华电博士英语课程Unit-8-----Result--Discussion-and-Conclusion

Unit8Result,DiscussionandConclusion,Highlights1.SectionofResults:generalfunctionsandcontentsofresults,writingrequirementsforresults,examplesandsomeusefulexpressions,2.SectionofDiscussion:generalfunctionsandmainelementsofdiscussion,writingrequirementsfordiscussion,3.SectionofConclusion:generalfunctionsandmainelementsofconclusion,requirementforwritingaconclusion,samplesforconclusionandusefulexpressionsinwritingaconclusion,4.SpecialAttention:conciseness(I)usingnon-finites,usingreplacementofattributes,usingadverbs,1.SectionofResults,1)GeneralFunctionsandContentsofResultsAnalysis,Discussion,SummaryorConclusiontotellwhattheresultsshouldmean.bringaboutasolidfoundationonwhichthewholepaperreststheauthorpresenttheessentialresultsanddataandgeneralizethemtoatheoreticalheighttwoingredientsinthesectionofresult:fullpresentationofthespecificdataoftheworkanddetailedanalysisoftheresults,2)WritingRequirementsforResults,First,anydatameaningful.AmongallthetestedvariablessortoutandselectdatanecessarySecond,thepresentationofresultsshouldbeshortclearredundancyavoidedresultoftenshort,Sometimes,justonesentence,3)ExamplesandSomeUsefulExpressionsLetsseetwoexamplesofresults:Ex.8-lTestResultsTheresultsofallmeasurementsofthechlorideionpermeabilityaregiveninTable4.ThevaluesinthisTablerangefromextremelyhigh(morethan20000Coulombs)toextremelylow(lessthan100Coulombs).Asindicated,thetestshadtobestoppedincertaincasesbecausetheintensityoftheheatgeneratedinthespecimenswastoohigh.Inthesecases,thevaluesindicatedintheTableweresimplyextrapolatedfromthecurvesofthenumberofCoulombspassedversustime.,TounderstandthesignificanceoftheresultsinTable4,referencecanbemadetotwodifferentpublicationsinwhichaclassificationofthevariousvaluesofthechlorideionpermeabilityhasbeenproposed.Ithasbeensuggestedthatavalueof4000Coulombsormorerepresentsahighchlorideionpermeability,2000to4000Coulombsasaveragepermeability,1000to2000Coulombsalowpermeability,100to1000Coulombsaverylowpermeability,andlessthan100Coulombsanegligiblepermeability.Onthebasisoftestsperformedrecently,otherinvestigatorshavesuggestedthatavalueofmorethan6500Coulombsrepresentsahighchlorideionpermeability,5000to6500Coulombsanaveragepermeability,2500to5000Coulombsalowpermeability,andlessthan2500Coulombsaverylowpermeability.,Ex.8-2ResultsTheresultsoftheidentificationfunctionforthenasalconsonants,/n/and/m/,thatwereincreasedindurationareillustratedinFigure1and2respectively.Theverticalaxisindicatesthepercentageofidentificationofamoraicandanon-moraicnasal.Thehorizontalaxisindicatestheratesofincreasednasalduration(rate1.0=theoriginalonsetnasaldurationin/nata/and/mapa/).,Figure1:Identificationfunctionsforanasalconsonant/n/thatisincreasedinduration,(omitted)Figure2:IdentificationfunctionsforanasalconsonantImlthatisincreasedinduration.