国外翻译理论著作选段汉译

国外翻译理论著作选段汉译,第一节,81Intheirworkoverthepasttwentyyears,SusanBassenettandAndrLefeverehaveconsistentlybuiltbridgeswithinthefieldoftranslationstudiesanddevelopedinterdisciplinaryconnectionstofieldsofstudyoutsidethediscipline.In1990,theywerethefirsttosuggestthattranslationstudiestaketheculturalturnandlooktowardworkofculturalstudiesscholars.IntheirnewbookConstructingCultures,theypresentastrongcaseformovingthefieldofculturalstudiesclosertotranslationstudies.Newstrategiesgleanedfromtranslationhistories,suchasweseeinLefeveresdiscussionofAeneidtranslationsorBassanettsdiscussionofInfernotranslationsthatfollow,notonlygivetranslatorsmoreinsightintotheactualpracticeoftranslation,buttheyalsogiveculturalstudiescriticsnewinsightintoculturalmanipulationbythoseinpower.FollowingBassnettandLefevere,translatorshaveincreasinglybecomemoreempoweredandlessself-effacing,adevelopmentthathasallowedtheoriststobetterviewtheprocessofmediatingbetweenculturesand/orofintroducingdifferentwords,forms,culturalnuances,andmeaningintotheirownrespectivecultures.(BassnettandLefever,2000:ix),1)Analysisoftheoriginal:,A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoffivesentences,ofwhichthefirstisinfactasimplesentence;thesecondisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanobjectclause;thethirdisagainasimplesentence;thefourthisacompoundsentence,composedoftwocoordinateclauses,butthesubjectofthefirstcoordinateclausehasanattributiveclauseembedded;andthelastisasimplesentence,followedbyanappositivenominalphrase,inwhichthereisanattributiveclauseembedded.Forthisreason,thefourthcanberegardedasacompoundcomplexsentenceandthelastcanberegardedasacomplexsentence.Ofthefivesentences,thelasttwoarefairlylongandthefirstthreearerathershort.2.Additionalcomplication：Thefirstthreesentenceseachbeginwithaprepositionalphrase;inthefourthsentence,thepartafterthefirstcommaassumesaparentheticstructure;andthelastsentencebeginswithapresentparticiplephraseandithasalongappositivephraseatitsendwithanattributiveclauseembedded.,B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Allthefivesentencesareperiodicinstructureeitherforthebeginningwithprepositionalorparticiplephrasesorfortheembeddingofaparenthesis.2.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesarestructurallyformalinthatthesentencesaregrammaticallycompleteandfreefromcolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,SusanBassenettandAndrLefevere;builtbridgeswithinthefieldoftranslationstudiesanddevelopedinterdisciplinaryconnectionstofieldsofstudyoutsidethediscipline;taketheculturalturnandlooktowardworkofculturalstudiesscholars;LefeveresdiscussionofAeneidtranslationsorBassanettsdiscussionofInfernotranslations;notonlygivetranslatorsmoreinsightintotheactualpracticeoftranslation,buttheyalsogiveculturalstudiescriticsnewinsightintoculturalmanipulation;moreempoweredandlessself-effacing;ofmediatingbetweenculturesand/orofintroducingdifferentwords,forms,culturalnuances,andmeaningintotheirownrespectivecultures;andwords,forms,culturalnuances,andmeaning.,4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:SusanBassenettandAndrLefevereisrepeatedeithersingularlyorincombination;thepronountheyisrepeatedlyusedtorefertoSusanBassenettandAndrLefevere;culturalturnandculturalstudiesareusedinconnection,withthelatterrepeatedused;thefield,interdisciplinary,fieldofstudy,discipleandtranslationstudiesareusedeitherassynonymsorincontrast;translationandtranslatorsarerepeatedusedinarelatedmanner,andsoon.5.