演讲的文体特点

StylisticFeatureofSpeech,WhatisPubicSpeaking?,Publicspeakingisthewayofmakingyourideaspublic,ofsharingthemwithotherpeopleandinfluencethem.TypesofPublicSpeakingInformative信息性演讲Persuasive劝说性演讲,QualificationofaGoodSpeech,Apropertopicwithaclearpurpose选题合适，意图明确Wealthycontentsandconvincingmaterials内容丰富，有理有据Reasonablestructureandlogicaldevelopment展开得当，布局合理AppropriateRhetoric修辞得体,BasicStructureofaSpeech,IntroductionBodyConclusion,BeginningtheSpeech,GettheAudiencesAttentionEstablishtheneedRevealthetopicandyourinterestorpointofviewEstablishcredibilityandgoodwillwiththeaudiencePreviewthebodyofthespeech,Howtoopenyourspeech,Askingrhetoricalquestion设问Creatingasuspense悬念Relatingastory/anexample讲故事/举例Citingaquotation引言Acknowledgingaudience/referringtotheaudience致谢/点题Reviewinghistory回顾历史,DevelopmentoftheBody,SupportingMaterialsExamples事例Statistics数据Testimony/Quotation证言/引言Transitions,OrganizationalPatterns,TopicalChronologicalPast/present/futureSpatialClassificationProblem/solutionCause/effect/solution,Topical,Whatissueswilldeterminethe2004PresidentialElection?-HealthCare-Economy-NationalSecurity,classification,Whowillwinthe2004PresidentialElection?-Independence-Democrats-Republicans,Conclusion/endingthespeech,SummarizeSignaltheendofthespeechMotivetheaudience,Howtoconclude,Summingupgist总结要点Citingaquotation引言Referringtotheintroduction首尾呼应Issuingachallengeoranappeal提出挑战，呼吁行动,Languagestyle,ClarityandEconomy简洁、清晰Precision准确Vividness生动Appropriate恰当,Clarityoflanguage,Avoidpolysyllabicwords.Useforeignwordsandphrasessparingly.Avoidtechnicallanguagewhenspeakingtolistenersoutofyourprofession.,Precisionoflanguage,Use“omnibus”wordssparinglyAvoidhazywordsAvoidwordsthathavebecomeemotionallychargedlabels(Synonyms),Concreteandprecise具体准确Taxeswillgoup.Taxeswillincreaseby22percent.Sheiswealthy.Shemakes400,000ayear,hasawinterhomeinSanDiegoandasummerhomeinSwitzerland,andownsfourdifferentsportscars.,用alarmingly（贬义）代替surprisingly（中性）使听众体会的巨大危险或不愉快来临时的吃惊，紧张得情绪。用turnout(贬义）代替result(中性）使听众体会到结果得出人意料和不知所措。用challenging(褒义)代替difficult(中性）使听众感受到困难的相对有趣和积极性。用determined(褒义)代替unyielding(中性)时听众感受到讲话人坚决地毫不动摇的决心。,Vividnessoflanguage,AvoidtheoverworkedwordsandexpressionsUsepersonalpronouns.Varythesentence.Usefigurativelanguageoccasionally.UseassertivesentenceUseactivevoice,vividness,形象的描绘色彩、声音、光、味觉、嗅觉等的感性语言称之为生动的语言（Beebe,1994:294）富兰克林罗斯福于1941年在日本偷袭珍珠港后在国会所做的演讲Adatewhichwillliveinworldhistory.Adatewhichwillliveininfamy.(一个遗臭万年的日子)美国人们的愤慨和对日本侵略者的谴责,Assertivesentence,Thecommitteerejectedtheproposal.Theproposalwasfavoredbymanagement,Activevoice,Managementfavoredtheproposal.Theproposalwasfavoredbymanagement.,Varythesentence,“Itisinvain,sir,toextenuatethematter.Gentlemenmaycry,Peace,Peace-butthereisnopeace.Thewarisactuallybegun!Thenextgalethatsweepsfromthenorthwillbringtoourearstheclashofresoundingarms!Ourbrethrenarealreadyinthefield!Whystandwehereidle?Whatisitthatgentlemenwish?Whatwouldtheyhave?Islifesodear,orpeacesosweet,astobepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath!”,“先生，大事化小，小事化无的做法无济于事。各位先生可以呼喊和平，和平！但是和平并不存在。事实上战争已经开始！不久北方刮起的风暴即将带来震耳的隆隆炮声。我们的弟兄已经开赴战场，为什么我们还在这里投闲置散？诸君究竟希望什么？他们会得到什么？难道生命真的这样可贵，和平真的这样美好，竟值得用枷锁和奴役为代价？全能的上帝啊，制止他们这样做吧！我不知道别人选择什么样的道路，但对我来说，不自由，毋宁死！”