Module 7 English for you and me Unit 2 We all own English--The history of English language (2)

英语发展史,ThehistoryofEnglishlanguage,语言的谱系分类法,Indo-Europeanlanguages46%(Europe,SouthwesttoSouthAsia,America,Oceania)Sino-Tibetanlanguages21%(EastAsia)Niger-Congolanguages6.4%(Sub-SaharanAfrica)Afro-Asiaticlanguages6.0%(NorthAfricatoHornofAfrica,SouthwestAsia)Austronesianlanguages5.9%(Oceania,Madagascar,maritimeSoutheastAsia),语言的谱系分类法,Dravidianlanguages3.7%(SouthAsia)Altaiclanguages2.3%(CentralAsia,NorthernAsia,Anatolia,Siberia)Japoniclanguages2.1%(Japan)Austro-Asiaticlanguages1.7%(mainlandSoutheastAsia)Tai-Kadailanguages1.3%(SoutheastAsia),Doyouknow？,（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元4501100年）,英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。在公元5世纪左右，称为盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的部落从德国和丹麦旅行向西过北海。他们迁入英国，并在7世纪末以前，他们所讲的即为早期形式的英语。,ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguagebeganover1500yearsagointhenorthofEurope.AroundthefifthcenturyA.D.,tribesofpeopleknownastheAngels,Saxons,andJutestraveledwestfromGermanyandDenmarkacrosstheNorthSea.TheysettledinBritain,andbythelateseventhcentury,theywerespeakinganearlyformoftheEnglish.,1、AncientEnglish,Angles,Jutes,Saxons,Inthelate8th,9thand10thcenturies,theVikingsattackedEngland.Fightingcontinuedfor200years.Duringthistime,manyLatin,Danish,andNorsewordsenteredtheEnglishlanguage.LatingaveEnglishwordslikekitchenandcup.FromDanishandNorse,Englishborrowedskin,leg,takeandgetandthepronounsthem,their,andthey.manysynonymsfromtheNorselanguagebecameintegratedintoEnglish,forexample,wrath(English),anger(Norse);sick(English),ill(Norse).,（公元11001500年）,2、MiddleEnglish,ModernEnglishdevelopedfromtheMiddleEnglishdialectoftheEastMidlandsandwasinfluencedbytheEnglishusedinLondon,whereaprintingpresswassetupbyWilliamCaxtonin1476.Englishchangedagreatdealfromthistimeuntiltheendofthe18thcentury.DuringtheRenaissance,manywordswereintroducedfromGreekandLatintoexpressnewideas,especiallyinscience,medicineandphilosophy.Theyincludedphysics,species,architecture,encyclopediaandhypothesis.Inthe16thcenturyseveralversionsoftheBiblehelpedbringwrittenEnglishtoordinarypeople.TheElizabethanperiodisalsofamousforitsdrama,andShakespearesplayswereseenbymanypeople.,ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish,BR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish1,Thedevelopmentofprintinghelpedestablishstandardsofspellingandgrammar,butthereremainedalotofvariation.SamuelJohnsonsADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1755)wasthefirstauthoritativetreatmentofEnglish.Itdefinedabout40,000wordsandgaveexamplesoftheiruse.Bythe18thcenturyAmericanEnglishwasestablishedanddevelopingindependentlyfromBritishEnglish.AftercolonistsarrivedintheUSnewwordsbegantobeaddedfromNativeAmericanlanguages,andfromFrench.,BR_ThedevelopmentofModernEnglish2,Duringthe19thandearly20thcenturiesmanydictionariesandbooksaboutlanguagewerepublished.NewwordsarestillbeingaddedtoEnglishfromotherlanguages,includingChineseandJapanese.Existingwordsgainnewsenses,andnewexpressionsspreadquicklythroughtelevisionandtheInternet.Englishisnowaninternationallanguageandisusedasameansofcommunicationbetweenpeoplefrommanycountries.AsaresulttheinfluencesontheEnglishlanguagearewiderthaneveranditispossiblethatWorldEnglishwillmoveawayfromusingaBritishorAmericanstandardandestablishitsowninternationalidentity.,20thCenturyEnglish,BR_20thCenturyEnglish,conclusion,经过1500年的变迁，英语从几个日耳曼部族的语言发展为今天具有重大国际影响的语言，这固然有政治，经济，社会的原因，但英语本身也有其它主要语言所没有的长处。词汇的国际性便是他的优点之一。从本单元简略地回顾中可以看出英语善于吸收外来词。一方面英语属于日尔曼语族，有日尔曼语的共同词语，另一方面又长期与法语及其它罗曼