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,arefrequentlyused,forexample,consistently,translation,develop,interdisciplinary,cultural,scholar,constructing,present,strategy,history,translator,practice,critics,insight,manipulation,increasingly,empower,andothers.,2)Stagedtranslation:,A)Translation1:在过去20年的著述中，苏珊.巴斯内特和安德烈.勒菲弗尔坚持不懈地在翻译研究领域内架设桥梁，建立起通向翻译学科之外的其他研究领域的联系。1990年，他们率先提出翻译研究应该实现“文化转向”，审视文化研究学者们的著述。在他们的新作文化建构一书中，他们用有力的事例说明，文化研究领域正在向翻译研究靠拢。我们从后面勒菲弗尔关于翻译阿雷得的或巴斯内特关于翻译尹佛诺的讨论中会看到，新的翻译策略，从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅为译者提供了洞察实际翻译操作的新视野，也为文化研究批评家们提供了审视掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点。接受巴斯内特和勒菲弗尔的观点，翻译家们越来越具有驾驭能力，越来越不遮遮掩掩。这种发展趋势，使理论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程，同时或者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和意义引入他们自己的文化的过程。Comments:Thepresenttranslationhastwopreeminentcharacteristics.First,itfollowstheoriginalstrictly,andconsequently,someexpressionsaretoolongandclumsy,forexample,我们从后面勒菲弗尔关于翻译阿雷得的或巴斯内特关于翻译尹佛诺的讨论中会看到，新的翻译策略，从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅为译者提供了洞察实际翻译操作的新视野，也为文化研究批评家们提供了审视掌权者进行文化操纵的新观点and这种发展趋势，使理论家们能更好地看清文化的中介过程，同时或者更清楚了将不同的词语、形式、文化的细微差异和意义引入他们自己的文化的过程.Secondly,thetranslationsofAeneidandInfernointo阿雷得and尹佛诺areagainsttranslationconventions.,B)Translation2:在过去20年的著述中，苏珊.巴斯内特和安德烈.勒菲弗尔坚持不懈地在翻译研究领域内进行沟通，构建和翻译研究领域外的各领域的联系。1990年，他们率先建议，翻译研究应实现“文化转向”，从文化研究学者们那里汲取营养。在他们的新著文化建构一书中，他们以有力的证据说明了文化研究正在向翻译研究靠拢。后面勒菲弗尔对埃涅依特的各种译本所作的讨论，或巴斯内特对地狱篇的各种译本所作的讨论可以看出，新的战略从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅为译者审视实际翻译过程提供了更敏锐的洞察力，而且为文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化操纵提供了新的视角。追随巴斯内特和勒菲弗尔，译者们越来越崭露头角，较少低隐姓埋名。这一发展趋势，是理论家们更好地观照文化的中介过程，更好地观照将不同的词语、形式、文化差异和意义引入他们自己的文化之中的过程。Comments:Inthepresenttranslation,alltheweakpointsareeliminated.However,themeaningofthefirstsentenceisnotmadeexplicit,and后面勒菲弗尔对埃涅依特的各种译本所作的讨论，或巴斯内特对地狱篇的各种译本所作的讨论可以看出，新的战略从翻译历史汲取营养，不仅为译者审视实际翻译过程提供了更敏锐的洞察力，而且为文化研究批评家们审视当权者如何进行文化操纵提供了新的视角isstillaclumsytranslation.,C)Translation3:在过去的20年中，苏珊.巴斯内特和安德烈.勒菲弗尔不断著书立说，努力在翻译研究领域内部进行沟通，架设通向翻译研究领域之外的桥梁。1990年，他们率先提出，翻译研究应“转向文化”，从文化研究学者那里汲取营养。在其新著文化建构中，他们以有力的证据说明了文化研究正在向翻译研究靠拢。本书的后面，勒菲弗尔将对埃涅依特1的各种译本进行讨论，巴斯内特将对地狱篇2的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出，新的研究策略从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅使译者能更洞察翻译的实际过程，而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进行文化操纵提供了新的视角。以巴斯内特和勒菲弗尔的观点武装自己，译者的主人翁意识日益增强，隐姓埋名的做法日渐减少。这一发展趋势，使理论家更清晰地认识作为文化中介的翻译过程，更好地认识将不同的词语、形式、文化差异和意义引入自家文化的过程。1古罗马诗人维吉尔用拉丁文写的一部史诗，分为十二册，叙述特洛伊陷落以后的情况。埃涅依特是约定俗成的译名。2但丁所作的神曲的第一部，传统上译为地狱篇。Comments:Comparedwiththeprevioustranslation,thepresenttranslationhasincludedtwogreatchanges.First,在过去的20年中，苏珊.巴斯内特和安德烈.勒菲弗尔不断著书立说，努力在翻译研究领域内部进行沟通，架设通向翻译研究领域之外的桥梁and本书的后面，勒菲弗尔将对埃涅依特1的各种译本进行讨论，巴斯内特将对地狱篇2的各种译本进行讨论。