第五讲大英帝国的兴衰解析.ppt

第五讲大英帝国的兴衰,Chapter5：TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(1688-1990)大英帝国的兴衰,I.WhigsandTories辉格党人和托利党人ThesetwopartynamesoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolution(1688).这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命。TheWhigwerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformists.TheWhigweretoformacoalitionwithdissidentToriesinthemid-19thcenturyandbecometheLiberalParty.,辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在19世纪中叶与持不同意见的托利党人组盟组成自由党。TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty.托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身,II.AgriculturalChangesintheLate18thCentury,Duringthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,the“open-field”systemendedwhentheEnclosureActwaspassed.Themovementlastedforcenturies.Agriculturalenclosurehadgoodaswellasbadresults:18世纪末、19世纪初的农业革命期间，随着圈地法的颁布，传统的“开放田地”制结束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存：,（1）Farmsbecamebiggerandbiggerunitsasthegreatboughtupthesmall;（2）Morevegetables,moremilkandmoredairyproductswereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried;（3）Enclosurewasadisasterforthetenantsevictedfromtheirlandsbytheenclosures.Thesepeasantfarmerswereforcedtolookforworkintowns.Enclosureledtomassemigration,particularlytotheNewWorld;（4）Anewclasshostilitywasintroducedintoruralrelationships.,由于大农场兼并了小农场，农场成为越来越在的生产单位；人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；圈地对佃农而言是场灾难，他们被赶出土地，被迫到城镇找工作。圈地运动导致了大规模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。,III.TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)工业革命（1780-1830）,1TheindustrialRevolutionreferstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.2Britainwasthefirstcountrytoindustrializebecauseofthefollowingfactors:,(1)Favorablegeographicallocation.BritainwaswellplacedgeographicallytoparticipateinEuropeanandworldtrade;(2)Politicalstability.Britainhadapeacefulsociety,which,afterthe17thcentury,wasincreasinglyinterestedinoverseastradeandcolonies.Internationaltradebroughtwealthtomerchantsandcitybankers.Theyandthosewhohaddonewelloutofnewfarmingmethodsprovidedcapitalinlargequantitiesforindustrialization.(3)Goodfoundationineconomy.ThelimitedmonarchywhichresultedfromtheGloriousRevolutionof1688ensuredthatthepowerfuleconomicinterestsinthecommunitycouldexerttheirinfluenceoverGovernmentpolicy.(4)Itwasacountryinwhichthemaintownswerenevertoofarfromseaports,orfromrivers,whichcoulddistributetheirproducts.,优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；政治局面稳定。17世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增。国际贸易给商人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资金。1688年光荣革命限制了君主的权力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对议会政策施加影响。英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。,(5)Britainhadmanyrivers,whichwereusefulfortransportbutalsoforwaterandsteampower.Britainalsohadusefulmineralresources.(6)Britishengineershadsoundtrainingascraftsmen.(7)Theinventorswererespected.Theysolvedpracticalproblems.(8)Probablylaissezfaireand“Protestantworkethic”helped.,(9)England,Scotland,andWalesformedacustomsunionafter1707andthisincludedIrelandafter1807.Sothenationalmarketwasnothinderedbyinternalcustomsbarriers.(10)Theenclosuresandotherimprovementsinagriculturemadetheircontributionsbyprovidingfoodfortherisingpopulation,labourforthefactories,andsomeoftherawmaterialsneededbyindustry.,3TypicalexamplesoftheinventionsduringtheIndustrialRevolution工业革命中一些重大创新,(1)JohnKaysflyingshuttlein1733;1733年，约翰凯的飞梭；(2)JamesHargreavesSpinningJennyin1766;1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机；,3)RichardArkwrightswaterframein1769;1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机；(4)SamuelCromptonsmulein17791779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机；(5)EdmundCartwrightspowerloomin17841784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机；(6)JamesWattssteamenginein1765.1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。,詹姆斯瓦特（1736年1月19日-1819年8月25日）是英国著名的发明家，是工业革命时期的重要人物。英国皇家学会会员和法兰西科学院外籍院士。他对当时已出现的蒸汽机原始雏形作了一系列的重大改进，发明了单缸单动式和单缸双动式蒸汽机，提高了蒸汽机的热效率和运行可靠性，对当时社会生产力的发展作出了杰出贡献。他改良了蒸汽机、发明了气压表、汽动锤。后人为了纪念他，将制中功率和辐射通量的计量单位称为瓦特，常用符号“W”表示。他的芳名将永远刻在人类的历史上。,瓦特改良的蒸汽机模型,4ConsequencesoftheindustrialRevolution工业革命的结果,（1）Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”;英国成为了“世界工场”；（2）Townsgrewrapidlyandbecamethesourceofthenationswealth.城镇迅速兴起，成为国家财富的源泉。（3）Mechanizationdestroyedthelivelihoodofthosewhocouldnotinvestinit.Theworkingmenworkedandlivedinanappallingconditions.机械化摧毁了不能投入其中的人们的生活。工人们在可怕的条件下劳动与生活。,（4）Theindustrialrevolutioncreatedtheindustrialworkingclass,theproletariat,anditlaterledtotradeunionism.工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。,IV.TheformationoftheEmpire,1.1583Newfoundland2.1837QueenVictoriaTheFirstBritishEmpire:Canada,Australia,NewZealandandIndia,3.1837-1901TheSecondEmpireaggressivepolicyknownasNewImperialism-conqueredaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworldslandmass(1)InEastAsiaChina,OpiumWar(鸦片战争)TheTreatyofNankingHongkongwascededandfiveports(上海,福州,厦门,宁波,广州)Burma,SriLanka,Singapore,Malaya,Sarawak,Brunei,(2)InAfrica,SuezCanal1875,GoldCoast，Niger,Sudan,Kenya,Uganda,Zambia,upperNigeria,SouthAfrica-UnionofSouthAfrica,BritainintwoWorldWars,1.InthefirstWorldWars(1)TwoCampsTheCentralPowersandAlliedPowers(2)costofthewar:A:morethanamillionBritishmendiedandovertwomillionwounded.70%merchantshipsweresunkordamaged.B:BritishLosttheseasupremacy(霸权地位).Ahugenationaldebts,tentimesthanthatofthepre-waryears.Businesswasslack(萧条),manyfactorieswerecloseddownandtaxessoared.C.TheGreatDepression(1929-1933)broughtadditionalproblemsandledtotheSecondWorldWar.,BritainintheSecondworldwar,1.TreatyofVersailles2.NevilleChamberlainandPolicyofAppeasement3.WinstonChurchill,CostoftheWWII,1.357,000peoplewerekilledand500,000werewoundedormissing.2.thenavywas30%smallerbeforethewar.3.ithadexhaustedreservesofgold,dolla