(omitted)AscanbeseenfromFigure1:whentheratereached1.4,amoralenasalbegantoberecognized.Whenitexceeded2.4,itwasalwaysrecognized.Althoughtheratesweredifferent,thesameresultwasobservedinFigure2.,Listedbelowaresomeusefulexpressionsfrequentlyencounteredinthesectionofresult.Theresearchwehavedonesuggestsanincreasein.Asaresultofourexperimentsweconcludedthat.Thisfruitfulworkgivesanexplanationof.Ourexperimentaldataarebrieflysummarizedasfollows.Figure3showstheresultsobtainedfromstudiesof.Table5presentsthedataprovidedbytheexperimentson.,Thistablesummarizedthedatacollectedduringtheexperimentof.Someoftheauthorsfindingsarelistedintables.Thedirectoutcomewasthenreportedin.Sufficientresultfor.hasbeenobservedwiththenewmethod.Thisworkdidprovide.Mostrecentexperimentstothesameeffecthaveledtheauthorstobelievethat.Asaresultofourexperiments,weconcludedthat.,2.SectionofDiscussion,1)GeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofDiscussionobjectivetoshowtherelationshipbetweenthefacts,theirunderlyingcauses,theireffects,andtheirtheoreticalimplications,toexplainthefactsdenotedbysymbolsorsignsofmathematics.Followingthesectionofresultwheredataarepresented,theconsequentstepsandessentialelementsofdiscussionusuallyinclude:,(1)AnalyzingtheDataTrytopresentthebasicprinciples,factualrelationships,andsuccessfulgeneralizationsoftheresults.whatyouneedtodoistodiscussbutnotrecapitulatetheresults.,(2)PointingoutDoubtsPointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelation,anddefineunsettledpointsordoubts,thelimitations,failures,aswellaspointsforattention.(3)ExpoundingViewpointsGiveyourjudgment,evaluation,analysis,andshowhowyourresultsandinterpretationsagree(orcontrast)withpreviouslypublishedwork.,(4)StatingtheSignificancePointoutthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications.(5)ArrivingataConclusionProvidetheoutcomeand/ortheend-resultsoftheresearchsummarizeevidenceforeachconclusivestatement,2)WritingRequirementsforDiscussion,First,analyzethepresenteddataandpointoutthefactualrelationships.Second,reviewwhathehasdoneinhiswork,evaluatehisownsuccessThird,admithisweakpointsorfailureFourth,briefandforcefulexpressionsshouldbeusedinthesectionofdiscussionFinally,nevertowritemorewordsthannecessary,exampleofdiscussion:Title:InfluenceofDryingontheChlorideIonPermeabilityofHPC(highperformanceconcrete)Source:ConcreteInternational,February1993,pp.65-69Ex.8-3AnalysisandDiscussionItisclearfromthedatainTable4thatforallconcretestested,dryingat23Cfor28or90daysalwayshadapositiveinfluenceonthechlorideionpermeability.Inallcases,thevaluedeterminedafterdryingissignificantlylowerthanthevalueobtainedafter7daysofcuringinwater.,TheinfluenceofdryingonthechlorideionpermeabilitycanbemoreclearlyseeninFig.1to4;wheretheresultsobtainedforthethirteenbasicmixturesafterthevariousdryingperiodsareshowngraphically.Theresultsafter28and90daysofdryingforthemixturemadewiththenormalPortlandcementareshowninFig.1and2,respectively.ThedatainFig.1to4confirmthattheuseofsiliconfumealwaysreducesverysignificantlythechlorideionpermeabilityofconcrete.Infact,thisreductionincreaseswiththeamountofsilicafumethatisused,astheresultsinTable4formixture14,15and16indicate.Ithasbeenknownformanyyearsthat.,ThemostsignificantconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthedatainFig.1to4concernstheinfluencethatthecompositionofconcretehasonthevaluesofthechlorideionpermeabilitydeterminedafterdrying,particularlyatllC.Forallmixtureswithwater-cementitiousmaterialratiosof0.45and0.35,dryingatllCincreasesverysignificantlythechlorideionpermeability,butforthemixtureswithwater-cementitiousratiosof0.25or0,22thatcontainsilicafume,suchdryingcausesnosignificantincrease.Itisthuspossibletomakehigh-performanceconcretesthatareextremelyresistanttotheinternaldamagethatcanresultfromdrying.,3.SectionofConclusion,1)GeneralFunctionsandMainElementsofConclusionfunctions:(1)summingup;(2)statementofconclusions;(3)statementofrecommendations,and(4)gracefultermination.