从中可以看出，新的研究策略从翻译历史中汲取营养，不仅使译者能更洞察翻译的实际过程，而且为文化研究批评家研究当权者进行文化操纵提供了新的视角aresubstitutedforthecorrespondingpartsintheprevioustranslation.Secondly,twonotesareaddedfortheconvenienceofthereader.,82Wealsoneedtolearnmoreaboutthetextsthatconstitutetheculturalcapitalofothercivilizations,andweneedtolearnabouttheminwaysthattrytoovercome,orbypassthekissofdeathbestowedbyacculturationthroughanalogy.Haikusarenotepigrams,Chinesenovelshavetheirownrules,boththetextualandconceptualgridsofothercivilizationsshouldnotbereducedtothoseoftheWest.Weneedtofindouthowtotranslatetheculturalcapitalofothercivilizationsinawaythatpreservesatleastpartoftheirownnature,withoutproducingtranslationsthataresolowontheentertainmentfactorthattheyappealonlytothosewhoreadforprofessionalreasons.Perhapsthisisanotherareainwhichdifferentformsofrewritingneedtocooperate:wecouldimaginethetranslatedtext,translatedbyalongintroductionwhichsetsouttoshowhowtheoriginaltextworksonitsownterms,withinitsowngrid,ratherthantotellreadersonlywhatitislikeorevenmostlikeintheirowncultures.Thiskindofattemptismotlikelytobringusupagainstthelimitsoftranslation,anecessaryconfrontation,forwithoutsuchachallenge,howelseareweevertoovercomesuchlimitsandmoveon?(BassnettandLefever2000:11),1)Analysisoftheoriginal:,A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoftwoparagraphs,ofwhichthefirstparagraphiscomposedoftwosentenceswhilethesecondparagraphiscomposedofthreesentences.Inthefirstparagraph,thefirstisacompoundsentence,composedoftwocoordinateclauses,eachwithanattributiveclauseembedded.Inthissense,thesentencecanberegardedasacompoundcomplexone.Thesecondisalsoacompoundsentence,composedofthreecoordinateclauses.Inthesecondparagraph,thefirstisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanellipticobjectclause,whichinturnhasanattributiveclauseembedded;andattheendofthesentence,thereisaprepositionalphrase,inwhichthereisanattributiveclauseembedded,whichisinthesothatpatternwiththethatclauseservingasadverbialofresult.Thesecondisacompoundsentence,composedoftwocoordinateclauses,connectedbyacolon;inthefirstcoordinateclause,thereisanotherclauseembeddedservingastheprepositionalobject;thesecondcoordinateclauseiscomposedofaclauseandapastparticiplephrase,whichhasanattributiveclauseembedded,andintheattributiveclause,therearetwocoordinateinfinitivephrasesconnectedbyratherthan,andeachinfinitivephrasehasanobjectclauseembedded.Thethirdisacompoundsentence,composedoftwocoordinateclausesconnectedbyfor.,2.Additionalcomplication：Thetwosentencesinthefirstparagraphdonotpresentanyadditionalcomplication.Inthesecondparagraph,however,thefirstsentencehasalongprepositionalphrasepositionedattheendofthesentence;thesecondsentencebeginswithanadverb;thethirdsentencehasaparentheticstructureembeddedafterthefirstcomma.,B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Inthefirstparagraph,thetwosentencesarelooseinstructure;inthesecondparagraph,thefirstsentenceislooseinstructureiftheprepositionalphraseattheendofthesentenceisnotregardedasparenthetic;thesecondsentencebeginswithanadverbandcanberegardedasperiodic;thethirdsentencehasaparentheticstructureembeddedandisperiodicinstructure.2.Structuralformality：Allthefivesentencesarestructurallyformalfortheirgrammaticalcompletenessandfreedomfromcolloquialstructures.3.