西方思想经典ppt课件

Renaissance,1,ThewordRenaissancemeans“rebirth”.TheideaofrebirthoriginatedinthebeliefthatEuropeanshadrediscoveredthesuperiorityofGreekandRomancultureaftermanycenturiesofwhattheyconsideredintellectualandculturaldecline.TheRenaissancewasaculturalmovementthatspannedtheperiodroughlyfromthe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginItalyintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.HistoriansoftenarguethisintellectualtransformationwasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassedinnovativefloweringofLatinandvernacularliteratures,beginningwiththe14th-centuryresurgenceoflearningbasedonclassicalsources.Humanistsubjectsconsistedofthemainbodyofeducation,thepraiseofhuman,humannature,andhumanlifeturnedintothekeynoteofliterature.Inpolitics,feudalismisreplacedbycentralizedpower,nationsofmodernconceptwasformed.Ineconomicfield,thisperiodwitnessedthegradualestablishmentofcapitalism,andthefastdevelopmentofbusinessandindustry.,2,Inreligiousarea,theunificationoftheCatholicchurchwasbroken:theabsolutepowerofreligionnolongerexists;priestslostcontroloverpeoplesmind;andevenincountriesofCatholicismbelievers,secularpoweroverweighedthechurch.Inthedomainofideology,theologygavewaytoscience,scholasticismwaschallengedbyhumanism.Insocialsphere,thenewly-emergingtownspeopleandbourgeoisbecamerisingclass,whichledtoelevationofpeoplessocialstatusthroughindividualstruggleandsuccess.Itisperhapsbestknownforitsartisticdevelopments.Thoughavailabilityofpaperandtheinventionofmetalmovabletypespedthedisseminationofideasfromthelater15thcentury,thechangesoftheRenaissancewerenotuniformlyexperiencedacrossEurope.,3,Contents,RenaissanceIdeasBirthPlaceHumanistsandArtistsinItalianRenaissanceRenaissanceinOtherEuropeanCountriesGeographicDiscovery,4,RenaissanceIdeas,HumanismIndividualismSecularism,5,Humanism,Humanismisagroupofrationalthoughtswhichfocusesonhumanandhumannature,includingthevalue,dignityandtalentsofhumanbeings,individuallyandcollectively,andgenerallyprefersindividualthoughtandevidence(rationalism,empiricism),overestablisheddoctrineorfaith.Thepurposeofhumanismistoliberatehumanbeingsfromthebondageofreligionthroughtheadvocationofequalityamonghuman,theaffirmationofthislife,andtheassertionofpeoplesrighttopersurepropertyandhappiness.Undertheinfluenceofhumanism,scholasticeducationgavewaytoclassics:rhetoric,grammar,poetry,history,Latin,Greek.,6,Individualism,Itisthebasicideaandimportantcomponentofhumanism,itisreplacementofGodstandardbyhumanstandard.DuringtheRenaissance,asapoliticalandsocialphilosophy,itstresseednotselfishnessbutindividualfreedomandwill,personnalityanduniqueness,whichactuallyestablishasetofmoralideasaccomdatingtocaptilism.Focusonindividualthought:Renaissancehumanistsbelievedthatpeopleshouldbethemselvesandnotthesameaseverybodyelse.Thisnotonlyshowshowhumanistswantedpeopletofollowtheirdreams,butalsostrengthenspeoplesinnerconfidenceandenterprisingspirit.Italsopavesthewayforindividualequality.ThoughindividualismintheRenaissanceputemphasisonindividual,itdoesntmeandiscardofsocialobligationandothersinterest.Instead,itcallsforindividualsserviceandcontributiontosociety,thuslivingapositiveandhonestlife.,7,Secularism,Thesecondkeycharacterofhumanismisclosecorrelationwithrealiticlifeandtheproposalofsecularism.SecularismorSecularHumanismisawayoflifeandthoughtthatispursuedwithoutreferencetoGodorreligion.