汽车结构)中英文详解

Automobilebasicconstruction汽车构造基础,Automobilecomponents,Whatsthemainparts,ofanautomobile?,汽车主要包括哪几部分呢？,Body,Steering,Engine+GearboxBrakingPowertrain,Electricalsystem,Chassis,Automobilecomponents,Suspension,Todaysaveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscanbegroupedintofourmajorcategories:body,engine,chassisandelectricalequipment。,现在的车辆一般都由,15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。,Automobilecomponents,Theengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasolineanddiesel,1.Engine,发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机和柴油机,1.1Thebasicperformanceprincipleoffour-strokegasolineengine四冲程汽油机基本工作原理,1.Engine,1.Intakestroke吸气行程2.Compressionstroke压缩行程3.Workingstroke做功行程4.Exhauststroke排气行程,1.2EngineOverallMechanics发动机总体构造,1.Engine,Theenginehashundredsofotherparts.Itincludestwomechanism,sixsystems，akesystem4.ignitionsystem5.coolingsystem6.lubricationsystem7.exhaustsystemEachofthesesystemshasadefinitefunction.Thesesystemswilldiscussedindetailnext.,发动机有上百个零部件，发动机是由两个机构和五大系统组成的，他们分别是曲柄连杆机构，配气机构，进气系统，点火系统，冷却系统，润滑系统，和排气系统。每个系统都有一定的功能。这些系统将在下面详细讨论。,1.2.1crankmechanism曲柄连杆机构Crankmechanismisthemainmovingpartsoftheengine,ithelpsenginecompleteoperatingcycleandenergyconversion.曲柄连杆机构是发动机实现工作循环，完成能量转换的主要运动部分。,1.Engine,CrankmechanismincludesBodygroup机体组:cylinderblock,cylinderhead,gasket,crankcase,cylinderlinersandoilpan气缸体，气缸盖、气缸垫、曲轴箱、汽缸套及油底壳,1.Engine,PistonrodGroup:pistons,pistonrings,pistonpins,connectingrods活塞连杆组：活塞、活塞环、活塞销、连杆,1.Engine,CrankshaftFlywheelGroup:crankshaft,flywheel,torsionaldamper,balancer曲轴飞轮组：曲轴、飞轮、扭转减振器、平衡轴,1.Engine,1.2.2valvetrain配气机构Thefunctionofvalvetrainismakesuretheintakeandexhaustvalvescanopenandcloseatjusttherighttime.配气机构的功能就是确保进气门和排气门在正确的时间打开和关闭,1.Engine,valvetrainincludesvalves,valveguides,valveseatsandvalvesprings,camshaft，timinggear,tappetandguiderods,pushrod,rocker气门，气门导管，气门座和气门弹簧，凸轮轴、正时齿轮、挺柱及其导杆，推杆、摇臂,1.Engine,1.2.3intakesystem进气系统Intakesystemincludesanairfilter,intakemanifold,inletgatemechanism，itsupplyenginewithfreshair进气系统包括空气滤清器、进气歧管、进汽门机构，它为发动机提供新鲜空气,1.Engine,1.2.4exhaustsystem排气系统Exhaustsystemreferstothecollectionandemissionssystems,includingexhaustmanifold,exhaustpipe，converters,mufflers排气系统指收集并且排放废气的系统，包括排气歧管、排气管、催化转化器和消音器,1.Engine,1.2.5ignitionsystem点火系统Theautomobileignitionsystemhastwobasicfunctions;itmustcontrolthesparkandtimingofthesparkplugfiringtomatchvaryingenginerequirements,anditmustincreasebatteryvoltagetoapointwhereitwillovercometheresistanceofferedbythesparkpluggapandfiretheplug汽车点火系统有两个基本功能;它必须控制火花塞点火的时间以匹配发动机的要求，它必须增加电池电压到一个点，能克服火花塞间隙的阻力并点火。Itusuallyconsistsofabattery,agenerator,distributor,ignitioncoilandsparkplugs.通常由蓄电池、发电机、分电器、点火线圈和火花塞等组成,1.Engine,1.2.6coolingsystem冷却系统Thecoolingsystemcancontroltheengineworkanappropriatetemperature.Itisnecessarytopreventengineoverheating,butalsotopreventtheenginetoocoldinginwinter.冷却系统使发动机在适当的温度范围内工作。它既要防止发动机过热，也要防止冬季发动机过冷。Itincludeswaterpump,radiator,coolingfan,thermostat,waterjacketandotherancillarydevices.它包括水泵、散热器、冷却风扇、节温器、水套以及其他附属装置。