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,overcome,orbypass;Haikusarenotepigrams,Chinesenovelshavetheirownrules;textualandconceptual;onitsownterms,withinitsowngrid;toshow,ratherthentotell;andlikeorevenmostlike.,4.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:we,culturalcapital,translated,own,likeandlimitsarerepeated;thepronounthemisusedtorefertoothercivilizations;cultural,acculturationandcultureareusedascognates;textualisusedasapartialrepetitionoftext;andthereareothers.5.Lexicalformality：Formalwords,includingnominalizations,arefrequentlyusedinthetext,forexample,constitute,cultural,capital,civilization,learn,overcome,bypass,bestow,acculturation,analogy,epigram,novel,textual,conceptual,reduce,translate,preserve,nature,producing,translation,entertainment,appeal,professional,andmanyothers.,2)Stagedtranslation:,A)Translation1:我们还必须学会更多地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本，我们要学会了解这些文明试图征服或逃脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式。哈库斯不是短诗，中文小说有自己的规则，异文明的文本与概念网络不应该简化成西方的文本与概念网络。我们必须发现如何将异文明的文化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色，而不翻译成令人索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读的低劣译作。也许，这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领域：我们可以想象，翻译过的文本，带上一个很长的引言，以揭示原文文本在自己的网络系统中是如何别具一格的，而不是告诉读者，在他们自己的文化里，原文“像”个什么样子的或“酷似”什么样子的。这种尝试最有可能使我们去反对翻译的极限，这是我们必须面对的，因为，如果没有这样的挑战，我们将如何超越极限勇往直前呢？Comments:Throughtranslation,wehaveproducedbasicallyareadable,coherentandauthentictextexceptforamistakethatHaikuisaformofJapanesepoetryandHaikusisthepluralformofHaiku.However,somesentencesaretoolong,andthecoherencebetweensentencesisnotsoundenough.Forexample,我们还必须学会更多地了解构成异文明的文化资本的文本，我们要学会了解这些文明试图征服或逃脱类比产生的文化蚕食带来的劫难的方式;我们必须发现如何将异文明的文化资本翻译成至少能部分地保留它们自己的本色，而不翻译成令人索然无味只有专业人士才去阅读的低劣译作;and也许，这是各种形式的改写需要彼此合作的另一个领域：我们可以想象，翻译过的文本，带上一个很长的引言，以揭示原文文本在自己的网络系统中是如何别具一格的，而不是告诉读者，在他们自己的文化里，原文“像”个什么样子的或“酷似”什么样子的aretoolongfortheChinesereaderandthepartsbeforeandafterthecolonintheabovetranslationarenotcoherentenough.,B)Translation2:我们还得学会了解构成他域文明的文化资本文本，了解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避通过类比实现文化同化所带来的劫难的。俳句不是隽语，中国小说有自己的规则，他域文明的文本网格和概念网格不应简化成西方的文本网格与概念网格。我们还得找到翻译他域文明的文化资本的方法，译文至少部分地保留他域文明的原貌，而不至于生成兴味索然、人们为了求知才去阅读的译文。这或许已经进入了另一个领域，在这个领域中，不同的改写形式得相互合作：我们能够设想出一种译文文本，翻译时有一个很长的导言，以说明原文文本是如何以自身的条件、在自己的网格之内运作的，而不是以自己的文化为参照来告诉读者，原文“像”什么样的，甚至“酷似”什么样的。这种尝试最有可能使我们挑战翻译的极限，因为，如果没有这种挑战，我们又怎能跨越这种极限而勇往直前呢？Comments:Inthepresenttranslation,themistakeisputrightnow.Moreover,thefirstsentenceoftheoriginalistranslatedshorterbyomittingtherepeatedpart我们还得学会;inthetranslationofthesecondparagraphoftheoriginalsuchtranslationtechniquesasinsertionofaphraseortwoforbettercoherence,makingimpliedmeaningmoreexplicitandsoonareemployed.Forexample,在这个领域中and翻译时有areinserted;为参照;这种尝试;and跨越这种极限aremoreexplicitexpressions.,C)Translation3:文本是构成他文化的文化资本的有机成分，我们还得学会更多地了解文本。通过类比夷平文化差异，这是死亡之吻1。我们还得了解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的。俳句2不是隽语，中文小说有自己的规则，他文明的文本网络和概念网络不应简化成西方的文本网络与概念网络。