不自由，毋宁死帕特里克.亨利,里根总统就挑战者号航天飞机失事做的悼词：Thisisatrulynationalloss.Nineteenyearsagoalmosttotheday,welostthreeastronautsinaterribleaccidentontheground.Butweveneverlostanastronautinflight.Weveneverhadatragedylikethis.Andperhapsweveforgottenthecourageittookforthecrewoftheshuttle.,appropriateness,occasion/purpose/audienceChecktomakesurethatthewordsyouareusingarenotgoingtooffendanyone.Sexist,ageist,racist,TipsforEffectiveSpeaking,OvercomingStageFrightVocalEffectsVisualAidsNonverbalMeansofCommunicationTypesofDelivery,VocalEffects,VolumePronunciationandArticulationPitchandInflectionsRatePause,NonverbalMeansofCommunication,PersonalappearanceEyecontactPostureGestureFacialExpression,TypesofDelivery,ManuscriptDelivery念稿演讲MemorizedDelivery背诵演讲ImpromptuDelivery即兴演讲Outline/ExtemporaneousDelivery提纲演讲,Figuresofspeech,SimileMetaphorPersonificationAntithesisClimaxSynecdocheMetonymyAlliterationonomatopoeia,Simile,“Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProclamation.ThismomentousdecreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.Itcameasajoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightoftheircaptivity.”“100年前，一位伟大的美国人今天我们就站在他象征性的身影下签署了解放宣言。这项重要法令的颁布，对于千百万灼烤于非正义残焰中的黑奴，犹如带来希望之光的硕大灯塔，恰似结束漫漫长夜禁锢的欢畅黎明。”我有一个梦想马丁路德金,Metaphor,“Butonehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishedinthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.Andsowevecomeheretodaytodramatizeashamefulcondition.”“100年后，黑人依然没有获得自由。100年后，黑人依然悲惨地蹒跚于种族隔离和种族歧视的枷锁之下。100年后，黑人依然生活在物质繁荣翰海的贫困孤岛上。100年后，黑人依然在美国社会中间向隅而泣，依然感到自己在国土家园中流离漂泊。”我有一个梦想马丁路德金,Personification,Bookscannotbekilledbyfire.Peopledied,butbooksneverdie.NomanandnoforcecanabolishmemoryInthiswar,weknow,booksareweapons.-byFranklinD.Roosevelt,Antithesis,“Idonotshrinkfromthisresponsibility-Iwelcomeit.Idonotbelievethatanyofuswouldexchangeplaceswithanyotherpeopleoranyothergeneration.Theenergy,thefaith,thedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavorwilllightourcountryandallwhoserveit.Andtheglowfromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld.Andso,myfellowAmericans,asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou;askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry.Myfellowcitizensoftheworld,asknotwhatAmericawilldoforyou,butwhattogetherwecandoforthefreedomofman.”“在世界的悠久历史中，只有很少几个世代的人赋有这种在自由遭遇最大危机时保卫自由的任务。我决不在这责任之前退缩；我欢迎它。我不相信我们中间会有人愿意跟别人及别的世代交换地位。我们在这场努力中所献出的精力、信念与虔诚、将照亮我们的国家以及所有为国家服务的人，而从这一火焰所聚出的光辉必能照明全世界。所以，同胞们：不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。”约翰肯尼迪就职演讲,Antithesis,Mylovearemany,myenemiesarefew.Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes.,Climax层进,Butnopresident,noCongress,nogovernmentcanundertakethismissionalone.-byBillClinton,Synecdoche,ThegloryoftheLordwillberevealedandallfleshseeittogether.-MartinLutherKing,Metonymy,Alliteration,Andfromourroots,wehavedrawntremendouspowerfromtwogreatforces-faithandfreedom.-byRonaldReagan,Onomatopoeia,Otherkindsofrhetoricaldevices,ParallelismWordrepetitionRhetoricalquestionPeriodicsentence,Parallelism,“Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope.Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,tostruggletogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,k