(1)Summingupmakecertain:(i)thatyouactuallysummarize,withdueemphasis,theprincipalitemsofinformationinthemainbodyofthepaper(ii)thatyouincludeonlymaterialthatappearedearlierinanexpandedform.,(2)StatementofConclusions,makecertain:(i)theyfollowlogicallyfromthedatapresentedactuallyinthemainbodyofthepaper(ii)theyagreewithwhateveryoumayhavepromisedtotestifyintheintroduction,(3)StatementofRecommendationsfollowlogicallyfromthedataandconclusionspresentedearlierneverclashwithwhatyoumayhaveexpectedtodoinyourintroduction.(4)GracefulTerminationBeonguardagainstduplicatinglargeportionsoftheintroductionintheconclusion.Verbatimrepetitioncanbeboring,2)RequirementsforWritingaConclusion,(1)Becarefulnottodrawconclusionsfromdatainvolvingerrorsofobservation,errorsinarithmetic,compensatingerrors,systematicandpersonalerrors.(2)Donotusemathematicalformulaswithoutclearlyunderstandingoftheirderivationsandalltheassumptionsinvolved.(3)Becautiousincomparingconclusionsbaseduponexperimentsinwhichtheinfluentialconditionshavebeenimproperlycontrolled,andthereforenotduplicated.,(4)Avoidconfusingfactswithopinionsofinfluences,notonlyintheinvestigationitselfbutalsoinpreparingresultsforpublication.(5)Donotdrawaconclusionfromtoofewdata,ortoobroadaconclusionthatisbasedonextrapolatedcurves.(6)Guardagainstfailingtoqualifyaconclusion,inordertoshowthelimitswithinwhichitapplies,orthevariationwhichistobeexpected.(7)Whenyouindulge2inaspeculation,besuretoremindyourreadertoknowthatitremainsaspeculation.,3)SamplesforConclusionsandUsefulExpressionsinWritingaConclusionEx.8-4Title:ProductionManagementSystemsforOne-of-a-kindProductsConcludingtheabovediscussion,wemaystatethefollowing:Informationoncustomer-orderspecificproductsshouldbedistinguishedsharplyfrominformationonanonymousproducts.,-Informationsystemsinthecustomer-orderdrivenpartofthesupplychainshouldfirstofallsupportthecreationofcustomer-orderspecificinformationbyqualifiedengineers.Largeinvestmentsmadeinproductsorprocessesshouldbereflectedintheinformationsystembyautomaticgenerationofcustomer-orderspecificinformation.,Ex,8-5Title:ElectronicCAD/CAMinChinaInthisbriefpaper,onlyapartoftheworkinelectronicCADVCAMhasbeensurveyed.Butevenfromtheincompletepicture,someconclusionscanbedrawn.Firstly,ChinahasplentyofresourcesinelectronicCADarea.Theyhavedonesomegoodresearchworkanddevelopedsomeexperimentalsystems.Secondly,atanyrate,Chinaisstillbackwardinthisarea.Thereasonforthisislackofadvancedfacilities,andshortageofsuchneedintheelectronicsindustry.Basedonthissituation,internationalcooperationinRwehaveseenthatself-teasingcanfunctiontodisplayanddevelopindividualandrelationalidentityandthusbondparticipants;andwehaveseenthatteasingamongintimatesisdoneonsomeintimateswithrelationalidentity,thisisnotnecessarilytruewithfriends,acquaintancesandstrangers.AnunderstandingofhowCJasaverbalactivityfunctionoughttocontributetoourknowledgeofhowtodothingswithwords.,WehavefoundmoresimilaritiesthandifferencesinCJacrossthespeechcommunitiesstudiedhere.Clearly,whilehumorisculture-specific,itssocialfunctionintermsofindividualandgroupidentityformationappearstocrossculturalboundaries.WorkssuchasHall(1993)ongossipandLePageandTabouret-Keller(1985)onactsofidentitysuggestthatdiscourseisfundamentaltothedevelopmentofselfhood.Thissenseofselfandofselfasamemberofagroupcanbeobservedatthemicrolevelinspeecheventssuchasconversationaljoking,whereparticipantsdisplayanddevelopeithertheirindividualortheirrelationalidentity.Situationalhumorisoneofthespeechgenresthataccomplishesthese,anditdoessopoignantlybecauseitisculture-specific;thatis,itrequires,morethananyotherspeechgenre,in-groupknowledge.,Thus,althoughwehavefoundmoresimilaritiesinourdatathandifferences,thisdoesnotsuggestthatjokingandteasingisdonethesamewayinbothofthesecommunities.Whilejokingacrosscommunitiesrevealsstructuralsimilarities,thedifferencesappearinthespecifictopics,taboos,andwaysofestablishingbonds.Membersofonecommunitymightengageinmoreteasingthatbondswhiletheotherdomoreteasingthatbites.TheuniversalslieinthenotionthatConversationalJokingfunctionsonacontinuumfromIDtoKID,andthatmaximumRIDcanbeaccomplishedthroughjokingandteasingthatbond.Certainlywhatmakesforagoodlaughdiffersacrosssocieties.Thebottomlineis,Weallenjoyagoodlaugh.Thisstudyofconversationaljokingbeginstoelucidatewhatmakesforagoodlaughandwhyintwodifferentcommunitiesandintwodifferentlanguages,(fromJournalegPragmatics),Usefulexpressionsfrequentlyusedinwritingconclusionsarelistedbelow:Onthebasisof.,thefollowingconclusioncanbemade.From.,wenowconclude.Tosumup,wehaverevealed.Wehavedemonstratedinthispaper.TheresultsoftheexperimentindicateInconclusion,theresultshows.Wehavedescribed.,wefound.Ourargumentproceedsin.Theresearchworkhasbroughtaboutadiscoveryof.,Finally,asummaryisgivenof.Thesefindingsoftheresearchhaveledtheauthortotheconclusionthat.Theresearchhasresultedinasolutionof.,ReflectionsandPractice(1)I.Giveyourcommentsonthefollowingresultandconclusion.Result1TheMAPtransmissioncontrollerintroducedabovehasbeenmountedtentatively,theeffectswereencouraging:MAP3.0softwareworkssmoothlyaftertherecognitionofthecontroller.Thetransferringrateamountsto8.3Mb-sandthereisnofaultwarningfound.WhenthewholesystemwasconnectedtotheLANlab,communicationprovestohavehighquantityandhighspeed.Thoughthedesignwasprovedtobesuccessful,deviceselectionisrelativelycomplexandthelogiccircuithaslargescopeforoptimization,hithefuture,wewilltrytoimproveourdesign.,Result2Bycomparison,weknowthattheindexprofilewasclosesttoGaussdistribution,butthedifferencebetweentheGaussandexponentdistributionwasnotgreat.Whichonedescribesbetterwasnotdefinite.However,thiswasalreadysufficientfortheevaluationofthegivenguide.AmongthefourfittingfunctionstheFermifunctionfittedworstbecausetheparameteroftheFermifittingwasapproximatedbythatofthesquarefittingandtheFermifittingismoresuitableforstepdistribution.,Conclusion1Throughtheanalysisofthethematicstructuresofthetwoessays,wemayconcludeasfollows:(1)InChinese,asinmostotherlivinglanguages,thereisathematicstructurewhichrealizesthetextualmetafunction.Thethemeplaysaveryimportantroleinlinkingupindividualsentencestoformacoherenttext.Thesuccessofatextasacommunicativeeventreliesheavilyonthesuccessofthethematicstructure.