我们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本的方法，用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌，而不至于生成索然无味、只有求知才去阅读的译文。这或许不是翻译，而是各种改写形式的相得益彰。我们不难想象出一种译文文本，带有一个很长的导言，以说明原文文本是如何以自身的条件、在自己的网络之内运作的，而不是比照自己的文化以告诉读者，原文“像”什么样的，甚至“酷似”什么样的。这种尝试最有可能使我们挑战翻译极限，因为，如果没有这种挑战，我们又怎能战胜超越极限而勇往直前呢？1源于圣经，指犹太人以接吻为暗号出卖耶稣。结果耶稣被钉死在十字架上。2也称为十七音诗，日本诗体之一，一般以三句五、七、五共十七音组成一首短诗，多用隐喻和比较。Comments:Thepresenttranslationisdifferentfromthepreviousintwoaspects.First,liberaltranslation,sotospeak,ismorefrequentlyemployed,forexample,文本是构成他文化的文化资本的有机成分，我们还得学会更多地了解文本and通过类比夷平文化差异，这是死亡之吻1。我们还得了解这些文本是如何战胜或逃避这一劫难的areusedtotranslatethefirstsentenceintheoriginalandthetranslationisexecutedirrespectiveoftheoriginalstructure,atleast.我们还得找到翻译他文明的文化资本的方法，用这种方法翻译至少部分地保留他文明的原貌，而不至于生成索然无味、只有求知才去阅读的译文and这或许不是翻译，而是各种改写形式的相得益彰aretranslatedalsoirrespectiveoftheoriginalstructure,andevenoftheoriginalmeaning.Secondly,twonotesareaddedforreaderssake.,83InwhatfollowsIshallnotdiscusstheactivityoftranslating,theactualprocessthatleadstotheproductionoftranslatedtextsinthefielddelimitedbythelanguagepairChineseandEnglish.Rather,IshallconsiderwhatIwouldliketocalltranslationalpracticebothintheChineseandWesterntraditions.BytranslationalpracticeImeanapracticethatintegratestheactualactivityoftranslatingintoitself.Itprecedesthatactivityinthatitgivescertainguidelines,whetherthesearefollowedbyparticulartranslatorsornot,thatarethemselvestheproductofthinkingabouttheprocessoftranslationwithinaculture.Translationalpracticealsofollowstheprocessoftranslating,sinceitplaysapartinthereceptionoftranslatedtextsintheculture,orculturesforwhichtheyareintended.Inshort,translationalpracticeisoneofthestrategiesaculturedevisesfordealingwithwhatwehavelearnedtocalltheOther.Thedevelopmentofatranslationalstrategythereforealsoprovidesgoodindicationsofthekindofsocietyoneisdealingwith.ThefactthatChina,forinstance,developedtranslationalstrategiesonlythreetimesinitshistory,withthetranslationoftheBuddhistscripturesfromroughlythesecondtotheseventhcenturiesAD,withthetranslationoftheChristianscripturesstartinginthesixteenthcenturyAD,andwiththetranslationofmuchWesternthoughtandliteraturestartinginthenineteenthcenturyAD,sayssomethingabouttheimageoftheOtherdominantinChinesecivilization,namelythattheOtherwasnotconsideredveryimportant.NorisChina,aswassometimeserroneouslybelieved,aloneinthatrespect.AmuchmoreextremeexampleisprovidedbyClassicalGreece,whichshowednointerestintheOther,didnotdevelopanythinkingabouttranslationandhardlytranslatedanythingatall.(BassnettandLefevere,2000:13),1)Analysisoftheoriginal:,A)Grammaticalanalysis:1.Sentencestructure：Theselectionconsistsoftwoparagraphs,ofwhichthefirstiscomposedoffivesentences.Thefirstisacomplexsentence,consistsofaprepositionalphrasewithanobjectclauseembedded,amainclauseandanappositivenominalphrasewithanattributiveclauseembedded;thesecondisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanobjectclause;Thethirdisagainacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclause;Thefourthisalsoacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandaprepositionalphrasewithanobjectclauseembedded,whichinturnhasanattributiveclauseembeddedattheendandbetweentheprecedentandtheconjunctionoftheattributiveclausethereisanadverbialclauseintheformofaparenthesisandinthepatternofwhetherornot;andthelastisagainacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanadverbialclauseofreason,whichinturnhasanattributiveclauseembeddedbeginningwiththeprepositionfor.,Thesecondparagraphalsoconsistsoffivesentences,ofwhichthefirstisacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanominalclauseservingastheobjectoftheprepositionwith;thesecondisalsoacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanattributiveclause;thethirdisagainacomplexsentence,composedofamainclauseandanappositiveclausethatimmediatelyfollowsthefactattheverybeginningofthesentence,andattheendofthesentence,thereisanothernominalclauseappositivetothewordimage;thefourthiscomposedofaclauseandaparentheticadverbialclauseofreason,andinthissense,thesentencecanberegardedascomplexinstructure;andthelastisstillacomplexsentencecomposedofamainclauseandanattributiveclause.Fromtheaboveanalysis,wecansaythatallthesentencesintheselectionarecomplexinstructurewithoutanexception,althoughtheircomplexitiesarerealizedindifferentways.,2.Additionalcomplication：Inthefirstparagraph,thefirstsentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrase;thesecondsentencebeginswithanadverb;thethirdsentenceagainbeginswithprepositionalphrase;thefourthsentencehasaparentheticclauseembeddedintheformofwhetherornot;andthelastsentencedoesnotpresentanyadditionalcomplication.Inthesecondparagraph,thefirstsentencebeginswithaprepositionalphrase;thesecondsentencehasanunmarkedparentheticphrasethereforeembedded;inthethirdsentence,therearetwoparentheticstructures,oneisforinstancelocatedbetweenChinaanddeveloped,andtheotherisintheformofthethreecoordinatewithphrases;thefourthsentencealsohasaparentheticstructureembeddedafterChinaandbeforealone;andthelastsentencedoesnotpresentanyadditionalcomplication.,B)Stylisticanalysis:1.Periodicity：Inthefirstparagraph,thefirstfoursentencesareperiodicinstructureeitherforthebeginningwithaprepositionaloranadverbialphraseorfortheembeddingofaparentheticstructure.Inthesecondparagraph,thefirstfoursentencesarealsoperiodicinstructureforthesamereason.2.Structuralcomplication：Thetensentencesintheselectionareallstructurallycomplicatedtosomeextent.3.Structuralformality：Allthesentencesaregrammaticallycompleteandfreefromcolloquialstructures,andthereforetheyareallstructurallyformal.,4.Parallelstructure：Intheselection,parallelstructuresarefrequentlyused,forexample,ChineseandEnglish;ChineseandWestern;whetherthesearefollowedbyparticulartranslatorsornot;culture,orcultures;withthetranslationoftheBuddhistscripturesfromroughlythesecondtotheseventhcenturiesAD,withthetranslationoftheChristianscripturesstartinginthesixteenthcenturyAD,andwiththetranslationofmuchWesternthoughtandliteraturestartinginthenineteenthcenturyAD;andshowednointerestintheOther,didnotdevelopanythinkingabouttranslationandhardlytranslatedanythingatall.,5.Lexicalcohesivedevice：Examplescouldbefoundasfollows:I,translating,actual,activity,Chinese,translationalpractice,process,cultureandsoonarerepeated;productisusedasapartialrepetitionofproduction;receptionisused