“Secular”cametomean“belongingtothisage,worldly.”Ingeneralterms,secularisminvolvesanaffirmationofthis-worldlyrealities,alongwithadenialorexclusionoftranscendent,other-worldlyrealities.Itisaworldviewandlifestyleorientedtotheprofaneratherthanthesacred,thenaturalratherthanthesupernatural.Secularismisanonreligiousapproachtoindividualandsociallife.Itlaysstressonabundanceandgoodlinessofreallife.Itleadpeopletoreevaluatethevalueofpossession.Affectedbythisidea,theRenaissancecultureismoresecular-orientedthanthatinmiddleages.,8,BirthPlaceofRenaissance,Societyandcitieschangedinthe1300s.Specializationinagricultureincreased,resultinginmoretrade.Urbanareasbecamecentersofcommerce,particularlyinItaly.Italydidnotexistasapoliticalentityintheearlymodernperiod.Instead,itwasdividedintosmallercitystatesandterritories:theKingdomofNaplescontrolledthesouth,theRepublicofFlorenceandthePapalStatesatthecenter,theMilaneseandtheGenoesetothenorthandwestrespectively,andtheVenetianstotheeast,andthesecityrepublicsweredevotedtonotionsofliberty.ItalyappearedtohaveexitedfromFeudalismanditssocietywasbasedonmerchantsandcommerce.Therelativepoliticalfreedomtheyaffordedwasconducivetoacademicandartisticadvancement.Likewise,thepositionofItaliancitiesmadethemintellectualcrossroads.,9,VenicewasEuropesgatewaytotradewiththeEast,whileFlorencewasacapitaloftextiles.Milan,westofVenice,isoneoftherichestcities,itcontrolstradethroughtheAlps.DuringtheRenaissance,moneyandartwenthandinhand.ThewealthsuchbusinessbroughttoItalymeantlargepublicandprivateartisticprojectscouldbecommissionedandindividualshadmoreleisuretimeforstudy.Besides,presenceofantiquitywasstrongerinItalythanelsewhereinEurope.,10,HumanistsandArtistsinItalianRenaissance,HumanistsArtists,11,Humanists,LeonardoBruni(1370-1444)LorenzoValla(1407-1457)GiovanniPicoDellaMirandola(1463-1494)NiccoloMachiavelli(1469-1527),12,LeonardoBruni(1370-1444),BrunismostnotableworkisHistoryoftheFlorentinePeople,inwhichheglorifiedtherepublicansystemofFlorenceanditsculturalachievement,attributedtheprosperityofFlorencetobusinessmen,politiciansandculturalartistsratherthanchurchesandtheologians.Bydoingthis,hebroketheMedievaltraditionoftreatinghistoryasGodswill,thusthisbookhasbeencalledthefirstmodernhistorybook.Bruniwasthefirsthistoriantowriteusingthethree-periodviewofhistory:Antiquity,MiddleAges,andModern,whichlaidtheconceptualgroundworkforatripartitedivisionofhistory.WhileitprobablywasnotBrunisintentiontosecularizehistory,thethreeperiodviewofhistoryisunquestionablysecularandforthatBrunihasbeencalledthefirstmodernhistorian.,13,LorenzoValla(1407-1457),LorenzoVallawasanItalianhumanist,rhetorician,educator,andmostimportantlinguist.HeisbestknownforhistextualanalysisthatprovedtheDonationofConstantinewasaforgery.TheDonationofConstantineisaneighth-centuryforgerywhichsupportedthepapacysclaimtosupremepoliticalauthorityinwesternEurope.,14,GiovanniPicoDellaMirandola(1463-1494),GiovanniPicodellaMirandolawasanItalianRenaissancephilosopher.HeisfamedforwritingthefamousOrationontheDignityofMan,whichhasbeencalledthe“ManifestooftheRenaissance”,andakeytextofRenaissancehumanism.PicobelievedthatmanisGodsmasterpiece,auniquebeing,andthatmanhadthefreechoicetoshapehisdestiny.Thegreatestdignityofhumanityistheboundlesspowerofself-transformation.,15,NiccoloMachiavelli(1469-1527),NiccoldiBernardodeiMachiavelliwasanItalianhistorian,politician,diplomat,philosopher,humanistandwriter.Hewasregardedasafounderofmodernpoliticalscience,andmorespecificallypoliticalethicsforhismasterpiece,ThePrince.Hispoliticaltheoryisbasedonhisdimviewofhumannature.Underhistheorythat“theendjustifiesthemeans”,rulermustdowhatevernecessary,evenifcruel,tomaintainpoliticalpowerwithoutworryingaboutconscience.Healsoadvisesrulerstoseparatemoralsfrompolitics.Hisideasbecamefoundationforlaterpoliticalphilosophy.,16,RenaissanceArt,Theartisareflectionofthenewhumanistspirit.MedievalartandliteraturefocusedontheChurchandsalvation.Renaissanceartandliteraturefocusedonindividualsandworldlymatters,alongwithChristianity.,17,RenaissanceArtists,RenaissanceArtistsembracedsomeoftheidealsofGreeceandRomeintheirart.Theywantedtheirsubjectstoberealisticandfocusedonhumanityandemotion.NewTechniquesalsoemerged:Frescos:Paintingdoneonwetplasterbecamepopularbecauseitgavedepthtothepaintings.Sculptureemphasizedrealismandthehumanform.Architecturereachednewheightsofdesign.,18,LeonardoDaVinci(1452-1519),TrueRenaissanceManHispaintingsarestillstudiedandadmiredWroteoutideas,filling20,000pagesofnotesHisinterests,enthusiasmboundlessHighlytalentedinallfieldsScientist,inventor,engineerandnaturalistDissectedCorpses,19,MonaLisa,20,TheLastSupper,21,Notebooks,22,Michelangelo,StudiedanatomySculpturecommunicatesgrief,love,acceptance,immortalityMarblestatueofDavidMostfamouspainting,artworkonceilingofSistineChapelScenesfromOldTestament(Genisis)consideredoneofgreatestachievementsinarthistory,23,David,MichelangelocreatedhismasterpieceDavidin1504.,24,SistineChapel,AboutayearaftercreatingDavid,PopeJuliusIIsummonedMichelangelotoRometoworkonhismostfamousproject,theceilingoftheSistineChapel.,25,Raphael(1483-1520),ManofgreatsensitivityandkindnessDiedattheageof37MostfamousworkisTheSchoolofAthensintheVaticanPalaceAlsowellknownformanypaintingsoftheMadonna,motherofJesus,26,Pythagoras,PlatoandAristotle,Socrates,27,RenaissanceinOtherEuropeanCountries,RenaissanceinotherEuropeancountriesmainlyreferstoRenaissanceinnorthernEuropeannations,suchasFrance,Germany,SpainandBritain.ThefastdevelopmentofEuropeansocietypromotedideologicalandculturalcommunications.SoRenaissancethoughtswerewidelyspreaded.GrowingwealthinnorthernEuropesupportedRenaissanceideas.DiffernetfromItalianhumanists,whoturnedtoGreek-Romanclassicismdirectly,northernRenaissancethinkersmergedhumanistideaswithChristianity.SothenorthernRenaissancewasmarkedbystrongsecularcharacters.,28,RenaissanceinFrance,FrequentwarswithItaly(1515-1547)broughtbackalargenumberofartsandbooksofItalianRenaissance,whichenlargedFrenchpeopleshorizonandhelpeddisseminationofRenaissanceideas.In1530,theestablishmentofTheFrenchAcademysignifiedthebeginningofFrenchReaissance,afterthatagroupofliteraturersandscholarsgatheredtostudyGreco-Romanculture.CalvinismwasalsoanaspectofFrenchRenaissance,butitwillbeelaboratedintheReligiousReformation.,LawJurist:JeanBodinThefirstmanwhosystematicallyelaborateonnationalsovereignty,whichbecamethefoundationofwesternpolitics.,29,Literature,Novelist:FrancoisRabelaisGargantuaandPantagruelisapopularnovelthatstandsatthebeginningofFrenchnovels.Poets:theFrenchRenaissance“Pliade”agroupofradicalyoungnoblepoetsDefenseandIllustrationoftheFrenchLanguagemaintainedthatFrenchwasaworthylanguageforliteraryexpressionandadvocatedtheuseofFrench,thusmadecontributiontounificationofFranceandformationofFrenchpoem.Essayist:MichelMontaigneEssaisHewritesabouthisdisgustwiththereligiousconflictsofhistime,reflectingaspiritofskepticismandbeliefthathumansarenotabletoattaintruecertainty,whichimposedeffectonlaterDescartes.,30,RenaissanceinGermany,RenaissanceinGermanystartedfromthestudyofancientlinguistics.Humanistsfirstcareconcernedwithwhetherthereligiousdoctrinesreachingthemwerecredibleornot.Sotheyputemphasisonresearchoflanguageandtranslations.ThusmanyGermanhumanistswerelinguists.ThekeyfiguresofGermanRenaissancewereDesideriusErasmusandartistAlbrechtDurer.,31,DesideriusErasmusThePraiseofFollyAnironicialworkonignoranceofreligiouschurch.GreekeditionsoftheNewTestamentInthemiddleages,churchesandpriestsexplianedTheBibleanditspredictionsrandomly,thisbookprovidesanauthoritativeversionforlaterpeoplescorrectresearchonTheBible.AlbrechtDurerThegreatestartistoftheNorthernRenaissanceTheApocalypseseries,32,RenaissanceinSpain,Undertheinfluence,Spainishliteratureenteredintoitsgoldenperiod,withgreatachievementsinnovelanddrama,picaresquenovelwascreatedinthisperiod.LitterateurMigueldeCervantesSaavedraHisinfluenceontheSpanishlanguagehasbeensogreatthatthelanguageisoftencalledthelanguageofCervantes.HismostimportantworkDonQuixotebelongstopicaresquenovel.DramaMostpopularculturalactivity.,33,RenaissanceinBritain,NovelThomasMoreUtopiaPoetryEdmundSpenserTheFaerieQueeneQualitiesofcapitalistsEssayFrancisBaconToexpresshumanismandmaterialismthroughessays,DramaThomasKydTheSpanishTragedyChristopherMarloweTheJewofMaltaBothweremembersamong“universitytalents.”WilliamShakespeareGreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworldspre-eminentdramatistAlsocalledEnglandsnationalpoet,34,ReasonsforGeographicDiscovery,TheRenaissancecoincidedwiththeAgeofExplorationinEuropeanhistory.TheAgeofDiscovery,alongwithitscontemporaryRenaissancemovement,canbeseenasabridgebetweentheMiddleAgesandtheModernera,triggeringtheearlymodernperiodandtheriseofEuropeannation-states.Therearemanyreasonsforit:1)Economicmotivation2)TheMedievalgeographicviewandexistanceofseriesofmythrelatingtoseaislands3)Religion4)Improvementofvoyageandshipbulidingskills5)Capitalistsenterprisingspirit,35,Process,Portugueseexploration1487:DiscoveryoftheCapeofGoodHope(Africa)provingfalsetheviewthathadexistedsincePtolemythattheIndianOceanwasland-locked.1497:VascodaGamadiscoveredtheroutedirectlyfromEuropetoIndiaencouragedEuropeansresolutionandconfidence,leadingtofurthereasternexpansiontoSoutheasternAsia,Japan,andevenChina;occupiedMacaoofChinain1553.S