(2)InChinese,thechoiceofTP(thematicprogression)patternsisinfluencedbythegenreratherthancontentorintention.Althoughthetwoessayshavedifferentsubjectmatters,andtheauthorhasdifferentpurposesinwritingthetwoessays,thereisnosignificantdifferenceinthechoiceofTPpatterns.(3)However,thelexicalchoiceofthethemesmaybestronglyinfluencedbythecontentofthetextandthepurposeoftheauthor.InBack,wheretheauthormeanstoexpresshisloveforhisfather,thelexicalitemsIandfatheraccountforalmost70percentofallthethemesofthisessay.WhereasinMoonlightwhichischieflyadescriptionofthescene,thelocationalelementsoccupy50percentofthethemes.,Conclusion2Thispaperlooksatacaseinmanagementofculturalchange.TheissueexistspreciselyinacontextofaBritishmanagerandChineseemployees.Itissuggestedthatcertainbehavioralpatternsoftheemployeesarenotappropriateeitherforthebenefitofthecompanyorfortheindividualdevelopmentoftheemployees.Thesolutionliesinmanagingaculturechange,wherethecultureoftheemployeesmustundergoachange.Ofcourse,asHannagan(1995:236)argues,thechiefexecutivemaychangeandadapttotheexistingculture,ortheremaybeagradualmeldingofthetwosetsofvalues.Asinourcasetheemployeeschangeofcultureisbeneficial,themanagersadaptationwouldmainlylieindeeperunderstandingoftheproblemandactivelyworkingtowardsatleastagradualmeldingofthetwovalues.Iamnotsuggestingherethatthecurrentmanagerisnotdoingthisorthemanagerisnoteffective.Thepointisthatthereisalwaysatimewhenonecandobetter.,Conclusion3Themostimportantconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthetestresultsdescribedinthispaperisthatitispossible,withtheuseofsiliconfumeandwater-cementitiousmaterialratiosof0.2,5orless,tomakehigh-performanceconcretethatareextremelyresistanttotheinternaldamagethatcanresultfromdrying,evenat11C.Itisthusmostprobablethat,undernaturalexposureconditions,theresistancetothepenetrationofchlorideionsoftheseconcreteswillnotdecreasesignificantlywithtime,unless,ofcourse,theyarenotadequatelyprotectedagainsttheeffectoffreezingandthawingcycles.,SpecialAttention:Conciseness:(1),concisenesscanbeachievedby:1)usingnon-finites;2)usingreplacementofattributes;3)usingadverbs;4)usingnouns;5)usingadjectives;6)usingprepositionalphrases;7)usingellipticalforms;8)usingtechnicalterms;9)usingcontractedwords;and10)deletingredundantexpressions.Letsdealwiththemonebyonewithcomparativeexamples.,1)UsingNon-finitesAfullsentence:InadditiontobankloanintheEurodollarmarket.BellSouthcanconsiderthatthecompanyusesadomesticloan.Aconcisesentence:InadditiontobankloanintheEurodollarmarket.BellSouthcanconsiderusingadomesticloan.(gerund)Afullsentence:Theresearchthatisnowbeingcarriedoutintheareaisextensiveandmeaningful.Aconcisesentence:Theresearchnowbeingcarriedoutintheareaisextensiveandmeaningful,(participialphrase),Afullsentence:Ifyoulookcarefully,youwilldiscoverevenmorewaystoshortenthesentenceswithoutchangingtheirmeaning.Aconcisesentence:Lookingcarefully,youwilldiscoverevenmorewaystoshortenthesentenceswithoutchangingtheirmeaning,(participialphrase)Afullsentence:Inourexperiment,weusedanumberofprobes.Thereasonforthatwastoeliminatetheproblemsanderrorsassociatedwithwetchemicalanalysis.Aconcisesentence:Inourexperiment,weusedanum