。3.汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。所以中国语法以达意为主。英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。,2020/5/10,5,4.龚光明：形合注重的是显性接应(overtcohesion),以形显义；意合注重的是隐性连贯(covertcoherence),以意统形。,2020/5/10,6,Chinese,English,SemanticLanguage,GrammaticalLanguage,CovertCoherence,OvertCohesion,Parataxis,Hypotaxis,2020/5/10,7,II.CohesiveDevices,照应(reference)省略(ellipsis)替代(substitution)连接(conjunction)词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion),2020/5/10,8,1.照应(reference),人称照应personalreference照应指示照应demonstrativereference比较照应comparativereference,2020/5/10,9,1）人称照应通过人称代词（they,she,him）、所属限定词(his,your,its)和所属代词（hers,mine,theirs）实现。英语人称代词及相应限定词的使用频率大大高于汉语。,2020/5/10,10,孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一副乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。Kongwastheonlylong-gownedcustomertodrinkhiswinestanding.Hewasabigman,strangelypallid,withscarsthatoftenshowedamongthewrinklesofhisface.Hehadalargeunkemptbeard,streakedwithwhite.Althoughheworealonggown,itwasdirtyandtattered,andlookedasifithasnotbeenwashedormendedforovertenyears.(YangXianyiconferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。,2020/5/10,62,例3.Wedontretreat，weneverhaveandneverwill.我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。例4.Havingalotofadvantages,thismachinewilleventuallybebereplaced.尽管这台机器有很多优点,但它总有一天会被别的机器所替代。,2020/5/10,63,1.2AddwhenaverborprepisfollowedbyseveralobjectsIgnoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。Peopleforgetyourfacefirst,thenyourname.人们首先忘记你的容貌，接着又忘记你的名字。,2020/5/10,64,2.1.一语双叙法（把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。）Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.她向这个无家可归的男孩打开了大门，也就向他敞开了心扉。,2.SemanticAddition,2020/5/10,65,Hecaughtabusandacold.他赶上了公共汽车，也赶上了一场感冒。Hetookmyadviceandmywallet.他接受了我的建议，也掏空了我的钱包。Helosthiscoatandhistemper.他丢了上衣，便发了脾气。,2020/5/10,66,whenIandmysorrowsaredust.(TheTaleofTwoCities)等到我的尸骨化为灰烬，我的悲哀也随风散去时。weepingeyesandhearts一双流泪的眼睛，一颗哭泣的心灵,2020/5/10,67,2.2.AddwhatisimpliedHealsofoundthetimeforcarryingoutatleasttwopassionateloveaffairs.他也忙里偷闲，至少有过两次艳遇。Hewaswrinkledandblack,withscantgrayhair.他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发稀疏灰白。Shefelttheflowerswereinherfingers,onherlips,growinginherbreast.她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。,2020/5/10,68,Revieweachcomponentcarefully,stepbystep,withakindofrelationalparanoia.每个环节都要一步一步地认真检查，有点像换上轻度疑心病那样的检查。每个环节都要反复斟酌，做到认真仔细地检查、一步一步地检查，甚至有点象患上轻度疑心病那样一遍一遍地检查。,2020/5/10,69,有工作经验优先录取。Theapplicantswiththeworkingexperiencewillreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohavenot.平均每位业主需为住房的四通缴纳5000元左右。Theproprietorshallpayabout5000yuanontheaverageforthefacilitiesforroads,water,electricityandgas.,2020/5/10,70,Theinflationdistortsoureconomicdecisions,penalizesthriftandcrushesthestrugglingyoungandthefixed-incomeelderlyalike.通货膨胀使我们在经济方面的决定不能顺利执行，使节俭的人反而受到惩罚，并且使为生活而挣扎的年轻人和靠固定收入为生的老年人都受到严重打击。,2020/5/10,71,2.3.AddoverlappingwordsornumeralstoindicatepluralityThemountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。Flowersbloomallovertheyard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院,2020/5/10,72,NewsmenwentflyingofftoMexico.记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。Theveryearthtrembledaswiththetrampsofhorsesandmurmurofangrymen.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。,2020/5/10,73,2.4.AdddenotingtensecontrastoftenseItwassaidthathisfatherwasafisherman.Maybehewasaspoorasweare.听说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。Iwas,andremain,gratefulforthepartheplayedinmyrelease.我的获释也有他的功劳。对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。,2020/5/10,74,2.5.AddduetospecificbackgroundTheUnitedStateshasnowsetupalonelinessindustry.