,1.Engine,1.2.7lubricationsystem润滑系统Toensurethenormaloperationoftheengine,thesurfacesofrelativemotionpartsoftheenginemustbelubricated.为保证发动机的正常工作，必须对发动机内相对运动部件表面进行润滑.Itmainlyincludesoilpump,oilfilter,oilcooler,oil,andpipelines它主要包括机油泵，机油滤清器，油冷器，机油，和管路。,1.Engine,Thechassisincludesfoursystem,theyare:底盘包括四大系统，他们分别是Powertrainsystem:conveysthedrivetothewheels传动系统：把动力传递到车轮Steeringsystem:controlsthedirectionofmovement转向系统：控制车辆行驶的方向Suspensionsystem:absorbstheroadshocks悬架系统：吸收来自路面的冲击Brakingsystem:slowsdownorstopsthevehicle制动系统：使车辆减速或者停下,2.Chassis底盘,2.1Powertrainsystem传动系统Thepowertrainsystemisprovidedwithreducingthespeed,variablespeed,backingup,breaktheenginepower,differentialbetweenthewheels,andbetweenaxles.Workingwithengine,itcanguaranteeacarinnormaldrivingundervariousworkingconditions,andhasgoodpowerperformanceandfueleconomy.传动系统具有减速、变速、倒车、中断动力、轮间差速和轴间差速等动能，与发动机配合工作，能保证汽车在个各种工况条件下的正常行驶，并具有良好的动力性和经济性。,2.Chassis底盘,1.clutch离合器2.transmission变速器3.universialjoints万向节4.driveaxle驱动桥5.Differential差速器6.halfaxle半轴7.finaldrive主减速器8.driveshaft传动轴,2.Chassis底盘,Powertrainsystemincludes,2.2Steeringsystem转向系统Thedirectionmotionofvehicleiscontrolledbyasteeringsystem.Abasicsteeringsystemhas3mainparts:steeringcontrolmechanism,steeringgear,steeringlinkagemechanismwhichconnectingwheelsandsteeringgear.转向系控制汽车行驶方向，一般由三部分组成：转向操纵机构,转向器、连接车轮和转向器的转向传动机构。,2.Chassis底盘,2.2Steeringsystem1.Steeringwheel方向盘2.Steeringshaft转向轴3.Knuckle转向节4.drivingwheel转向轮5.Steeringarm转向节臂6.Tie-rod转向横拉杆7.Steeringdamper转向减震器8.Steeringgear转向器,2.Chassis底盘,2.3Suspensionsystem悬架系统Thepurposeofthecompletesuspensionsystemistoisolatethevehiclebodyfromroadshocksandvibrations,whichwillotherwisebetransferredtothepassengersandload.Thebasicsuspensionsystemconsistsofsprings,axles,shockabsorbers,arms,rodsandballjoints.整个悬架系统的作用是隔离来自路面的冲击和振动对车身的影响，防止传递给乘员和货物。悬架系统的基本组成包括弹性元件、车桥、减震器、杆系和球副组成的导向机构。,2.Chassis底盘,2.3SuspensionsystemAccordingtodifferentguidingstructure,therearetwotypes：independentSuspension，andnon-independentSuspension.根据不同的结构有两种悬架：独立悬架和非独立悬架,2.Chassis底盘,2.4Brakingsystem制动系统Generalworkingprinciplesofthebrakesystemisusingmutualfrictionbetweenfixedandrotatingpartstopreventwheel-turningorturningtrends.制动系统的一般工作原理是，利用固定部分和旋转部分之间的相互摩擦来阻止车轮的转动或转动的趋势。,2.Chassis底盘,2.4Brakingsystem1.Brakepedal制动踏板2.Pushrod推杆3.Maincylinderpiston制动主缸活塞4.maincylinder制动主缸5.pipeline油管6.Brakewheelcylinder制动轮缸7.piston活塞8.Drumbrake制动鼓9.frictionplate制动盘10.brakeshoe制动蹄11.Brakebaseplate制动底板,2.Chassis底盘,2.4BrakingsystemAbetterbrakingsystemshouldhavebrakingforcedistributiondevices(EBD),anti-lockbrakesystem(ABS),ElectronicStabilityProgram(ESP),ElectricalParkingBrake（EPB）attachments.较完善的制动系还具有制动力调节装置(EBD)、防抱死装置(ABS)、电子稳定程序(ESP)、电子驻车制动系统(EPB)等附加装置。,2.Chassis底盘,Anautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahood,andatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengers,andcargo.Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.车身有窗户，门，盖，内饰等组成，它为发动机，乘客及货物提供空间和保护。车身的设计要让乘客安全并乘坐舒适。对于乘用汽车，车身要动感，色彩绚丽，现代化。,3.Carbody车身,天窗挡风玻璃车外后视镜,格栅大灯保险杠牌照指示灯防护板,前翼子板,车轮,车轮装饰,盖,门梁柱,车窗车门,雨刷顶棚梁柱发动机舱罩,顶棚行李箱,门把手后视镜,尾灯后翼子板三角窗,3.Carbody车身,Automobileelectronicsdegreehasbeenseenasanimportantindicatortomeasurethele