美国现在已建立了一种为孤独的人们服务的社会项目。Theblondboyquicklycrossedhimself.那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。Nixonlearnedthatthecountrywouldwelcomeapresidentialvisit.尼克松了解到，该国欢迎美国总统的访问。,2020/5/10,75,2.6.AddmetaphoricalmeaningEveryfamilyissaidtohaveatleastoneskeletoninthecupboard.俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。Adviceandcorrectionrolloffhimlikewateroffaducksback.劝导对他好像水过鸭背似的不起作用。,2020/5/10,76,3.RhetoricalAddition,3.1.增加语气助词AsIsnooze,shetalksofanything,everything,allthethingsthatwomentalkof:books,music,dress,men,otherwomen.我这边打着盹，她那里说着女人爱说的一切，什么书籍啦、音乐啦、服装啦、男人啦、别的女人啦，五花八门，包罗万象。,2020/5/10,77,Donttakeitseriously.Itsonlyajoke.不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。Thelittleboyhadbroughtwithhimknife,scissorsandsoon,tinklinginhispocket.这小孩身带着刀子啦、剪子啦，以及诸如此类的东西，在口袋里丁铃当啷地直响,2020/5/10,78,3.2.增加四字词组，四字对偶词组或叠词Targetprioritieswereestablishedthere.目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。Ihadbeencompletelyhonestinmyreplies,withholdingnothing我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐。,2020/5/10,79,4.CulturalAddition,三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedwouldequalChukehLiangthemastermind.不要班门弄斧DontshowoffyourskillwiththeaxebeforeLuBan,themastercarpenter.,4.1.增补典故、习语中的关键信息,2020/5/10,80,世有伯乐，然后有千里马，千里马常在而伯乐不常在。OnlywhentheworldBole,whoknowsabouthorses,cantherebefinesteedsthatcancoverathousandliaday.Therearealwaysfinesteeds,butaBolecannotbefrequentlyfound.,2020/5/10,81,铁饭碗“ironricebow”,Chinassystemoflifetimejobandincomesecurity.八股文Eighth-partessay,prescribedfortheimperialcivilserviceexaminations-knownforitsrigidityofformandpovertyofideas,2020/5/10,82,开绿灯turnonthegreenlight(provideconveniencesforcertainaffairs,sothattheycouldproceedsmoothly),2020/5/10,83,LeMonde,theBBC,theNewYorkTimes,theentireArabpress,allquoteHeikalregularlyatlength.法国世界报、英国广播公司、纽约时报和整个阿拉伯报界，都经常大段引用海卡尔的话。ThedeathofthePrincessofWalesunleashedoutpouringsofnewly-coinedhonorifics,forinstance“apresent-dayCinderellawhoseclockstruckmidnightalltoosoon.”威尔士王妃戴安娜之死，导致有关她的新敬语如潮水一般涌流出来，比如有人说她是“当今灰姑娘，只是午夜的钟声过早地敲响”。,4.2.增补说明罕见的人名、地名或其他专有名词的词语,2020/5/10,84,OPEChashadtoacceptwhatitwastoldfromthestartbutchosenottobelieve:thatnon-OPECco-operationwouldnotbeforthcoming.现在，石油输出国组织（欧佩克）不得不接受人们一开始就告诉它的这样一个事实，即非欧佩克产油国是不会合作的。但欧佩克原先不愿相信这个事实。深入开展“严打”斗争和专项治理。Wecrackeddownonallcriminalactivitiesandlaunchedspecialcampaignstofightvariouscrimesandsocialevilsthatthepeopledetestmost.,4.3.增补缩略词的解释性文字,2020/5/10,85,“Falsefriend”,由于中英两种语言产生的背景不同，在寻找词义相符的对应词语时，容易找到貌似对应的假对应词，即指称意义、言内意义或语用意义看似与原文相符，实则相异的词语。这种假对应词在翻译中常常被称为“假朋友”。,2020/5/10,86,白菜whitecabbageChinesecabbage救火tosaveafiretofightafire大片bigmovieblockbuster不冻港non-freezingportice-freeport,2020/5/10,87,隐形眼镜invisibleglassescontactlenses新闻自由freedomofnewsfreedomofpress买一赠一buyone,presentonebuyone,getonefree省吃俭用tosavefoodandexpensestolivefrugally,2020/5/10,88,早恋earlylovepuppylove蝴蝶结butterflyknotbow长镜头longlenszoomlens方便面convenientnoodlesinstantnoodles,2020/5/10,89,流动资金circulatingfundsworkingcapital拳头产品fistproductknockoutproduct,2020/5/10,90,ExercisesComment,WhenDanonedecidedtosetupmanufacturingoperationsinIndonesiatolocallyproducedairyproductsandmilk-baseddrinks,theyinvitedWahahatojointhem.达能决定在印度尼西亚开展业务，在当地生产乳制品和牛奶饮料，彼时他们邀请娃哈哈加入。,2020/5/10,91,MrLiorderedabookandithasjustarrived.李先生订的一本书刚到货。Inwinter,additionaltrainsoperatedirectlyfromGoschenentoBrigonSaturdaysandSundays.冬季的每周六和周日增开了从格申恩到布里格的直达列车。,2020/5/10,92,赏析：S君有妻，丑，为此颇感自豪，常于有靓妻之友面前夸口：丑妻是宝，见了恶心，不见省心，出门放心，免得有第三者插足。友听毕，掩口笑道：君言差矣，常言道：以为最安全的却是最危险，岂不闻情人眼里出西施吗？S君听毕，顿悟，叹道：听君一席话，胜读十年书，差一点大意失荆州！,2020/5/10,93,KeyforReference:S君有妻，丑，为此颇感自豪，常于有靓妻之友面前夸口：丑妻是宝，见了恶心，不见省心，出门放心，免得有第三者插足。Mr.Shadanunprepossessingwife,ofwhomhewasverypro